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{{PBB|geneid=10912}}
{{PBB|geneid=10912}}
'''Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''GADD45G'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9827804">{{cite journal | author = Takekawa M, Saito H | title = A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK | journal = Cell | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 521–30 |date=Dec 1998 | pmid = 9827804 | pmc = | doi =10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10496071">{{cite journal | author = Suzuki M, Watanabe TK, Fujiwara T, Nakamura Yp6, Takahashi E, Tanigami A | title = Molecular cloning, expression, and mapping of a novel human cDNA, GRP17, highly homologous to human gadd45 and murine MyD118 | journal = J Hum Genet | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 300–3 |date=Oct 1999 | pmid = 10496071 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s100380050164 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GADD45G growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10912| accessdate = }}</ref>
'''Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''GADD45G'' [[gene]]. GADD45G is also known as CR6, DDIT2, GRP17 and GADD45gamma. <ref name="pmid10496071">{{cite journal | author = Suzuki M, Watanabe TK, Fujiwara T, Nakamura Yp6, Takahashi E, Tanigami A | title = Molecular cloning, expression, and mapping of a novel human cDNA, GRP17, highly homologous to human gadd45 and murine MyD118 | journal = J Hum Genet | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 300–3 |date=Oct 1999 | pmid = 10496071 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s100380050164 }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. The GADD45G is highly expressed in placenta.<ref name="entrez"/>
| summary_text = This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. <ref name="pmid9827804">{{cite journal | author = Takekawa M, Saito H | title = A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK | journal = Cell | volume = 95 | issue = 4 | pages = 521–30 |date=Dec 1998 | pmid = 9827804 | pmc = | doi =10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0 }}</ref> The GADD45G is highly expressed in placenta.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GADD45G growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10912| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
}}
The crystal structure of GADD45G reveals a dimer made of four parallel helices. The central region contains a highly acidic patch where it allows for interaction with cdc2, PCNA, and p21. The parallel isoform of GADD45G is the active form.<ref name="pmid22058036">{{cite journal| author=Zhang W, Fu S, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhang W, Peng W et al.| title=Crystal structure of human Gadd45γ [corrected] reveals an active dimer. | journal=Protein Cell | year= 2011 | volume= 2 | issue= 10 | pages= 814-26 | pmid=22058036 | doi=10.1007/s13238-011-1090-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22058036 }} </ref>
==Gene Function==
This gene plays a role in cell cycle regulation. GADD45G prevents the kinase ability of the cyclin b1/Cdk 1 complex in a fashion that does not break apart the complex. It plays a role in the activation of the S and G2/M checkpoints.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mariappan Vairapandi]], [[Arthur G. Balliet]], [[Barbara Hoffman]] & [[Dan A. Liebermann]]
| title = GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress
| journal = [[Journal of cellular physiology]]
| volume = 192
| issue = 3
| pages = 327–338| year = 2002| month = September
| doi = 10.1002/jcp.10140| pmid = 12124778
}}</ref> GADD45G must undergo dimerization in order for proper growth suppression and cell death.<ref name="pmid22058036">{{cite journal| author=Zhang W, Fu S, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhang W, Peng W et al.| title=Crystal structure of human Gadd45γ [corrected] reveals an active dimer. | journal=Protein Cell | year= 2011 | volume= 2 | issue= 10 | pages= 814-26 | pmid=22058036 | doi=10.1007/s13238-011-1090-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22058036 }} </ref>



GADD45G is involved with dental epithelial cell proliferation. GADD45G is expressed in enamel knots, where it regulates gene expression and cell growth. The gene modulates p21-mediated epithelial cell proliferation by activating the [[P38|p38]] [[MAPK]] pathway during the development of teeth.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, ''et al.'' |title=Gadd45g regulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediated p21 expression |journal=Genes Cells |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=660–71 |year=2013 |month=August |pmid=23751077 |doi=10.1111/gtc.12067 |url=}}</ref>
==Interactions==
==Interactions==
GADD45G has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[MAP3K4]],<ref name=pmid9827804>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0 |last=Takekawa |first=M |authorlink= |coauthors=Saito H |date=Nov 1998 |title=A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK |journal=Cell |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=521–30 |publisher= |location = UNITED STATES| issn = 0092-8674| pmid = 9827804 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref> [[PCNA]],<ref name=pmid11022036>{{cite journal |last=Azam |first=N |authorlink= |coauthors=Vairapandi M, Zhang W, Hoffman B, Liebermann D A |date=Jan 2001 |title=Interaction of CR6 (GADD45gamma ) with proliferating cell nuclear antigen impedes negative growth control |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2766–74 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 11022036 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M005626200 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref><ref name=pmid10455148>{{cite journal |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.35.24766 |last=Nakayama |first=K |authorlink= |coauthors=Hara T, Hibi M, Hirano T, Miyajima A |date=Aug 1999 |title=A novel oncostatin M-inducible gene OIG37 forms a gene family with MyD118 and GADD45 and negatively regulates cell growth |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue=35 |pages=24766–72 |publisher= |location = UNITED STATES| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 10455148 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref> [[GADD45GIP1]]<ref name=pmid12716909>{{cite journal |last=Chung |first=Hyo Kyun |authorlink= |coauthors=Yi Yong-Weon, Jung Neon-Cheol, Kim Daegun, Suh Jae Mi, Kim Ho, Park Ki Cheol, Song Jung Hun, Kim Dong Wook, Hwang Eun Suk, Yoon Soo-Hyun, Bae Young-Seuk, Kim Jin Man, Bae Insoo, Shong Minho |date=Jul 2003 |title=CR6-interacting factor 1 interacts with Gadd45 family proteins and modulates the cell cycle |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue=30 |pages=28079–88 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 12716909 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M212835200 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref> and [[P21]].<ref name=pmid11022036/><ref name=pmid10455148/>
GADD45G has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[MAP3K4]],<ref name=pmid9827804>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0 |last=Takekawa |first=M |authorlink= |coauthors=Saito H |date=Nov 1998 |title=A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK |journal=Cell |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=521–30 |publisher= |location = UNITED STATES| issn = 0092-8674| pmid = 9827804 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref> [[PCNA]],<ref name=pmid11022036>{{cite journal |last=Azam |first=N |authorlink= |coauthors=Vairapandi M, Zhang W, Hoffman B, Liebermann D A |date=Jan 2001 |title=Interaction of CR6 (GADD45gamma ) with proliferating cell nuclear antigen impedes negative growth control |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=2766–74 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 11022036 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M005626200 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref><ref name=pmid10455148>{{cite journal |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.35.24766 |last=Nakayama |first=K |authorlink= |coauthors=Hara T, Hibi M, Hirano T, Miyajima A |date=Aug 1999 |title=A novel oncostatin M-inducible gene OIG37 forms a gene family with MyD118 and GADD45 and negatively regulates cell growth |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue=35 |pages=24766–72 |publisher= |location = UNITED STATES| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 10455148 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref> [[GADD45GIP1]]<ref name=pmid12716909>{{cite journal |last=Chung |first=Hyo Kyun |authorlink= |coauthors=Yi Yong-Weon, Jung Neon-Cheol, Kim Daegun, Suh Jae Mi, Kim Ho, Park Ki Cheol, Song Jung Hun, Kim Dong Wook, Hwang Eun Suk, Yoon Soo-Hyun, Bae Young-Seuk, Kim Jin Man, Bae Insoo, Shong Minho |date=Jul 2003 |title=CR6-interacting factor 1 interacts with Gadd45 family proteins and modulates the cell cycle |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue=30 |pages=28079–88 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 12716909 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M212835200 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref>, [[P21]].<ref name=pmid11022036/><ref name=pmid10455148/>, [[Cyclin B1]]/[[Cdc2]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mariappan Vairapandi]], [[Arthur G. Balliet]], [[Barbara Hoffman]] & [[Dan A. Liebermann]]
| title = GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress
| journal = [[Journal of cellular physiology]]
| volume = 192
| issue = 3
| pages = 327–338
| year = 2002
| month = September
| doi = 10.1002/jcp.10140
| pmid = 12124778
}}</ref>,[[Cdk1]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mariappan Vairapandi]], [[Arthur G. Balliet]], [[Barbara Hoffman]] & [[Dan A. Liebermann]]
| title = GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress
| journal = [[Journal of cellular physiology]]
| volume = 192
| issue = 3
| pages = 327–338
| year = 2002
| month = September
| doi = 10.1002/jcp.10140
| pmid = 12124778
}}</ref>, and CRIF1<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Hyo Kyun Chung]], [[Yong-Weon Yi]], [[Neon-Cheol Jung]], [[Daegun Kim]], [[Jae Mi Suh]], [[Ho Kim]], [[Ki Cheol Park]], [[Jung Hun Song]], [[Dong Wook Kim]], [[Eun Suk Hwang]], [[Soo-Hyun Yoon]], [[Young-Seuk Bae]], [[Jin Man Kim]], [[Insoo Bae]] & [[Minho Shong]]
| title = CR6-interacting factor 1 interacts with Gadd45 family proteins and modulates the cell cycle
| journal = [[The Journal of biological chemistry]]
| volume = 278
| issue = 30
| pages = 28079–28088
| year = 2003
| month = July
| doi = 10.1074/jbc.M212835200
| pmid = 12716909
}}</ref>.

==Clinical Significance==
Generally, in numerous kinds of cancerous cells, GADD45G is down regulated.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhang L, Yang Z, Ma A, ''et al.'' |title=Growth arrest and DNA damage 45G down-regulation contributes to Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and cellular senescence evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Hepatology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=178–89 |year=2014 |month=January |pmid=23897841 |doi=10.1002/hep.26628 |url=}}</ref> There is a low expression due to methylation of the GADD45G promotor.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, ''et al.'' |title=Gadd45g regulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediated p21 expression |journal=Genes Cells |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=660–71 |year=2013 |month=August |pmid=23751077 |doi=10.1111/gtc.12067 |url=}</ref>

GADD45G methylation is seen in many cancers. In esophageal cancer the expression level and methylation status of the gene are involved in the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Demethylation of the gene can have some beneficial effects. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, ''et al.'' |title=Gadd45g regulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediated p21 expression |journal=Genes Cells |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=660–71 |year=2013 |month=August |pmid=23751077 |doi=10.1111/gtc.12067 |url=}}</ref> GADD45G methylation levels are also measured in the diagnosis of pancreatic, gastric and colorectal cancers.<ref name="pmid20111973">{{cite journal| author=Zhang W, Li T, Shao Y, Zhang C, Wu Q, Yang H et al.| title=Semi-quantitative detection of GADD45-gamma methylation levels in gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancers using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis. | journal=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | year= 2010 | volume= 136 | issue= 8 | pages= 1267-73 | pmid=20111973 | doi=10.1007/s00432-010-0777-z | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20111973 }} </ref>

In cancerous liver cells, GADD45G is down regulated.It participates in negatively regulating the Jak-Stat3 signaling pathway. It acts as a tumor suppressor in [[Hepatic carcinoma|HCC]] cells by promoting cell death or growth arrest. When GADD45G expression is low, liver cells may be able to bypass the growth arrest stage, leading to cancerous cells.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhang L, Yang Z, Ma A, ''et al.'' |title=Growth arrest and DNA damage 45G down-regulation contributes to Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and cellular senescence evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Hepatology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=178–89 |year=2014 |month=January |pmid=23897841 |doi=10.1002/hep.26628 |url=}}</ref>

The presence of GADD45G in the urinary system is also related to renal disease. The renal cells expressing the gene where damaged.<ref name="pmid19293565">{{cite journal| author=Yu S, Cho J, Park I, Kim SJ, Kim H, Shin GT| title=Urinary GADD45gamma expression is associated with progression of lgA nephropathy. | journal=Am J Nephrol | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 135-9 | pmid=19293565 | doi=10.1159/000209317 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19293565 }} </ref>

In the pituitary gland, GADD45G is a growth suppressor. There is a loss of expression of the gene in many pituitary cancerous masses. <ref name="pmid11889197">{{cite journal| author=Zhang X, Sun H, Danila DC, Johnson SR, Zhou Y, Swearingen B et al.| title=Loss of expression of GADD45 gamma, a growth inhibitory gene, in human pituitary adenomas: implications for tumorigenesis. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2002 | volume= 87 | issue= 3 | pages= 1262-7 | pmid=11889197 | doi=10.1210/jcem.87.3.8315 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11889197 }} </ref>

The gene plays a role in prostate cancer as a tumor supressor as well. In these cancerous cells, [[Vitamin D]] can induce the expression of GADD45G.<ref name="pmid20739400">{{cite journal| author=Flores O, Burnstein KL| title=GADD45gamma: a new vitamin D-regulated gene that is antiproliferative in prostate cancer cells. | journal=Endocrinology | year= 2010 | volume= 151 | issue= 10 | pages= 4654-64 | pmid=20739400 | doi=10.1210/en.2010-0434 | pmc=PMC2946153 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20739400 }} </ref>

==Human Tissue Distribution==
GADD45G is expressed most in the skeletal muscle, kidney and liver. This gene has a low expression in the heart, brain, spleen, lung and testis.<ref>Tamura RE, de Vasconcellos JF, Sarkar D, Libermann TA, Fisher PB, Zerbini LF (June 2012). "GADD45 proteins: central players in tumorigenesis". Curr. Mol. Med. 12 (5): 634–51. PMC 3797964. PMID 22515981.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Gadd45]]
*[[Gadd45]] [[GADD45A]] [[GADD45B]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 05:11, 18 March 2014

Template:PBB Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GADD45G gene. GADD45G is also known as CR6, DDIT2, GRP17 and GADD45gamma. [1]

Template:PBB Summary The crystal structure of GADD45G reveals a dimer made of four parallel helices. The central region contains a highly acidic patch where it allows for interaction with cdc2, PCNA, and p21. The parallel isoform of GADD45G is the active form.[2]

Gene Function

This gene plays a role in cell cycle regulation. GADD45G prevents the kinase ability of the cyclin b1/Cdk 1 complex in a fashion that does not break apart the complex. It plays a role in the activation of the S and G2/M checkpoints.[3] GADD45G must undergo dimerization in order for proper growth suppression and cell death.[2]


GADD45G is involved with dental epithelial cell proliferation. GADD45G is expressed in enamel knots, where it regulates gene expression and cell growth. The gene modulates p21-mediated epithelial cell proliferation by activating the p38 MAPK pathway during the development of teeth.[4]

Interactions

GADD45G has been shown to interact with MAP3K4,[5] PCNA,[6][7] GADD45GIP1[8], P21.[6][7], Cyclin B1/Cdc2[9],Cdk1[10], and CRIF1[11].

Clinical Significance

Generally, in numerous kinds of cancerous cells, GADD45G is down regulated.[12] There is a low expression due to methylation of the GADD45G promotor.[13]

GADD45G methylation is seen in many cancers. In esophageal cancer the expression level and methylation status of the gene are involved in the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Demethylation of the gene can have some beneficial effects. [14] GADD45G methylation levels are also measured in the diagnosis of pancreatic, gastric and colorectal cancers.[15]

In cancerous liver cells, GADD45G is down regulated.It participates in negatively regulating the Jak-Stat3 signaling pathway. It acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC cells by promoting cell death or growth arrest. When GADD45G expression is low, liver cells may be able to bypass the growth arrest stage, leading to cancerous cells.[16]

The presence of GADD45G in the urinary system is also related to renal disease. The renal cells expressing the gene where damaged.[17]

In the pituitary gland, GADD45G is a growth suppressor. There is a loss of expression of the gene in many pituitary cancerous masses. [18]

The gene plays a role in prostate cancer as a tumor supressor as well. In these cancerous cells, Vitamin D can induce the expression of GADD45G.[19]

Human Tissue Distribution

GADD45G is expressed most in the skeletal muscle, kidney and liver. This gene has a low expression in the heart, brain, spleen, lung and testis.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Suzuki M, Watanabe TK, Fujiwara T, Nakamura Yp6, Takahashi E, Tanigami A (Oct 1999). "Molecular cloning, expression, and mapping of a novel human cDNA, GRP17, highly homologous to human gadd45 and murine MyD118". J Hum Genet. 44 (5): 300–3. doi:10.1007/s100380050164. PMID 10496071.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b Zhang W, Fu S, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhang W, Peng W; et al. (2011). "Crystal structure of human Gadd45γ [corrected] reveals an active dimer". Protein Cell. 2 (10): 814–26. doi:10.1007/s13238-011-1090-6. PMID 22058036. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Mariappan Vairapandi, Arthur G. Balliet, Barbara Hoffman & Dan A. Liebermann (2002). "GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress". Journal of cellular physiology. 192 (3): 327–338. doi:10.1002/jcp.10140. PMID 12124778. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M; et al. (2013). "Gadd45g regulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediated p21 expression". Genes Cells. 18 (8): 660–71. doi:10.1111/gtc.12067. PMID 23751077. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Takekawa, M (Nov 1998). "A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK". Cell. 95 (4). UNITED STATES: 521–30. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9827804. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b Azam, N (Jan 2001). "Interaction of CR6 (GADD45gamma ) with proliferating cell nuclear antigen impedes negative growth control". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (4). United States: 2766–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005626200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11022036. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b Nakayama, K (Aug 1999). "A novel oncostatin M-inducible gene OIG37 forms a gene family with MyD118 and GADD45 and negatively regulates cell growth". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (35). UNITED STATES: 24766–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.35.24766. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10455148. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Chung, Hyo Kyun (Jul 2003). "CR6-interacting factor 1 interacts with Gadd45 family proteins and modulates the cell cycle". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (30). United States: 28079–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212835200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12716909. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Mariappan Vairapandi, Arthur G. Balliet, Barbara Hoffman & Dan A. Liebermann (2002). "GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress". Journal of cellular physiology. 192 (3): 327–338. doi:10.1002/jcp.10140. PMID 12124778. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Mariappan Vairapandi, Arthur G. Balliet, Barbara Hoffman & Dan A. Liebermann (2002). "GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress". Journal of cellular physiology. 192 (3): 327–338. doi:10.1002/jcp.10140. PMID 12124778. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Hyo Kyun Chung, Yong-Weon Yi, Neon-Cheol Jung, Daegun Kim, Jae Mi Suh, Ho Kim, Ki Cheol Park, Jung Hun Song, Dong Wook Kim, Eun Suk Hwang, Soo-Hyun Yoon, Young-Seuk Bae, Jin Man Kim, Insoo Bae & Minho Shong (2003). "CR6-interacting factor 1 interacts with Gadd45 family proteins and modulates the cell cycle". The Journal of biological chemistry. 278 (30): 28079–28088. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212835200. PMID 12716909. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  13. ^ {{cite journal |author=Ishida K, Yuge Y, Hanaoka M, et al. |title=Gadd45g regulates dental epithelial cell proliferation through p38 MAPK-mediated p21 expression |journal=Genes Cells |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=660–71 |year=2013 |month=August |pmid=23751077 |doi=10.1111/gtc.12067 |url=}
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  19. ^ Flores O, Burnstein KL (2010). "GADD45gamma: a new vitamin D-regulated gene that is antiproliferative in prostate cancer cells". Endocrinology. 151 (10): 4654–64. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0434. PMC 2946153. PMID 20739400.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  20. ^ Tamura RE, de Vasconcellos JF, Sarkar D, Libermann TA, Fisher PB, Zerbini LF (June 2012). "GADD45 proteins: central players in tumorigenesis". Curr. Mol. Med. 12 (5): 634–51. PMC 3797964. PMID 22515981.

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