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==Characteristics== |
==Characteristics== |
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"Sumbawa", or in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] "''{{lang|id|kuda-Sumbawa}}''", is the international name for this breed, according the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]. This pony is known as the ''{{lang|nl|Soembawa}}'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]].<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |url=http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=f7b81060b3e0fb484b1d3b079a87b143,reportsreport8a_50008503 |title= Sumbawa/Indonesia |agency=Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ([DAD-IS]) |
"Sumbawa", or in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] "''{{lang|id|kuda-Sumbawa}}''", is the international name for this breed, according the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]. This pony is known as the ''{{lang|nl|Soembawa}}'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]].<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |url=http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=f7b81060b3e0fb484b1d3b079a87b143,reportsreport8a_50008503 |title= Sumbawa/Indonesia |agency=Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ([[DAD-IS]])|access-date=30 Nov 2015}}.</ref> |
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Sumbawa ponies are quick, agile, athletic, and fast, with great endurance and a willing temperament. They usually have [[primitive markings|primitive coloring]], with many individual horses being [[dun gene|dun]] with a dorsal stripe and [[point coloration|black points]], although they may be any color. The Sumba and Sumbawa ponies have a heavy head, short, muscular neck, and low withers. The back is usually long, although it is still strong, and the legs are fine but tough with good hooves. Most ponies do not exceed {{hands|12.2}},<ref name="Pickeral"/> and the average height is around {{hands|12}}.<ref name="Bongianni"> |
Sumbawa ponies are quick, agile, athletic, and fast, with great endurance and a willing temperament. They usually have [[primitive markings|primitive coloring]], with many individual horses being [[dun gene|dun]] with a dorsal stripe and [[point coloration|black points]], although they may be any color. The Sumba and Sumbawa ponies have a heavy head, short, muscular neck, and low withers. The back is usually long, although it is still strong, and the legs are fine but tough with good hooves. Most ponies do not exceed {{hands|12.2}},<ref name="Pickeral"/> and the average height is around {{hands|12}}.<ref name="Bongianni">{{harvnb|Bongianni|1988|p=90}}.</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Very little is known about history of the horse in Southeast Asia, because few studies have been published, and many of those have an European [[bias]].<ref>Bankoff |
Very little is known about history of the horse in Southeast Asia, because few studies have been published, and many of those have an European [[bias]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bankoff|2004|p=3}}.</ref> The first serious studies came with Peter Boomgaard in 2004.<ref>{{harvnb|Clarence-Smith|2015|p=32}}.</ref> Horse trading in Sumbawa flourished throughout History, with tough competition between breeders from Sumba, which export the [[Sandalwood Pony]], and those of Sumbawa. There is also competition from breeders from [[Timor]] and [[Savu]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Jong Boers|2007|p=60}}.</ref> |
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It is likely that Sumbawa horse was introduced to the island by the [[Javanese people]] of [[Majapahit Empire]],<ref>{{cite book |title= Excerpta Indonesica |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ClFAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia's Eastern Islands |first=Peter |last=Turner |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnziAAAAMAAJ|page=181}}</ref> who conquered the island in the 14th century. |
It is likely that Sumbawa horse was introduced to the island by the [[Javanese people]] of [[Majapahit Empire]],<ref>{{cite book |title= Excerpta Indonesica |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ClFAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia's Eastern Islands |first=Peter |last=Turner |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnziAAAAMAAJ|page=181}}</ref> who conquered the island in the 14th century. |
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The [[sultan]]s of [[Bima]] and [[Sumbawa Regency|West Sumbawa]] are deemed to possess numerous horses.<ref>de Jong Boers |
The [[sultan]]s of [[Bima]] and [[Sumbawa Regency|West Sumbawa]] are deemed to possess numerous horses.<ref>{{harvnb|de Jong Boers|2007|p=56}}.</ref> This breed and the [[Sandalwood Pony|Sumba]] are supposed to be close from the [[Mongolian Horse]].<ref name="Hend407">{{harvnb|Hendricks|2007|p=407}}.</ref> Although Arabic origin is often cited in ancient documents (including the Dutch ones), there is no evidence of this in Indonesian horses and Sumbawa ponies<ref>{{harvnb|Clarence-Smith|2015|p=39}}.</ref>. |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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*{{cite news|author=Bankoff, Greg|year=2004|title=Bestia incognita: The horse and its history in the Philippines 1880–1930|journal=Anthrozoös|volume=17|date=2004|issn=0892-7936|doi=10.2752/089279304786991873|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/089279304786991873|access-date=2016-01-22|pages=3–25}} |
*{{cite news|author=Bankoff, Greg|year=2004|title=Bestia incognita: The horse and its history in the Philippines 1880–1930|journal=Anthrozoös|volume=17|date=2004|issn=0892-7936|doi=10.2752/089279304786991873|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/089279304786991873|access-date=2016-01-22|pages=3–25}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Bongianni|first1=Maurizio|year=1988|original language=italian|translator=Ardèle Dejey|title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-66068-0|oclc=16755485|chapter=Suffolk Punch|page=95}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Clarence-Smith|first1=William G.|year=2015|chapter=Breeding and Power in Southeast Asia : Horses, Mules and Donkeys in the Longue Durée|title=Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia|pages=32-45|doi=10.1163/9789004288058_004|isbn=9789004288058}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Clarence-Smith|first1=William G.|year=2015|chapter=Breeding and Power in Southeast Asia : Horses, Mules and Donkeys in the Longue Durée|title=Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia|pages=32-45|doi=10.1163/9789004288058_004|isbn=9789004288058}} |
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* {{cite book | last1 =de Jong Boers| first1 = Bernice |year=2007|chapter=The ‘Arab’ of the Indonesian Archipelago: The Famed Horse Breeds of Sumbawa" |title=Breeds of Empire: The ‘invention’ of the horse in Southern Africa and Maritime Southeast Asia'', 1500–1950,|volume=42 (NIAS studies in Asian topics)|place=Copenhaguen|publisher=NIAS|pages=51-64|isbn=978-8-7769-4014-0}} |
* {{cite book | last1 =de Jong Boers| first1 = Bernice |year=2007|chapter=The ‘Arab’ of the Indonesian Archipelago: The Famed Horse Breeds of Sumbawa" |title=Breeds of Empire: The ‘invention’ of the horse in Southern Africa and Maritime Southeast Asia'', 1500–1950,|volume=42 (NIAS studies in Asian topics)|place=Copenhaguen|publisher=NIAS|pages=51-64|isbn=978-8-7769-4014-0}} |
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Revision as of 23:09, 25 January 2016
 Sumbawa Pony | |
| Country of origin | Indonesia |
|---|---|
The Sumbawa Pony (Indonesian: kuda-Sumbawa) is a pony breed, named after the island on which they are bred, Sumbawa Island in Indonesia. This breed is very similar to the Sumba or Sandalwood Pony, a breed also developed in these islands, which came from crossing the native ponies on horses of Arabian breeding.[1] The Sumbawa Pony descends from Mongolian Horses and ancient Chinese stock[1]
Characteristics
"Sumbawa", or in Indonesian "kuda-Sumbawa", is the international name for this breed, according the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This pony is known as the Soembawa in Dutch.[2]
Sumbawa ponies are quick, agile, athletic, and fast, with great endurance and a willing temperament. They usually have primitive coloring, with many individual horses being dun with a dorsal stripe and black points, although they may be any color. The Sumba and Sumbawa ponies have a heavy head, short, muscular neck, and low withers. The back is usually long, although it is still strong, and the legs are fine but tough with good hooves. Most ponies do not exceed 12.2 hands (50 inches, 127 cm),[1] and the average height is around 12 hands (48 inches, 122 cm).[3]
History
Very little is known about history of the horse in Southeast Asia, because few studies have been published, and many of those have an European bias.[4] The first serious studies came with Peter Boomgaard in 2004.[5] Horse trading in Sumbawa flourished throughout History, with tough competition between breeders from Sumba, which export the Sandalwood Pony, and those of Sumbawa. There is also competition from breeders from Timor and Savu.[6]
It is likely that Sumbawa horse was introduced to the island by the Javanese people of Majapahit Empire,[7][8] who conquered the island in the 14th century. The sultans of Bima and West Sumbawa are deemed to possess numerous horses.[9] This breed and the Sumba are supposed to be close from the Mongolian Horse.[10] Although Arabic origin is often cited in ancient documents (including the Dutch ones), there is no evidence of this in Indonesian horses and Sumbawa ponies[11].
Uses
Sumbawa ponies are today used for packing, riding, and light draft work. They are strong, and many are ridden by men in games of lance throwing despite never reaching 13 hands (52 inches, 132 cm). Young boys also ride the ponies bareback in traditional dance competitions, manuveuring them in patterns as instructed. The legs of the ponies are decorated with bells that chime in rhythm to the drumming.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d The Encyclopedia of Horses and Ponies. Pickeral, Tamsin. Parragon Plus, 2001. ISBN 0-7525-4158-7
- ^ "Sumbawa/Indonesia". Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (DAD-IS). Retrieved 30 Nov 2015..
- ^ Bongianni 1988, p. 90.
- ^ Bankoff 2004, p. 3.
- ^ Clarence-Smith 2015, p. 32.
- ^ de Jong Boers 2007, p. 60.
- ^ Excerpta Indonesica. 1996.
- ^ Turner, Peter (1998). Indonesia's Eastern Islands. p. 181.
- ^ de Jong Boers 2007, p. 56.
- ^ Hendricks 2007, p. 407.
- ^ Clarence-Smith 2015, p. 39.
Bibliography
- Bankoff, Greg (2004). "Bestia incognita: The horse and its history in the Philippines 1880–1930". Anthrozoös. Vol. 17. pp. 3–25. doi:10.2752/089279304786991873. ISSN 0892-7936. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Bongianni, Maurizio (1988). "Suffolk Punch". Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. Translated by Ardèle Dejey. Simon & Schuster. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-671-66068-0. OCLC 16755485.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|original language=ignored (help) - Clarence-Smith, William G. (2015). "Breeding and Power in Southeast Asia : Horses, Mules and Donkeys in the Longue Durée". Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia. pp. 32–45. doi:10.1163/9789004288058_004. ISBN 9789004288058.
- de Jong Boers, Bernice (2007). "The 'Arab' of the Indonesian Archipelago: The Famed Horse Breeds of Sumbawa"". Breeds of Empire: The ‘invention’ of the horse in Southern Africa and Maritime Southeast Asia, 1500–1950,. Vol. 42 (NIAS studies in Asian topics). Copenhaguen: NIAS. pp. 51–64. ISBN 978-8-7769-4014-0.
- Hendricks, Bonnie Lou (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8. OCLC 154690199., « Sumba »