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===Post War career===
===Post War career===
As new CEFEO commander, Leclerc set forth in October 1945 in [[French Indochina]], first cracking a [[Vietminh]] blockade around [[Saigon]], then driving through the [[Mekong]] delta and up into the highlands. Leclerc soon perceived the necessity for a political solution to the Indochina conflict, but also heeded the advice he obtained from United States General [[Douglas MacArthur]] of bringing in as many soldiers as possible.<ref name="Karnow, Stanley 1983. p150">Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983. p150</ref> The French forces soon found that they, "like the Americans later, could conquer Vietnamese territory but could not hold it".<ref name="Karnow, Stanley 1983. p150"/> In 1945, Leclerc was able to defeat the Vietminh in southern Vietnam, but he recognized the need for a negotiated settlement.<ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983. p695</ref>
As new CEFEO commander, Leclerc set forth in October 1945 in [[French Indochina]], first breaking a [[Vietminh]] blockade around [[Saigon]], then driving through the [[Mekong]] delta and up into the highlands. He soon perceived the necessity for a political solution to the conflict, but also heeded the advice he obtained from United States General [[Douglas MacArthur]] to bring as many soldiers as possible. The French forces soon found that they, "like the Americans later, could conquer Vietnamese territory but could not hold it".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=150}} In 1945, Leclerc was able to defeat the Vietminh in southern Vietnam, but he recognized the need for a negotiated settlement.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=695}}


[[Jean Sainteny]] flew to Saigon to consult Leclerc. Leclerc, then acting as high commissioner in D'argenlieu's absence, approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Vietnam. At that time, [[Ho Chi Minh]] felt that negotiations with the French constituted his only option because the [[Soviet Union]] had not yet endorsed the [[Vietminh]] or the [[VNQDD]], the French Communist party choose to support French rule in Vietnam, and Ho feared Chinese domination much more than French rule, which he perceived to be declining.<ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983.p152-3</ref> Leclerc approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Ho because he preferred a diplomatic solution to a larger conflict; however, Leclerc still dispatched a flotilla with shiploads of French soldiers to northern Vietnam ready to attack if the talks failed.<ref name="Karnow, Stanley 1983. p153">Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983.p153</ref> On March 6, 1946, a tentative agreement was reached at the last minute (with Leclerc's fleet already in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]) between Sainteny (with Leclerc's support) and Ho that France would recognize Vietnam as a free state within the [[French Union]] (a new name for the French empire broadly similar to the [[British Commonwealth]]) and Ho would allow France to base 25,000 soldiers in Vietnam for 5 years.<ref name="Karnow, Stanley 1983. p153"/> However, this [[Ho-Sainteny agreement]] was never confirmed because it disappointed some people on both sides. Ho's immense prestige largely silenced Vietnamese disappointment, but the agreement split the French seriously.<ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983. p154</ref> French Saigon businessmen, planters, and officials were "indignant at the prospect of losing their colonial privileges." <ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983.p154</ref> Also, [[Admiral d'Argenlieu]] returned to Vietnam and bluntly denounced Leclerc: "I am amazed - yes, that is the word, amazed - that France's fine expeditionary corps in Indochina is commanded by officers who would rather negotiate than fight".<ref name="Karnow, Stanley 1983. p153"/> D'argenlieu then claimed that a higher level meeting in Paris would be required and then unilaterally declared a French-owned Autonomous Republic of [[Cochinchina]] (without asking either Paris or the Vietnamese), an unacceptable situation to Ho.<ref name="Karnow, Stanley 1983. p153"/> Thus, the negotiations did not work.
[[Jean Sainteny]] flew to Saigon to consult Leclerc. Leclerc, then acting as high commissioner in D'Argenlieu's absence, approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Vietnam. At that time, [[Ho Chi Minh]] felt that negotiations with the French constituted his only option because the [[Soviet Union]] had not yet endorsed the [[Vietminh]] or the [[VNQDD]], the French Communist party choose to support French rule in Vietnam, and Ho feared Chinese domination much more than French rule, which he perceived to be declining. Leclerc approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Ho because he preferred a diplomatic solution to a larger conflict; however, Leclerc still dispatched a flotilla with shiploads of French soldiers to northern Vietnam ready to attack if the talks failed.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=152-153}}


On March 6, 1946, a tentative agreement was reached at the last minute (with Leclerc's fleet already in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]) between Sainteny (with Leclerc's support) and Ho that France would recognize Vietnam as a free state within the [[French Union]] (a new name for the French empire broadly similar to the [[British Commonwealth]]) and Ho would allow France to base 25,000 soldiers in Vietnam for 5 years.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=153}} However, this [[Ho-Sainteny agreement]] was never confirmed because it disappointed some people on both sides. Ho's immense prestige largely silenced Vietnamese disappointment, but the agreement split the French seriously. French Saigon businessmen, planters, and officials were "indignant at the prospect of losing their colonial privileges."{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=154}}
In 1946, Leclerc was replaced as commander of the French forces by [[Jean-Étienne Valluy]].<ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983.p155,696</ref> When General Leclerc returned to Paris from Vietnam, he then warned that "anti-communism will be a useless tool unless the problem of nationalism is resolved."<ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983. p159</ref> But his wisdom was ignored.<ref>Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press; 1983.p159</ref>


[[Admiral]] [[Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu]] bluntly denounced Leclerc. "I am amazed - yes, that is the word, amazed", he said, "that France's fine expeditionary corps in Indochina is commanded by officers who would rather negotiate than fight".{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=153}} D'Argenlieu claimed that a higher level meeting in Paris would be required, then unilaterally declared a French-owned Autonomous Republic of [[Cochinchina]] without asking either Paris or the Vietnamese, an unacceptable situation to Ho.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=152-153}} In 1946, Leclerc was replaced as commander of the French forces by [[Jean-Étienne Valluy]].{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=155,696{{ When General Leclerc returned to Paris from Vietnam, he then warned that "anti-communism will be a useless tool unless the problem of nationalism is resolved."{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=159}}
⚫
Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque died in 1947 in an airplane accident near [[Béchar|Colomb-Béchar]], [[French Algeria]], and was awarded the honour of [[Marshal of France]] posthumously in 1952.<ref>Hull, Michael D., "Leclerc and Liberation", ''WWII History'', July 2011, pp. 22–27.</ref>

⚫
Leclerc died in 1947 in an airplane accident near [[Béchar|Colomb-Béchar]], [[French Algeria]], and was awarded the honour of [[Marshal of France]] posthumously in 1952.


==Posthumous honours==
==Posthumous honours==

Revision as of 04:39, 18 May 2014

"Philippe Leclerc" redirects here. For the French footballer, see Philippe Leclerc (footballer).
Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
Born(1902-11-22)22 November 1902
Belloy-Saint-Léonard, France
Died28 November 1947(1947-11-28) (aged 45)
Colomb-Béchar, French Algeria
Allegiance French Third Republic
 Free French Forces
Service / branchFrench Army
Years of service1924-1947
RankGénéral d'Armée
CommandsColonne Leclerc
L force
2nd Armoured Division
French Far East Expeditionary Corps
Battles / wars
AwardsMarshal of France (posthumous)
Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur
Ordre de la Libération
Médaille militaire
Croix de Guerre 1939-1945
Croix de Guerre des TOE
Companion of the Order of the Bath (UK)
Distinguished Service Order (UK)
Silver Star (USA)
Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA) (more, see below)

Philippe François Marie, comte de Hauteclocque, then Leclerc de Hauteclocque, by a 1945 decree that incorporated his French Resistance nom de guerre Jacques-Philippe Leclerc to his name, (French pronunciation: [filip ləklɛʁ də otklɔk]; 22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947), was a French general during World War II. He became Marshal of France posthumously, in 1952 and is known in France simply as le maréchal Leclerc or just Leclerc.

Ancestry and family

Main article: House of Hauteclocque
Coat of arms of the counts of Hauteclocque

Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque was born on 22 November 1902 at Belloy-Saint-Léonard in the department of Somme. He was the fifth of six children of Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864–1945) and Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870–1956). Philippe was named in honour of an ancestor killed by Croats in 1635.[1]

De Hauteclocque came from an old line of country nobility. His direct ancestors had served in the Fifth Crusade against Egypt, and again in the Eighth Crusade of Saint Louis against Tunisia in 1270. They had also fought at the Battle of Saint-Omer in 1340 and the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745. The family managed to survive the French Revolution. Three members of the family served in Napoleon's Grande Armée and a fourth, who suffered from weak health, in the supply train.[1] The third son, Constantin, who had served in Napoleon's Russian Campaign, was created a chevalier by King Louis XVIII, and a Papal count by Pope Pius IX in 1857. Constantin had two sons. The older, Alfred Francois Marie (1822–1902), died childless. The younger, Gustave Francois Marie Joseph (1829–1914) became a noted egyptologist.[1][2]

Gustave, in turn, had three sons. The first, Henry (1862–1914), and third, Wallerand (1866–1914) became officers in the French Army, serving during the colonial campaigns, including fighting Samory in the Sudan. Both were killed in the early fighting in World War I. The second son was Adrien, who also served in World War I, enlisting in August 1914 as a trooper in the 11e Régiment de Chasseurs, the regiment in which he son Guy was a cornet. He was commissioned, and twice awarded the Croix de Guerre for gallantry. He survived the war, and inherited the family title and estate in Belloy-Saint-Léonard.[1][2]

Biography

Early life

Philippe de Hauteclocque was home schooled until he was 13, when he as sent to L'école de la Providence, a Jesuit scool in Amiens.[2] In 1920, at the age of 17, he went to Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève, known as Ginette, a preparatory school in Versailles.[3] He then entered the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, the French military academy. He graduated on 1 October 1924, and was commissioned as a sous lieutenant in the French Army.[4] Having chosen the cavalry branch, he then had to attend the Cavalry School in Saumur, He graduated first in his class on 8 August 1925.[5]

De Hauteclocque's older brother Guy had married Madeleine de Gargan, the daughter of the Baron de Gargan. De Hauteclocque became a frequent visitor to the Gargan household, and became enchanted by Madeleine's youngest sister Thérèse. The two courted while he was at Saint-Cyr. In the tradition of old families, Count Adrien asked Baron de Gargan for permission for Philippe to marry Thérèse. The wedding ceremony took place in the Church of St Joan of Arc in Rouen on 10 August 1925. For a wedding present, Adrien gave then a chateau in Tailly. They had six children:[5][6] Henri (1926-1952), who was later killed in the war in the war in Vietnam;[7] Hubert (1927-), who served as mayor of Tailly from 2001 to 2008;[8] Charles (1929-); Jeanne (1931-); Michel (1933-2014); and Bénédicte (1936-).[9]

Having graduated from Saumur, de Hauteclocque joined his regiment, the fr [5e régiment de cuirassiers], which was then on occupation duty in Trier as part of the French Occupation of the Ruhr. Garrison duty was not to his liking, so he volunteered for service with the fr [8e régiment de spahis marocains], based at Taza in Morocco. He was promoted to Lieutenant in October 1926. In 1927, he was posted to the fr [École militaire de Dar El Beida] at Meknes, Morocco's answer to Saint-Cyr, as an instructor. Here, he met fr [Paul de Langlade], a World War I veteran eight years his senior, who would later volunteer to serve under his command.In 1929, he was attached to the 38e goum mixte marocains, a Moroccan Goumier unit at M'Zizel in the Atlas Mountains.[10] He saw action in the fighting against Ait Hammou guerrillas. In one action, two horses were shot under him.[11] Afterwards, he was posted to the fr [1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique] the senior cavalry regiment of the Armée d'Afrique, based at Rabat.[12]

In February 1931, de Hauteclocque returned to Saint-Cyr as an instructor, but missed active service. During the summer break in 1933, he flew down to Africa, where he reported to Général de Brigade Henri Giraud on 11 July. Giraud sent him into the field as a liaison officer with a goum. He was awarded the croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures for leading goumiers in an attack on caves and ravines on Bou Amdoun on 11 August.[13] The Commander in Chief in Morocco, Général de Division Antoine Huré felt that de Hauteclocque should not have been there, and held the award up for three years. Others felt differently, and de Hauteclocque was given early admission to the course for promotion to capitaine. He was placed fourth in the class, and promoted on 25 December 1934.[11][14] Promotion was slow in the inter-war French Army, especially in the cavalry, and he was only the second in his Saint-Cyr class to reach the rank. Most had to wait until 1936.[15] He was also made a Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur.[16]

Although they were devout Catholics, de Hauteclocque and Thérèse subscribed to Action Française despite a papal interdict, and continued to do so even after Thérèse was refused absolution.[17] However, his cousin Template:Il was an award-winning journalist who covered the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. He visited the concentration camp at Dachau, and wrote about the Night of Long Knives. Xavier died in April 1935, convinced that he had been poisoned by the Nazis.[18] De Hauteclocque broken his leg in two places in a fall from his horse in 1936. He told his company that it was his own fault for riding on the shoulder of the road.Thereafter he frequently walked with a cane. Following another mishap involving losing his way during an exercise and getting stuck in a field cordoned off with barbed wire, he told them that when you have done something really stupid, it is best to admit it.[19][15]

De Hauteclocque entered the École supérieure de guerre, the French Army's staff college, in November 1938 as part of its 60th class. On graduating in July 1939, he was ordered to report the fr [4th Division (France); 4e division d'infanterie] as its chief of staff.[20]

World War II

General Leclerc talks to his men from the 501° RCC (501st Tank Regiment).

During World War II, he joined the Free French forces immediately after the fall of France in June 1940, and rapidly made his way to London only a week after the French surrender.[21] He rejected service in the Vichy France army and escaped from German hands twice during his escape from France.[21] He adopted the Resistance pseudonym "Jacques-Philippe Leclerc" in order to protect his wife and six children from German reprisals.[21] Charles de Gaulle upon meeting him promoted him from Captain to Major (commandant) and ordered him to French Equatorial Africa as governor of French Cameroon from 29 August 1940 to 12 November 1940. In 1940, the leaders of most of French Equatorial Africa and the French Congo had declared themselves for Free France, providing Leclerc with a starting point.[22] Leclerc then captured Gabon (whose local leader backed Vichy France), and then commanded the column which attacked Axis forces from his base at Fort Lamy (now N'Jamena) in Chad,[23] and, having marched his troops across West Africa, distinguished himself in Tunisia. In February 1941, Leclerc invaded Italian-controlled Libya, capturing the Italian fort at the oasis at Kufra for Free France.[21] In 1942, Leclerc's Free French forces and soldiers from the British Long Range Desert Group captured parts of the Libyan province of Fezzan. At the end of 1942, Leclerc moved his forces to join United States and British forces in Tunisia.

After landing in Normandy on 1 August 1944, his 2nd Armored Division participated in the battle of the Falaise Pocket (12 to 21 August), and went on to liberate Paris. Allied troops were avoiding Paris, moving around it clockwise towards Germany. This was to minimise the danger of the destruction of the historic city if the Germans sought to defend it. Leclerc and de Gaulle had to persuade Eisenhower to send troops help the Parisians, who had risen against the Germans. Leclerc's 2nd Armored Division had been part of Patton's Third Army, and when they entered Paris, many had not been informed of the change of command and told the Parisians that they were part of the Third Army. Historian Jean-Paul Cointet places the uprising and the liberation by Leclerc in the context of the political struggle for leadership in post-liberation France, both being aimed at cementing de Gaulle's claim.[24]

In an incident that took place 8 May 1945, at Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria Leclerc was involved in the capture and execution of French troops fighting with the Waffen-SS. After entering Germany, Leclerc was presented with a defiant group of 11-12 captured SS Charlemagne Division men. The Free French General immediately asked them why they wore a German uniform, to which one of them replied by asking the General why he wore an American one (the Free French wore modified US army uniforms). The group of French Waffen-SS men was later executed without any form of military tribunal procedure.[25][26] However, it is uncertain who gave the order for their deaths.[27]

East Asia

Tokyo Bay, Japan. Surrender of Japanese aboard USS Missouri (BB-63). Leclerc representing France signs the instrument of surrender. Other French representatives stand behind him while General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander, stands at the microphone.

At the end of World War II in Europe, he received command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient, CEFEO), and represented France during the surrender of the Japanese Empire on 2 September 1945; previously, in May 1945, he had been appointed a member of the Légion d'honneur, and the same year legally changed his name to Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, incorporating his French Resistance pseudonym.

Post War career

As new CEFEO commander, Leclerc set forth in October 1945 in French Indochina, first breaking a Vietminh blockade around Saigon, then driving through the Mekong delta and up into the highlands. He soon perceived the necessity for a political solution to the conflict, but also heeded the advice he obtained from United States General Douglas MacArthur to bring as many soldiers as possible. The French forces soon found that they, "like the Americans later, could conquer Vietnamese territory but could not hold it".[28] In 1945, Leclerc was able to defeat the Vietminh in southern Vietnam, but he recognized the need for a negotiated settlement.[29]

Jean Sainteny flew to Saigon to consult Leclerc. Leclerc, then acting as high commissioner in D'Argenlieu's absence, approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Vietnam. At that time, Ho Chi Minh felt that negotiations with the French constituted his only option because the Soviet Union had not yet endorsed the Vietminh or the VNQDD, the French Communist party choose to support French rule in Vietnam, and Ho feared Chinese domination much more than French rule, which he perceived to be declining. Leclerc approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Ho because he preferred a diplomatic solution to a larger conflict; however, Leclerc still dispatched a flotilla with shiploads of French soldiers to northern Vietnam ready to attack if the talks failed.[30]

On March 6, 1946, a tentative agreement was reached at the last minute (with Leclerc's fleet already in the Gulf of Tonkin) between Sainteny (with Leclerc's support) and Ho that France would recognize Vietnam as a free state within the French Union (a new name for the French empire broadly similar to the British Commonwealth) and Ho would allow France to base 25,000 soldiers in Vietnam for 5 years.[31] However, this Ho-Sainteny agreement was never confirmed because it disappointed some people on both sides. Ho's immense prestige largely silenced Vietnamese disappointment, but the agreement split the French seriously. French Saigon businessmen, planters, and officials were "indignant at the prospect of losing their colonial privileges."[32]

Admiral Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu bluntly denounced Leclerc. "I am amazed - yes, that is the word, amazed", he said, "that France's fine expeditionary corps in Indochina is commanded by officers who would rather negotiate than fight".[31] D'Argenlieu claimed that a higher level meeting in Paris would be required, then unilaterally declared a French-owned Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina without asking either Paris or the Vietnamese, an unacceptable situation to Ho.[30] In 1946, Leclerc was replaced as commander of the French forces by Jean-Étienne Valluy.{{sfn|Karnow|1983|pp=155,696{{ When General Leclerc returned to Paris from Vietnam, he then warned that "anti-communism will be a useless tool unless the problem of nationalism is resolved."[33]

Leclerc died in 1947 in an airplane accident near Colomb-Béchar, French Algeria, and was awarded the honour of Marshal of France posthumously in 1952.

Posthumous honours

The Leclerc main battle tank built by GIAT Industries (Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres) of France is named after him.

There is a monument to Leclerc at coordinates 48°49′16″N 2°19′30″E / 48.82105°N 2.32494°E / 48.82105; 2.32494, in the Petit-Montrouge quarter of the 14th arrondissement in Paris, between Avenue de la Porte d'Orléans and Rue de la Légion Étrangère. The monument is near the Square du Serment-de-Koufra. The "serment de Koufra" is a pledge that Leclerc made on 2 March 1941, the day after taking the Italian fort at Kufra, Libya: he swore that his weapons would not be laid down until the French flag flew over the cathedral of Strasbourg.

Jurez de ne déposer les armes que lorsque nos couleurs, nos belles couleurs, flotteront sur la cathédrale de Strasbourg.[34][35]

Two streets in Paris are named for Leclerc: Avenue du Général Leclerc in the 14th arrondissement[36] and Rue du Maréchal Leclerc in the 12th arrondissement, between the Bois de Vincennes and the Marne River.[37]

Promotions

Decorations

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Clayton 1992, p. 34.
  2. ^ a b c Moore 2011, p. 16.
  3. ^ Moore 2011, p. 20.
  4. ^ Moore 2011, p. 24.
  5. ^ a b Moore 2011, pp. 25–26.
  6. ^ "Leclerc (avenue du maréchal)" (in French). Dictionnaire des noms de rues. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  7. ^ "Indochine : octobre 1945 - juillet 1946" (in French). Fondation Leclerc de Hauteclocque. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  8. ^ "Résultats des élections municipales à Tailly" (in French). Annuaire-Mairie. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  9. ^ "Famille de Hauteclocque" (PDF) (in French). Geneanet. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  10. ^ Moore 2011, pp. 27–30.
  11. ^ a b Clayton 1992, p. 36.
  12. ^ Moore 2011, p. 34.
  13. ^ Moore 2011, pp. 36–38.
  14. ^ "Leclerc De Hautecloque, Philippe François Marie" (in French). Mémorial-GenWeb. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  15. ^ a b Moore 2011, pp. 45–46.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque" (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  17. ^ Moore 2011, p. 27.
  18. ^ Moore 2011, p. 42.
  19. ^ Clayton 1992, p. 37.
  20. ^ Moore 2011, pp. 47–49.
  21. ^ a b c d Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. p300
  22. ^ Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. p299-300
  23. ^ Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. p300-1
  24. ^ Cointet, Jean-Paul, Paris 40-44, Perrin 2001, ISBN 2-262-01516-3, Sixième Partie, chapitre 3.
  25. ^ Trigg, Jonathan (2009). Hitler's Gauls: The History of the 33rd Waffen Division Charlemagne. History Publishing Group. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7524-5476-4.
  26. ^ Third Reich in Ruins: Memorial Sites.
  27. ^ Robert Forbes, For Europe: The French Volunteers of the Waffen-SS, pp. 480 ff.
  28. ^ Karnow 1983, p. 150.
  29. ^ Karnow 1983, p. 695.
  30. ^ a b Karnow 1983, pp. 152–153.
  31. ^ a b Karnow 1983, p. 153.
  32. ^ Karnow 1983, p. 154.
  33. ^ Karnow 1983, p. 159.
  34. ^ "Square du Serment-de-Koufra". Mairie de Paris. Retrieved 2009-01-13. [dead link]
  35. ^ "Avenue de la Porte d'Orléans". Extrait de la nomenclature officielle des voies de Paris. Archived from the original on 2006-11-24. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  36. ^ "Avenue du Général Leclerc". Extrait de la nomenclature officielle des voies de Paris. Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  37. ^ "Rue du Maréchal Leclerc". Extrait de la nomenclature officielle des voies de Paris. Archived from the original on 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2006-07-02.

References

Template:Persondata

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