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Coordinates: 51°49′27″N 3°39′40″W / 51.8243°N 3.6611°W / 51.8243; -3.6611
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[[File:Inside Ogof Ffynnon Ddu.jpg|thumb|Part of the interior with a terraced cascade and three standing and climbing cave explorers wearing safety equipment]]
[[File:Inside Ogof Ffynnon Ddu.jpg|thumb|Part of the interior with a terraced cascade and three standing and climbing cave explorers wearing safety equipment]]
'''Ogof Ffynnon Ddu''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]] for ''Cave of the Black Spring;'' also known as '''OFD''') is a [[cave]] under a hillside in the area surrounding [[Penwyllt]] in the Upper [[Swansea Valley]] in [[South Wales]]. At {{convert|274.5|m}} deep and {{convert|50|km}} long, it is the deepest cave in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and the second longest in Wales.
'''Ogof Ffynnon Ddu''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]] for ''Cave of the Black Spring;'') also known as '''OFD''' or '''OFD1''', is a [[cave]] under a hillside in the area surrounding [[Penwyllt]] in the Upper [[Swansea Valley]] in [[South Wales]]. It is the second longest cave in Wales and the deepest in the United Kingdom.


==History==
OFD was discovered in 1946 through digging by Peter Harvey and Ian Nixon, members of the newly formed South Wales Caving Club.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6995691.stm Cave discovery anniversary marked] BBC Wales - 16 September 2007</ref> Major extensions were discovered in 1967. The system is famous for its intricate maze-like structure and its impressive main stream passage. It forms the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu [[national nature reserve (United Kingdom)|National Nature Reserve]].
OFD was discovered in 1946 through digging by Peter Harvey and Ian Nixon, members of the newly formed South Wales Caving Club.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6995691.stm Cave discovery anniversary marked] BBC Wales - 16 September 2007</ref> Exploration beyond the Boulder Chamber in 1957 revealed passages as far as the Dip Sump. Major extensions were discovered in 1967 through to Cwm Dwr, which is now known as OFD2. The system is famous for its intricate maze-like structure and its impressive main stream passage.<ref name=CoSW/>


It is now part of the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu [[national nature reserve (United Kingdom)|National Nature Reserve]] which includes the ruined remains of a former brickworks, including several kilns, quarry workings and tramroads tracks. The terrace of workers cottages is now occupied by the [[South Wales Caving Club]].<ref name=Reserve>{{cite web |url=http://www.first-nature.com/waleswildlife/e-nnr-ogof-ffynnonddu.php |title=Ogof Ffynnon Ddu National Nature Reserve |publisher=First Nature |accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref>
⚫
One of the largest cave systems in Britain, the caves and tunnels of Ogof Ffynnon Ddu weave a long and tortuous path beneath the Tawe Valley. Deep underground, an assortment of specialised wildlife has developed including cave shrimps and the pale blanched trout endemic to pure underground fresh watercources with sufficient plankton. Deep cracks in the vast expanse of stony moorland above provide habitats to plant life, including the [[lily of the valley]] and [[Anemone nemorosa|wood anemone]].

==The cave system==
At {{convert|274|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} below the ground surface and at least {{convert|50|km}} long, it is the deepest cave in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and the second longest in Wales. One of the largest cave systems in Britain, the caves and tunnels of Ogof Ffynnon Ddu weave a long and tortuous path beneath the Tawe Valley. The stream passage cuts through black limestone producing watterfalls, rapids, deep pot holes and scalloped walls.<ref name=CoSW>{{cite web |url=http://www.ogof.org.uk/ofd1.html |title=Ogof Ffynnon Ddu 1 |work=Caves of South Wales |accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref>

⚫
Deep underground, an assortment of specialised wildlife has developed including cave shrimps and the pale blanched trout endemic to pure underground fresh water courses with sufficient plankton.<ref name=Ford>{{cite book|author=Ford, Trevor D. |title=Limestones and Caves of Wales|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TdMh2hwqzgMC&pg=PA59 |year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-16913-4 |page=59}}</ref> Deep cracks in the vast expanse of stony moorland above provide habitats to plant life, including the [[lily of the valley]] and [[Anemone nemorosa|wood anemone]], and [[mossy saxifrage]] (''Saxifraga hypnoides'') grows on the limestone outcrops.<ref name=Reserve/>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 09:08, 28 April 2016

Ogof Ffynnon Ddu
LocationUpper Swansea Valley
Coordinates51°49′27″N 3°39′40″W / 51.8243°N 3.6611°W / 51.8243; -3.6611
Depth274.5 metres (901 ft)[1]
Length50 kilometres (31 mi)[2]
Height variation320 metres (1,050 ft)[1]
DiscoverySouth Wales Caving Club 1946
GeologyLimestone
Entrances3
AccessOgof Ffynnon Ddu Management Committee - see South Wales Caving Club website for details
TranslationCave of the Black Spring (Welsh)
Cave survey[1]
Part of the interior with a terraced cascade and three standing and climbing cave explorers wearing safety equipment

Ogof Ffynnon Ddu (Welsh for Cave of the Black Spring;) also known as OFD or OFD1, is a cave under a hillside in the area surrounding Penwyllt in the Upper Swansea Valley in South Wales. It is the second longest cave in Wales and the deepest in the United Kingdom.

History

OFD was discovered in 1946 through digging by Peter Harvey and Ian Nixon, members of the newly formed South Wales Caving Club.[3] Exploration beyond the Boulder Chamber in 1957 revealed passages as far as the Dip Sump. Major extensions were discovered in 1967 through to Cwm Dwr, which is now known as OFD2. The system is famous for its intricate maze-like structure and its impressive main stream passage.[4]

It is now part of the Ogof Ffynnon Ddu National Nature Reserve which includes the ruined remains of a former brickworks, including several kilns, quarry workings and tramroads tracks. The terrace of workers cottages is now occupied by the South Wales Caving Club.[5]

The cave system

At 274 m (900 ft) below the ground surface and at least 50 kilometres (31 mi) long, it is the deepest cave in the UK and the second longest in Wales. One of the largest cave systems in Britain, the caves and tunnels of Ogof Ffynnon Ddu weave a long and tortuous path beneath the Tawe Valley. The stream passage cuts through black limestone producing watterfalls, rapids, deep pot holes and scalloped walls.[4]

Deep underground, an assortment of specialised wildlife has developed including cave shrimps and the pale blanched trout endemic to pure underground fresh water courses with sufficient plankton.[6] Deep cracks in the vast expanse of stony moorland above provide habitats to plant life, including the lily of the valley and wood anemone, and mossy saxifrage (Saxifraga hypnoides) grows on the limestone outcrops.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b "Ogof Ffynnon Ddu - Surveys". South Wales Caving Club. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  2. ^ Gulden, Bob. "Worlds Longest Caves". he NSS Geo2 Long & Deep Caves Web Site. National Speleological Society. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  3. ^ Cave discovery anniversary marked BBC Wales - 16 September 2007
  4. ^ a b "Ogof Ffynnon Ddu 1". Caves of South Wales. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Ogof Ffynnon Ddu National Nature Reserve". First Nature. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  6. ^ Ford, Trevor D. (2011). Limestones and Caves of Wales. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-521-16913-4.
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