Ornithoptera goliath

Goliath Birdwing
Male of form supremus
Female
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Tribe:	Troidini
Genus:	Ornithoptera
Species:	O. goliath
Binomial name
Ornithoptera goliath Oberthür, 1888

The Goliath Birdwing (Ornithoptera goliath) is a birdwing butterfly found in New Guinea, and is the second-largest butterfly in the world.

Description

For terms see External morphology of Lepidoptera

Ornithoptera goliath has a wingspan up to 28 centimetres (11 in). This makes it the world's second largest butterfly, after the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing. The African Giant Swallowtail reaches an almost equal wing span.

Male. The forewings are black. The costal edge is green and beyond the medium black bar is a large green triangle which reaches the dorsum but not the black ternum].The underside is greenish yellow and greenish. The veins are black and there is a black border.The outer cells have small black spots. The hind wings are golden with a black edge bordered basally by a thin green line. There are some green spots in the cells of the golden area. The underside is similar to the upper side, but there is no black border. The edge is green. The spots in the cells of the golden area are black.

The abdomen is yellow with black-edged tergites. The head and thorax are black and the underside of the thorax has tufts of red hair.

Female. Ornithoptera goliath is strongly sexually dimorphic. The female is larger than the male and the basic colour is dark-brown. At the outer edge there is a postdiscal chain of white spots. In the discal] cell there is a cluster of white spots, sometimes shaped like an "E". The hind wings have a broad yellow postdiscal band with a chain of dark-brown spots in the cells. The underside is very like the upper but the colours are stronger.

Ornithoptera goliath samson, female, both sides

• 
  Ornithoptera goliath ssp. titan.Male.
• 
  Ornithoptera goliath ssp. titan.Female
• 
  Male.

Biology

The larvae are monophagous on a species of Aristolochia which can be 20 or more metres high and so reaching into in the canopy. The eggs, up to 20, are laid singly on small plants or severally on larger plants. The young larvae feed on new leaves, as they grow they feed on older leaves and finally on the bark of the stems which may be severed.The vine may be eaten down to the root. Pupation is on the underside of a leaf of a nearby shrub close to the host-plant remains. Adult butterflies fly in the host plant’s immediate habitat feeding on forest tree flowers especially those of the introduced Spathodea campanulata during the morning. The males have cryptic underside colouring and cannot easily be seen when resting in the warmer hours of the day.Females rest with the wings open. Flight is leisurely, but controlled and powerful. Males pursue their females for long distances, rising high over the forest canopy then folding their wings and diving down to tree level to mate, even though they risk hindwing damage by the sharp tarsal claws of females.Males suffer similar damage when attacked by males of Ornithoptera priamus.

Distribution

Ornithoptera goliath lives in rainforests of New Guinea and adjacent smaller islands.

Subspecies

The subspecies are (conformity with Wikispecies)

• Ornithoptera goliath atlas Rothschild, 1908 Irian Jaya; Onin Peninsula, Weyland Mountains or Köbowrè Range Papua; Cenderawasih Bay
• Ornithoptera goliath procus Rothschild, 1914 Seram Island
• Ornithoptera goliath samson Niepelt, 1913 Bird's Head Peninsula including Arfa'''K''' Mountains
• Ornithoptera goliath sorongensis Morita & Sugiyama, 1998 junior synonym of ssp. atlas Rothschild, 1908
• Ornithoptera goliath supremus Röber, 1896 Eastern New Guinea from N.E. Irian Jaya in the west, to the east of New Guinea and Goodenough Island.
• Ornithoptera goliath ukihidei Hanafusa, 1994 Yapen Island (off the north coast of Irian Jaya).

Subspecies synonyms

• titan Grose-Smith, 1900 synonym of S.goliath supremus. The name titan probably applies to dark females of S.g.supremus only.

Harvesting

Village people from New Guinea farm these butterflies in the wild as a means of generating income from the environment without destroying it. Harvesting the butterflies is legal and does require a permit. It is a rare butterfly, but harvesting does not endanger it."Ironically it is now becoming an accepted fact that the very demand for Ornithoptera is one of the main assets which will ensure their future survival if they can be exploited in the correct way."

Protection

Listed by CITES Appendices I, II and III. Version 27 April 2011.

Etymology

Goliath is a biblical giant famous for his combat with the young David, the future king of Israel and his exceptional body size. The subspecific names atlas, titan and samson refer to other giants namely Atlas, Titan and Samson.

References

• D'Abrera, B. (1975) Birdwing Butterflies of the World. Country Life Books, London.
• Collins, N.M., Morris, M.G., IUCN ,1985 Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book (1985) IUCN pdf
• Haugum, J. & Low, A.M. 1978-1985. A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. 2 volumes. Scandinavian Press, Klampenborg; 663 pp.
• Straatman, Raymond; & Schmid, F.,1975 Notes on the biology of Ornithoptera goliath and O. chimaera (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 29: 85-88.pdf

External links

• Ornithoptera goliath at Nagypal
• www.butterflycorner.net Images from Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (English/German)
• Consortium for the Barcode of Life Barcode of Life
• Pteron Images of ssp. procus and ssp.Ornithoptera goliath samson forma joiceyi
• Australasia ecoregions