Violence against men: Difference between revisions
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'''Violence against men''' is any act of [[violence]] that targets [[men]] or boys primarily or exclusively. Although the motives for violence are similar regardless of [[gender]], violence against men is more frequent<ref>{{cite book | last = Felson | first = Richard | title = Violence and gender reexamined. | publisher = American Psychological Association | year = 2002 | page = abstract | url = http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2002-17282-000 | isbn = 1557988951 }}</ref> than violence against other groups. Although men are mostly responsible for committing violent acts, the violence is directed disproportionately toward other men.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Surprising Truth About Women and Violence | publisher = TIME |accessdate=June 25, 2014|date=June 25, 2014 | url = http://time.com/2921491/hope-solo-women-violence/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Our attitude to violence against men is out of date | publisher = The Telegraph |accessdate=April 9, 2014|date=April 9, 2014 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10752232/Our-attitude-to-violence-against-men-is-out-of-date.html}}</ref> Sexual violence against men is treated differently in any given [[society]] and may be unrecognized by [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Lewis | first = Dustin | title = Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law | publisher = Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC) | year = 2009 | url = http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=1404574}}</ref> |
'''Violence against men''' is any act of [[violence]] that targets [[men]] or boys primarily or exclusively. Although the motives for violence are similar regardless of [[gender]], violence against men is more frequent<ref>{{cite book | last = Felson | first = Richard | title = Violence and gender reexamined. | publisher = American Psychological Association | year = 2002 | page = abstract | url = http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2002-17282-000 | isbn = 1557988951 }}</ref> than violence against other groups. Although men are mostly responsible for committing violent acts, the violence is directed disproportionately toward other men.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Surprising Truth About Women and Violence | publisher = TIME |accessdate=June 25, 2014|date=June 25, 2014 | url = http://time.com/2921491/hope-solo-women-violence/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Our attitude to violence against men is out of date | publisher = The Telegraph |accessdate=April 9, 2014|date=April 9, 2014 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/10752232/Our-attitude-to-violence-against-men-is-out-of-date.html}}</ref> Sexual violence against men is treated differently in any given [[society]] and may be unrecognized by [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Lewis | first = Dustin | title = Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law | publisher = Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC) | year = 2009 | url = http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=1404574}}</ref> |
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== Compulsory military service == |
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{{Main|Conscription}} |
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Historically, the vast majority of conscription measures involve male-only participation. Even today, most countries mandating conscription only do so for males. Many societies have traditionally considered military service as a [[initiation rite|test of manhood]] and a [[rite of passage]] from boyhood into manhood.<ref>{{Cite book |
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|author=Ben Shephard |
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|title=A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century |
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|publisher=Harvard University Press |
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|year=2003 |
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|isbn=978-0-674-01119-9 |
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|page=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=We1HZDUTpdEC&pg=PA18 18] |
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|url=http://books.google.com/?id=We1HZDUTpdEC |
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|postscript=. |
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}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |
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|title=Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures |
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|volume=Volume 2 |
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|author1=Carol R. Ember |
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|author2=Melvin Ember |
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|publisher=Springer |
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|year=2003 |
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|isbn=978-0-306-47770-6 |
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|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=oGasFR3USxYC&pg=PA108 108–109] |
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|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oGasFR3USxYC |
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|postscript=. |
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}}</ref> |
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==Domestic violence == |
==Domestic violence == |
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Revision as of 04:17, 1 March 2015
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Violence against men is any act of violence that targets men or boys primarily or exclusively. Although the motives for violence are similar regardless of gender, violence against men is more frequent[1] than violence against other groups. Although men are mostly responsible for committing violent acts, the violence is directed disproportionately toward other men.[2][3] Sexual violence against men is treated differently in any given society and may be unrecognized by international law.[4]
Compulsory military service
Historically, the vast majority of conscription measures involve male-only participation. Even today, most countries mandating conscription only do so for males. Many societies have traditionally considered military service as a test of manhood and a rite of passage from boyhood into manhood.[5][6]
Domestic violence
Men who are victims of domestic violence are at times reluctant to report it or to seek help. As with other forms of violence against men, intimate partner violence is generally less recognized in society when the victims are men.[7] As a result, very often there are no shelters available for male victims of violence.
Sexual violence
Forced castration of male genitals has been widely practiced by societies for several reasons including payment of debt, cultivated birthright, assimilation, & punishment. Once a man underwent the procedure, he was to be called a eunuch. These individuals were frequently assigned to serve in some domestic capacity. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC.[8][9] The practice was conducted by various regimes across Europe, Africa, and Asia until the 19th century, when it was largely eradicated. During the 20th century, many nations began using chemical castration to sterilize mentally ill males & as punishment for male sexual offenders. The practice as punishment is still used by developed nations as of 2015.[10][11][12]
In armed conflict, sexual violence is committed by men against men as psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy.[13] The practice dates back to Ancient Persia and the Crusades.[14] International criminal law does not recognize gender based sexual violence against men and treats it as war crime or torture.[15] In one study, less than 3% of organizations that address rape as a weapon of war, mention men or provide services to male victims.[16] The culture of silence around this issue often leaves men with no support.[17]
Males are also subjected to widespread circumcision as infants in the United States and elsewhere. Some evidence exists for health benefits of such procedures, but no sufficiently broad study demonstrates these outcomes in developed nations.[citation needed]
In 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation redefined their definition of "forcible rape" to include sodomy of a male.[18]
Self-directed violence
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), each year more people die from suicide than from conflicts, wars and natural disasters combined.[19] Worldwide, men are compared to women three to four times more likely to kill themselves.[20]
Violent crime
In the US, Canada and Europe men account for almost three quarters of homicide victims.[21][needs update][22][23]
References
- ^ Felson, Richard (2002). Violence and gender reexamined. American Psychological Association. p. abstract. ISBN 1557988951.
- ^ "The Surprising Truth About Women and Violence". TIME. June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
- ^ "Our attitude to violence against men is out of date". The Telegraph. April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
- ^ Lewis, Dustin (2009). "Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law". Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC).
- ^ Ben Shephard (2003). A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-674-01119-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember (2003). Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures. Vol. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-306-47770-6.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Das Dasgupta, Shamita (November 2002). "A Framework for Understanding Women's Use of Nonlethal Violence in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships". Violence Against Women. 8 (11): 1364–1389. doi:10.1177/107780102237408. Retrieved July 2, 2014. (subscription required)
- ^ Maekawa, Kazuya (1980). Animal and human castration in Sumer, Part II: Human castration in the Ur III period. Zinbun [Journal of the Research Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto University], pp. 1–56.
- ^ Maekawa, Kazuya (1980). Female Weavers and Their Children in Lagash – Presargonic and Ur III. Acta Sumerologica 2:81–125.
- ^ The 2007 Florida Statutes: 794.0235 Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to persons convicted of sexual battery.
- ^ 'Menace' jailed over child rape and abduction attempt
- ^ "Russia introduces chemical castration for pedophiles". RT. 4 October 2011.
- ^ The rape of men: the darkest secret of war (The Guardian, Sunday 17 July 2011 00.05 BST)
- ^ Sivakumaran, Sandesh (2007). "Sexual Violence Against Men in Armed Conflict". School of Law, University of Nottingham.
- ^ "The invisibility of gender violence in International Criminal Law - addressing sexual violence against men and women in conflict". TransConflict. February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
- ^ "Rape as a Weapon of War: Men Suffer, Too". TIME. August 3, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ "HEALTH: Rape as a "weapon of war" against men". Irin News. 2011.
- ^ U.S. to Expand Rape Definition in Crime Statistics (New York Times, January 6, 2012)
- ^ "More People Die from Suicide Than From Wars, Natural Disasters Combined". Voice of America. September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
- ^ Meier, Marshall B. Clinard, Robert F. (2008). Sociology of deviant behavior (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-495-81167-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kellermann, AL; Mercy, JA (July 1992). "Men, women, and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization". The Journal of trauma. 33 (1): 1–5. PMID 1635092.
- ^ "SNAPSHOT: Male Victims of Violent Crime". Government of Canada. January 2015. Retrieved January 2015.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Homicide: men three times more likely to be victims". WHO. November 2014.
{{cite web}}: Text "November 2014" ignored (help)