Fort Kastela: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Ruins_of_Kastella,_Ternate.jpg|thumb|right|Looking past the ruins of Portuguese-built Kastella towards Ternate's [Gamalama] volcano, from 2012]] |
[[File:Ruins_of_Kastella,_Ternate.jpg|thumb|right|Looking past the ruins of Portuguese-built Kastella towards Ternate's [Gamalama] volcano, from 2012]] |
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Kastella is a ruined fortress located on the south-west coast of [Ternate], famous as the first colonial fortification constructed in the [Spice Islands] of [Maluku]/ [Maluku Utara], in [Indonesia], by the Portuguese in 1522. It is also referred to as Sao Joao Bautista (Portuguese), Cuidad del Rosario (Spanish) or |
'''Kastella''' is a ruined fortress located on the south-west coast of [[Ternate]], famous as the first colonial fortification constructed in the [[Spice Islands]] of [[Maluku]]/ [Maluku Utara], in [[Indonesia]], by the Portuguese in 1522. It is also referred to as '''Sao Joao Bautista''' (Portuguese), '''Cuidad del Rosario''' (Spanish) or '''Gammalamma''' (Ternatean and Dutch) according to its various masters, but is today known locally as Kastella/ Kastela. |
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In April 1521, a fleet had been dispatched by [King Manuel I] of Portugal from Lisbon under the command of Jorge de Brito with orders to intercept the Spanish fleet of [Ferdinand Magellan], sailing towards the Spice Islands from the |
In April 1521, a fleet had been dispatched by [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] of Portugal from Lisbon under the command of Jorge de Brito with orders to intercept the Spanish fleet of [Ferdinand Magellan]], sailing towards the Spice Islands from the Americas, and to construct a fortress on Ternate to establish Portuguese pre-eminence in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lobato|first=Manuel|title=Culture and Identity in the Luso-Asian World: Tenacities and Plasticities|journal=ISEAS|year=2012|pages=Chapter 8}}</ref> |
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The initial fort, named by the Portuguese after Saint John the Baptist, on whose feast day the first stone was laid in 1522, was completed in 1523 <ref>{{cite book|last=Corn|first=Charles|title=The Scents of Eden|year=1999|publisher=Kodansha America|location=New York|page=57}}</ref>. The location selected was on the south-west coast of Ternate, near the Sultan's Court, but 7km from the island's main reef-free harbour at Talangame. Kastella commanded three narrow passages through the encircling reefs, by which small craft could arrive to load cloves, but which prevented larger vessels from closing sufficiently to bombard. |
The initial fort, named by the Portuguese after Saint John the Baptist, on whose feast day the first stone was laid in 1522, was completed in 1523 <ref>{{cite book|last=Corn|first=Charles|title=The Scents of Eden|year=1999|publisher=Kodansha America|location=New York|page=57}}</ref>. The location selected was on the south-west coast of Ternate, near the Sultan's Court, but 7km from the island's main reef-free harbour at Talangame. Kastella commanded three narrow passages through the encircling reefs, by which small craft could arrive to load cloves, but which prevented larger vessels from closing sufficiently to bombard. |
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Several subsequent visitors described the fort as ineffective and poorly constructed, and it was not until the governorship of [António Galvão] commencing in 1536, that the defences were improved significantly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonial Voyage|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com|work=The Portuguese Fort of Ternate|accessdate=October 2013}}</ref> |
Several subsequent visitors described the fort as ineffective and poorly constructed, and it was not until the governorship of [[António Galvão]] commencing in 1536, that the defences were improved significantly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonial Voyage|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com|work=The Portuguese Fort of Ternate|accessdate=October 2013}}</ref> |
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After killing Ternate's |
After killing Ternate's Sultan Hairun in 1570, the Portuguese were besieged in their fort by forces of the new Sultan Baab for five years, eventually handing the fort over and retreating to [[Ambon]] in 1575. Sultan Baab occupied the fort, renamed it Gammalamma and converted it to his royal palace<ref>{{cite book|last=Hanna & Alwi|title=Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore|year=1990|publisher=Rumah Budaya|location=Banda Neira|page=93}}</ref>. Anticipating a Portuguese return, Sultan Baab extensively modified the defences into a substantial fortress<ref>{{cite book|last=Hanna & Alwi|title=Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore|year=1990|publisher=Rumah Budaya|location=Banda Neira|page=104}}</ref>, and constructed an additional fort 5km to the east, known today as Fort Kota Janji. |
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In 1605, the newly arrived Dutch [VOC] captured Portuguese forts on Ambon and [Tidore] and established a trading base on Ternate. The Spanish, having united with Portugal from 1580, dispatched a strong expedition from the Philippines and retook Kastella, capturing the new Sultan and exiling him to [Manilla] in March 1606<ref>{{cite book|last=Andaya|first=Leonard|title=The World of Maluku|year=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honululu|pages=139–140}}</ref>. They further modified the Gammalamma defences into a powerful fortress and renamed it Cuidad del Rosario. Dutch Admiral [Paulus van Caerden] captured by the Spanish and held in Kastella regarded it as "invulnerable" in 1610<ref>{{cite web|title=Spice Islands Forts|url=http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/the-clove-twins-ternate/kastella/|accessdate=October 2013}}</ref> |
In 1605, the newly arrived Dutch [[VOC]] captured Portuguese forts on Ambon and [[Tidore]] and established a trading base on Ternate. The Spanish, having united with Portugal from 1580, dispatched a strong expedition from the Philippines and retook Kastella, capturing the new Sultan and exiling him to [[Manilla]] in March 1606<ref>{{cite book|last=Andaya|first=Leonard|title=The World of Maluku|year=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honululu|pages=139–140}}</ref>. They further modified the Gammalamma defences into a powerful fortress and renamed it Cuidad del Rosario. Dutch Admiral [[Paulus van Caerden]] captured by the Spanish and held in Kastella regarded it as "invulnerable" in 1610<ref>{{cite web|title=Spice Islands Forts|url=http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/the-clove-twins-ternate/kastella/|accessdate=October 2013}}</ref> |
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When the Spanish departed from the Spice Islands in 1663, they partially destroyed the defences which were then occupied by the Dutch. Today the site consists of ruins spread over a large area, scattered with local houses and bisected by the main island road. There is a monument for the Ternatean victory over the Portuguese in 1575, and sections of the old Portuguese walls and bastions from the Spanish period can be seen. |
When the Spanish departed from the Spice Islands in 1663, they partially destroyed the defences which were then occupied by the Dutch. Today the site consists of ruins spread over a large area, scattered with local houses and bisected by the main island road. There is a monument for the Ternatean victory over the Portuguese in 1575, and sections of the old Portuguese walls and bastions from the Spanish period can be seen. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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* [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ternate.html The Portuguese in Indonesia: the Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda islands] |
* [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ternate.html The Portuguese in Indonesia: the Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda islands] |
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* [http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/the-clove-twins-ternate/ Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia] |
* [http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/the-clove-twins-ternate/ Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia] |
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Revision as of 06:00, 13 December 2013
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2013) |
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (December 2013) |
Kastella is a ruined fortress located on the south-west coast of Ternate, famous as the first colonial fortification constructed in the Spice Islands of Maluku/ [Maluku Utara], in Indonesia, by the Portuguese in 1522. It is also referred to as Sao Joao Bautista (Portuguese), Cuidad del Rosario (Spanish) or Gammalamma (Ternatean and Dutch) according to its various masters, but is today known locally as Kastella/ Kastela.
In April 1521, a fleet had been dispatched by King Manuel I of Portugal from Lisbon under the command of Jorge de Brito with orders to intercept the Spanish fleet of [Ferdinand Magellan]], sailing towards the Spice Islands from the Americas, and to construct a fortress on Ternate to establish Portuguese pre-eminence in the region.[1] The initial fort, named by the Portuguese after Saint John the Baptist, on whose feast day the first stone was laid in 1522, was completed in 1523 [2]. The location selected was on the south-west coast of Ternate, near the Sultan's Court, but 7km from the island's main reef-free harbour at Talangame. Kastella commanded three narrow passages through the encircling reefs, by which small craft could arrive to load cloves, but which prevented larger vessels from closing sufficiently to bombard.
Several subsequent visitors described the fort as ineffective and poorly constructed, and it was not until the governorship of António Galvão commencing in 1536, that the defences were improved significantly.[3] After killing Ternate's Sultan Hairun in 1570, the Portuguese were besieged in their fort by forces of the new Sultan Baab for five years, eventually handing the fort over and retreating to Ambon in 1575. Sultan Baab occupied the fort, renamed it Gammalamma and converted it to his royal palace[4]. Anticipating a Portuguese return, Sultan Baab extensively modified the defences into a substantial fortress[5], and constructed an additional fort 5km to the east, known today as Fort Kota Janji.
In 1605, the newly arrived Dutch VOC captured Portuguese forts on Ambon and Tidore and established a trading base on Ternate. The Spanish, having united with Portugal from 1580, dispatched a strong expedition from the Philippines and retook Kastella, capturing the new Sultan and exiling him to Manilla in March 1606[6]. They further modified the Gammalamma defences into a powerful fortress and renamed it Cuidad del Rosario. Dutch Admiral Paulus van Caerden captured by the Spanish and held in Kastella regarded it as "invulnerable" in 1610[7] When the Spanish departed from the Spice Islands in 1663, they partially destroyed the defences which were then occupied by the Dutch. Today the site consists of ruins spread over a large area, scattered with local houses and bisected by the main island road. There is a monument for the Ternatean victory over the Portuguese in 1575, and sections of the old Portuguese walls and bastions from the Spanish period can be seen.
References
- ^ Lobato, Manuel (2012). "Culture and Identity in the Luso-Asian World: Tenacities and Plasticities". ISEAS: Chapter 8.
- ^ Corn, Charles (1999). The Scents of Eden. New York: Kodansha America. p. 57.
- ^ "Colonial Voyage". The Portuguese Fort of Ternate. Retrieved October 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Hanna & Alwi (1990). Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Neira: Rumah Budaya. p. 93.
- ^ Hanna & Alwi (1990). Turbulent Times Past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Neira: Rumah Budaya. p. 104.
- ^ Andaya, Leonard (1993). The World of Maluku. Honululu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 139–140.
- ^ "Spice Islands Forts". Retrieved October 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)
External links
- The Portuguese in Indonesia: the Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda islands
- Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia
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