Owen Tudor: Difference between revisions
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'''Owen Tudor''' ({{lang-cy|Owain ap Maredudd ap Tewdwr}} (c.1400–1461) was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] courtier and the second husband of [[Catherine of Valois]] (1401–1437){{mdash}}[[Henry V of England|Henry V's]] widow. He was the grandfather of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], founder of the [[Tudor dynasty]]. Owen was the scion a prominent [[Tudors of Penmynydd|family]] from [[Penmynydd]] in [[Anglesey]] that were descended from [[Ednyfed Fychan]] (d. 1246). His grandfather [[Tudur ap Goronwy]] married Margaret, daughter of Thomas ap Llywelyn ab Owain of Cardiganshire, the last male of the princely house of Deheubarth; her elder sister married Gruffudd Fychan of Glyndyfrdwy, whose son was [[Owain Glyndŵr]]. Owen's father [[Maredudd ap Tudur]] and his uncles were prominent in the rebellion of their kinsmen's{{mdash}}Glyn Dŵr{{mdash}}revolt.<ref name=ONDB>{{harvnb|Griffiths|2004|p=1}}</ref> |
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'''Sir Owen Tudor''' ({{lang-cy|Owain ap Maredudd ap Tewdwr}} {{IPA-cy|ˈəuain ap maˈrɛdɨð ap ˈtɛudʊr|pron}}{{dubious|Owain article gives ˈoːwain|date=October 2014}}; c. 1400 in [[Anglesey]], [[Principality of Wales]] – 4 February 1461<ref>Europäisch Stammtafeln Band II tafel 63.</ref>) was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] soldier and courtier, descended from a daughter of the Welsh prince [[Rhys ap Gruffudd]], "Lord Rhys". However, Owen Tudor is particularly remembered for his role in founding England's [[Tudor dynasty]], including his relationship with, and his probable secret marriage to, [[Catherine of France]], widow of King [[Henry V of England]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=8-UGAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA338&dq=owain+tudur&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=3pFISLCvKZLKsQPV3MCJCA Celtic Remains, Lewis Morris, 1878]</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Owen Tudor's father [[Maredudd ap Tudur]] (English: Meredith) had been (together with his two brothers Rhys and Gwilym) stalwarts of [[Owain Glyndŵr]]'s uprising of 1400.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed to support claim that Maredudd ap Tudor was a "stalwart" of his cousin Glyndŵr|date=June 2014}} When that uprising ebbed away, Maredudd lost most of his land to the English Crown.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for Maredudd's "loss of land"|date=June 2014}} He saw his chance to improve his position in society by moving to London{{When|date=June 2014}} and changing his son's name from Owain ap Maredydd to Owain Tudor{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for Maredudd's "moving to London"|date=June 2014}}. This is one of the first instances where Welshmen used a surname{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for "first instances" of surname usage amongst the Welsh|date=June 2014}}. Had he taken his father's name (rather than his grandfather's) the royal English Dynasty that ruled England for over one hundred years could have become known as the Meredith Dynasty.<ref>[The Encyclopedia of Wales Published by 'The University of Wales Press'; Edited by Prof. John Davies; 2008.]</ref> |
Owen Tudor's father [[Maredudd ap Tudur]] (English: Meredith) had been (together with his two brothers Rhys and Gwilym) stalwarts of [[Owain Glyndŵr]]'s uprising of 1400.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed to support claim that Maredudd ap Tudor was a "stalwart" of his cousin Glyndŵr|date=June 2014}} When that uprising ebbed away, Maredudd lost most of his land to the English Crown.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for Maredudd's "loss of land"|date=June 2014}} He saw his chance to improve his position in society by moving to London{{When|date=June 2014}} and changing his son's name from Owain ap Maredydd to Owain Tudor{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for Maredudd's "moving to London"|date=June 2014}}. This is one of the first instances where Welshmen used a surname{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for "first instances" of surname usage amongst the Welsh|date=June 2014}}. Had he taken his father's name (rather than his grandfather's) the royal English Dynasty that ruled England for over one hundred years could have become known as the Meredith Dynasty.<ref>[The Encyclopedia of Wales Published by 'The University of Wales Press'; Edited by Prof. John Davies; 2008.]</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*{{ODNBweb|id=27797|title=Tudor, Owen|last=Griffiths|first = R. A.}} |
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*{{cite ODNB |last= Griffiths|first= R. A.|year=2004 |id=27797|title= Tudor, Owen (c.1400–1461)}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Revision as of 12:58, 20 May 2015
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2014) |
Sir Owen Tudor | |
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| Full name | Owen ap Maredudd ap Tudur |
| Born | c. 1400 Anglesey, Principality of Wales |
| Died | 4 February 1461 (aged 60) |
| Buried | Hereford, Herefordshire |
| Family | House of Tudor |
| Spouse | Catherine of Valois |
| Issue | Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford Edward Tudor [?Margaret] Tudor Sir David (or Davy) Owen |
| Father | Maredudd ap Tudur |
| Mother | Margaret ferch Dafydd |
Owen Tudor (Welsh: Owain ap Maredudd ap Tewdwr (c.1400–1461) was a Welsh courtier and the second husband of Catherine of Valois (1401–1437)—Henry V's widow. He was the grandfather of Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty. Owen was the scion a prominent family from Penmynydd in Anglesey that were descended from Ednyfed Fychan (d. 1246). His grandfather Tudur ap Goronwy married Margaret, daughter of Thomas ap Llywelyn ab Owain of Cardiganshire, the last male of the princely house of Deheubarth; her elder sister married Gruffudd Fychan of Glyndyfrdwy, whose son was Owain Glyndŵr. Owen's father Maredudd ap Tudur and his uncles were prominent in the rebellion of their kinsmen's—Glyn Dŵr—revolt.[1]
Early life
Owen Tudor's father Maredudd ap Tudur (English: Meredith) had been (together with his two brothers Rhys and Gwilym) stalwarts of Owain Glyndŵr's uprising of 1400.[citation needed] When that uprising ebbed away, Maredudd lost most of his land to the English Crown.[citation needed] He saw his chance to improve his position in society by moving to London[when?] and changing his son's name from Owain ap Maredydd to Owain Tudor[citation needed]. This is one of the first instances where Welshmen used a surname[citation needed]. Had he taken his father's name (rather than his grandfather's) the royal English Dynasty that ruled England for over one hundred years could have become known as the Meredith Dynasty.[2]
In London, Owen (or Owain) became the ward of his father's second cousin, Lord Rhys.[citation needed] At the age of seven he was sent to the English court of Henry IV as page to the King's Steward[citation needed]. He went on to fight for the English at Agincourt in 1415, and appears to have been promoted to squire for his efforts[citation needed]. After Agincourt he was granted[by whom?] "English rights" and permitted to use Welsh arms in England. (King Henry IV (reigned 1399–1413) had deprived Welshmen of many civil rights.[citation needed])
Ancestry
Owen was a descendant of Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–1197) via the lineages that follow:
Rhys had a daughter, Gwenllian ferch (daughter of) Rhys, who was married to Ednyfed Fychan, Seneschal of the Kingdom of Gwynedd (d. 1246).
Ednyfed Fychan and Gwenllian ferch Rhys were the parents of Goronwy, Lord of Tref-gastell (d. 1268). Goronwy was married to Morfydd ferch Meurig, daughter of Meurig of Gwent. (Meurig was the son of Ithel, grandson of Rhydd and great-grandson of Iestyn ap Gwrgant. Iestyn had been the last King of Gwent (reigned 1081–1091) before its conquest by the Normans.)
Goronwy and Morfydd were parents of Tudur Hen, Lord of Penmynydd (d. 1311). Tudur Hen later married Angharad ferch Ithel Fychan, daughter of Ithel Fychan ap Ithel Gan, Lord of Englefield. They were the parents of Goronwy ap Tudur, Lord of Penmynydd (d. 1331).
Goronwy ap Tudur was married to Gwerfyl ferch Madog, daughter of Madog ap Dafydd, Baron of Hendwr. They were the parents of Tudur Fychan, Lord of Penmynydd (d. 1367).
Tudur Fychan married Margaret ferch Thomas of Is Coeod,of the native and Ancient Royal Houses of Wales, Margaret and her sister Ellen and Eleanor were descended from Angharad ferch Llywelyn, daughter of Llewellyn the Great. (Margaret was the daughter of Thomas ap Llewelyn, Lord of Is Coed, South Wales, and his wife Eleanor ferch Philip. Margaret was descended independently from King John and his legitimised daughter Princess Joan, King John and his son Henry III and grandson Edward I. Margaret's sister Ellen ferch Thomas was the mother of Owain Glyndŵr (the last native "Prince of Wales"). Her sister Eleanor ferch Thomas was the ancestor of the Newport family and the Earl of Bradford and the Lingen family and Baron Lingen of Lingen. Margaret's paternal grandfather was Llewelyn ab Owain, Lord of Gwynnionydd. Her maternal grandfather was Philip ab Ifor, Lord of Is Coed.)(ref Visitation of Shropshire 1623,R Tresswell. Somerset Herald)
Tudur and Margaret were parents to:
Maredudd ap Tudur (died 1406); Maredudd married Margaret ferch Dafydd. (Margaret was the daughter of Dafydd Fychan, Lord of Anglesey, and his wife, Nest ferch Ieuan.)
Maredudd ap Tudur and Margaret ferch Dafydd were the parents of Owen Tudor.
There is little doubt that Owen was of gentle birth. Queen Catherine, upon being denied permission by her son's regents to wed John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, allegedly said upon leaving court, "I shall marry a man so basely, yet gently born, that my lord regents may not object." (The objection to Somerset was that he was a second cousin of Henry V through the legitimised Beaufort line sired by John of Gaunt).
Catherine of Valois
Owen entered the service of Queen Catherine of Valois as keeper of the Queen's wardrobe, (essentially her major-domo) after the death of her husband Henry V of England on 22 August 1422. The Queen initially lived with her infant son, King Henry VI, before moving to Wallingford Castle early in his reign and taking Tudor with her. Catherine left court when her son's regents, John, Duke of Bedford and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (brothers of Henry V), denied her permission to marry Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and scion of a legitimised Plantagenet line. Somerset was thus deprived of the opportunity to become stepfather of the King, although he did become the maternal great uncle of Henry VII (his brother John being Margaret Beaufort's father).
Owen Tudor married Catherine in 1429[citation needed], though no documentation survives of this marriage. Parliament passed a resolution in 1428 forbidding dowager queens to remarry without the king's permission, so the marriage of Catherine and Owen Tudor might not have been legally valid. Still, they were communicants, and kept a chaplain. Henry VI in due course gave his two oldest Tudor half-brothers the rank of Earl though, as a signal recognition of their rank, they ranked above Marquesses and immediately below non-royal Dukes. Henry VI also issued an edict that the legitimisation of his two Tudor half-brothers was unnecessary[when?]. Henry VI knighted his stepfather Owen, made him Warden of Forestries, and appointed him a Deputy Lord Lieutenant[citation needed]. Prior to his creation as a Knight Bachelor, Owen, though excused from duty, was appointed an Esquire to the King's Person[when?]. Many years later, in order that he could command Henry VI's forces at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Owen was made a Knight Banneret.
Children
Owen and Catherine had three, possibly four children:
- Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (1430 – 1 November 1456). He married Lady Margaret Beaufort, and fathered Henry Tudor, the future king. He died of the plague at Carmarthen shortly before his son's birth.
- Jasper Tudor, 1st Earl of Pembroke and 1st Duke of Bedford (1431 – 21/26 December 1495). He married Catherine Woodville, daughter to Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and Jacquetta of Luxembourg. Interestingly, Jasper married Catherine, the sister-in-law of Edward IV, in 1485, immediately after Henry VII married her niece Elizabeth of York, several months after Bosworth Field. By an unknown mistress (or mistresses), he had one illegitimate daughter, Ellen (wife of William Gardiner and William Sibson), and one possible illegitimate son, Owen.
- Edward Tudor, third son. Very little is known of this child’s life. The Tudor historian Polydore Vergil stated this child, whom he did not name, became “a monke of the order of St. Benet, and lived not longe after.”[3] An ancient pedigree chart of the English royal family dated c.1500 states that Owen and Queen Catherine had three sons, the third of which was named Edward: “Owyn tedder marrydd wt queen Kateryn yt was wyffe un to kyng henry ye vth & had by har Edmunde yerle of rychemond Jaspar & Edward …”.[4] The historian William Camden likewise referred to this child as Edward Tudor, and indicated that he lies buried in the chapel of St. Blaise in Westminster Abbey near the tomb of Abbot Nicholas Litlington.[5] Samuel Bentley, on the other hand, believed that this child is the same person as a much later Owen Tudor [see above] who received a payment of £2 in reward from King Henry VII in 1498, and who died in 1501. This identification is impossible, however, if any credence is to be given to Polydore Vergil’s statement that this child “lived no longe after.”[6]
- Margaret Tudor. Little is known of her life, if she existed. She allegedly died young or became a nun.[7]
Owen Tudor had at least one illegitimate child, by an unknown mistress:
- Sir David Owen, Knt., of Westminster, Middlesex, Old, Northamptonshire, Lagham (in Godstone) and Wotton, Surrey, Oxhill, Warwickshire, and Southwick (in North Bradley), Wiltshire, Knight of the Body to King Henry VII, King’s carver, 1486–1529, Constable of Winchester, 1489, Sheriff of Hampshire, 1498–9, Knight of the Shire for Sussex, 1491–2, 1523, and, in right of his 1st wife, of Cowdray (in Midhurst), Buddington (in Easebourne), Climping, Ford, and Newtimber, Sussex, Weston Corbett, Hampshire, etc., born in Pembrokeshire, Wales about 1459 (aged 70 in 1529).
Within six months of Queen Catherine's death in January 1437, Owen Tudor was imprisoned at Newgate Prison, but he managed to escape. After recapture, he was sent to Windsor Castle where he remained until 1439 when he was pardoned by the king and released with a restoration of goods and lands.[8] In Dec. 1444, as “Owen Tudur, esquire,” he was appointed Captain of Règnéville in Normandy, which post he held until Sept. 1449, when he surrendered it to Admiral de Coëtivy after six days of siege. In 1459 he was granted an annuity of £100 for life by King Henry VI. In 1460 he was granted the office of parker of the parks of Moeliwrch, Garsnodiok, etc. in the lordship of Denbigh in Wales.
Participation in the Wars of the Roses
Owen Tudor became an early casualty of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. On 2 February 1461, as a man of advanced years, Owen led the Lancastrian forces[citation needed] at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross against Edward, Earl of March. They were defeated. Owen was subsequently beheaded[9] 4 February following at Hereford along with other prisoners, and buried there.
Descendants
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, Owen Tudor's grandson, became King Henry VII of England, founding the Tudor dynasty, when his supporters defeated those of Richard III at Bosworth Field in 1485.
Owen Tudor's descendants include Charles I of England, Ireland and Scotland; King Juan Carlos of Spain and Elizabeth II, the current Queen regnant of the United Kingdom and of 15 other independent states.
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Notes:
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References
- Griffiths, R. A. (2004). "Tudor, Owen (c.1400–1461)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27797. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Notes
- ^ Griffiths 2004, p. 1
- ^ [The Encyclopedia of Wales Published by 'The University of Wales Press'; Edited by Prof. John Davies; 2008.]
- ^ [see Ellis, Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English Hist. (Camden Soc. 29) (1844): 62 (sub Historie of England)].
- ^ [see Cheetham, Life & Times of Richard III (1992): frontispiece]
- ^ [see Camden, Reges, Reginæ, Nobiles (1603)]
- ^ Bentley, Excerpta Historica (1833): 119, 128.
Banks, Dormant & Extinct Baronage of England 4 (1837): 378–380 (“Owen Tudor, third son of Owen Tudor and queen Catherine, took upon him a religious habit in the abbey of Westminster.”).
Stanley, Hist. Mems. of Westminster Abbey (1868): 357. Antiq. 3 (1881): 241–242.
D.N.B. 19 (1909): 1217–1218 (biog. of Owen Tudor [Sr.]) (states Owen Tudor, [Senior] and Queen Catherine “had three sons, of whom Edmund and Jasper are separately noticed; and a third became a monk at Westminster … [and] two daughters … of whom one became a nun, and the other, Jacinta, is said to have married Reginald, lord Grey de Wilton.”).
Broadley, Doctor Johnson & Mrs. Thrale (1910): 280–281.
Williams, Llyfr Baglan, or, Book of Baglan (1910): 36 (omits reference to Owen or Edward Tudor as alleged son of Owen Tudor and Queen Catherine).
Griffith, Peds. of Anglesey & Carnarvonshire Fams. (1914): 106 (Plas Penmynydd ped.) (“Owen [Tudor], a monk, bur. at Westminster Abbey), 223 (Berain ped.).
Pearce, Monks of Westminster (1916): 7 ([Stanley Hist. Mems. of Westminster Abbey discusses] “Owen, third son of Owen Tudor, and uncle of Henry VII,’ who ‘lies in the chapel of St. Blaize.’ - ^ Banks, Dormant & Extinct Baronage of England 4 (1837): 378–380 (author refers to an unnamed daughter of Owen Tudor [Sr.] and Queen Catherine “who died young.”).
D.N.B. 19 (1909): 1217–1218 (biog. of Owen Tudor) (author states that Owen Tudor and Queen Catherine “had three sons, of whom Edmund and Jasper are separately noticed; and a third became a monk at Westminster … [and] two daughters … of whom one became a nun, and the other, Jacinta, is said to have married Reginald, lord Grey de Wilton.”).
Burton, Pageant of Early Tudor England (1976): 2 (“… Owen, about whom very little is known. Polydore Vergil says he became a Benedictine monk and he may have died in 1502. There was also possibly a daughter who became a nun.”).
Bartrum, Welsh Gens. 1400–1500 8 (1983): 1284 [Marchudd 13(A)] (chart assigns Owain Tudor three daughters, Grace, Joan, and Rose [but not Margaret], cites as its source Harleian MSS 1974, fo. 111). - ^ The Tudors:History of a Dynasty by David Loades (2012) page 2
- ^ Charles Ross, Edward IV, (University of California Press, 1974), 31.
External links
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