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== Life ==
== Life ==
Raymond of Penyafort was born in [[Vilafranca del Penedès]], a small town near [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], around 1175. Descended from a noble family with ties to the royal house of Aragon, he was educated in Barcelona and at the [[University of Bologna]], where he received [[doctorate]]s in both [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] and [[canon law]]. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law. In 1210, he moved to [[Bologna]], where he remained until 1222, including three years occupying the [[chair (academic)|Chair]] of canon law at the university. He came to know the newly founded [[Dominican Order]] there.<ref name=AC /<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1253|last=Foley|first=Leonard O.F.M.|title=St. Raymond of Penyafort |publisher=Franciscan Media|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref> Raymond was attracted to the Dominican Order by the preaching of Blessed Reginald, prior of the Dominicans of Bologna, and received the habit at the age of 47,<ref name=laity>[http://lancasterdominicans.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/st-raymond-of-penafort/ "The Feast Day of Saint Raymond of Penafort", Dominican Laity of the Province of St. Joseph, Lancaster, Pennsylvania]</ref> in the Dominican Convent of Barcelona, to which he had returned from Italy in 1222.<ref name=okane>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12671c.htm O'Kane, Michael. "St. Raymond of Peñafort." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jan. 2014]</ref>
Raymond of Penyafort was born in [[Vilafranca del Penedès]], a small town near [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], around 1175. Descended from a noble family with ties to the royal house of Aragon, he was educated in Barcelona and at the [[University of Bologna]], where he received [[doctorate]]s in both [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] and [[canon law]]. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law. In 1210, he moved to [[Bologna]], where he remained until 1222, including three years occupying the [[chair (academic)|Chair]] of canon law at the university. He came to know the newly founded [[Dominican Order]] there.<ref name=AC /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1253|last=Foley|first=Leonard O.F.M.|title=St. Raymond of Penyafort |publisher=Franciscan Media|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref> Raymond was attracted to the Dominican Order by the preaching of Blessed Reginald, prior of the Dominicans of Bologna, and received the habit at the age of 47,<ref name=laity>[http://lancasterdominicans.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/st-raymond-of-penafort/ "The Feast Day of Saint Raymond of Penafort", Dominican Laity of the Province of St. Joseph, Lancaster, Pennsylvania]</ref> in the Dominican Convent of Barcelona, to which he had returned from Italy in 1222.<ref name=okane>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12671c.htm O'Kane, Michael. "St. Raymond of Peñafort." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jan. 2014]</ref>


===Mercedarians===
===Mercedarians===
Line 34: Line 34:


===''Summa de casibus poenitentiae''===
===''Summa de casibus poenitentiae''===
{{main|Summa de casibus poenitentiae}}
{{main article|Summa de casibus poenitentiae}}
Raymond had written for [[confessor#Confession of sins|confessors]] a book of cases, the ''[[Summa de casibus poenitentiae]]''. More than simply a list of sins and suggested penances, it discussed pertinent doctrines and laws of the Church that pertained to the problem or case brought to the confessor, and is widely considered an authoritative work on the subject.
Raymond had written for [[confessor#Confession of sins|confessors]] a book of cases, the ''[[Summa de casibus poenitentiae]]''. More than simply a list of sins and suggested penances, it discussed pertinent doctrines and laws of the Church that pertained to the problem or case brought to the confessor, and is widely considered an authoritative work on the subject.


Line 40: Line 40:


===Gregorian Decretals===
===Gregorian Decretals===
{{main|Decretals of Gregory IX}}
{{main article|Decretals of Gregory IX}}
[[File:Decretals glossa.jpg|thumb|Decretals with Glossa]]
[[File:Decretals glossa.jpg|thumb|Decretals with Glossa]]
Knowing Raymond's reputation in the juridical sciences, Gregory IX asked him to help in the rearranging and codifying of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]]. [[Canon law]]s, which were previously found scattered in many publications, were to be organized into one set of documents. In particular papal [[decretal]] letters had been changing the law over the course of the previous 100 years since the publication of the ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'' of [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]]. Being pleased with Raymond's efforts, the pope announced the new publication in a [[Papal Bull|Bull]] directed to the doctors and students of [[University of Paris|Paris]] and [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] in September 1234, commanding that the work of Raymond alone should be considered authoritative, and should alone be used in the schools. His collection of canon law, known as the ''[[Decretals of Gregory IX]]'', became a standard for almost 700 years. Canon law was finally fully codified by 1917.
Knowing Raymond's reputation in the juridical sciences, Gregory IX asked him to help in the rearranging and codifying of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]]. [[Canon law]]s, which were previously found scattered in many publications, were to be organized into one set of documents. In particular papal [[decretal]] letters had been changing the law over the course of the previous 100 years since the publication of the ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'' of [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]]. Being pleased with Raymond's efforts, the pope announced the new publication in a [[Papal Bull|Bull]] directed to the doctors and students of [[University of Paris|Paris]] and [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] in September 1234, commanding that the work of Raymond alone should be considered authoritative, and should alone be used in the schools. His collection of canon law, known as the ''[[Decretals of Gregory IX]]'', became a standard for almost 700 years. Canon law was finally fully codified by 1917.
Line 47: Line 47:
Having reached his 60th year, Raymond retired to a reclusive life in Barcelona. Within the year, however, Raymond was appointed to the position of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarragona|Archbishop of Tarragona]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]], but declined.<ref name=okane/>
Having reached his 60th year, Raymond retired to a reclusive life in Barcelona. Within the year, however, Raymond was appointed to the position of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarragona|Archbishop of Tarragona]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]], but declined.<ref name=okane/>


Raymond returned to [[Barcelona]] in 1236. Not long able to remain in seclusion, however, he was elected the [[Master of the Order of Preachers]] by the [[General Chapter]] of 1238. He immediately set out on foot to visit all the houses of friars and nuns of the Order. Even in the midst of this, he was able to draft a new set of Constitutions of the Order, in which he included a resignation clause for the Master. When it was adopted by the next General Chapter of 1240, he immediately took advantage of that option and resigned within two years.<ref name=AC />
Raymond returned to [[Barcelona]] in 1236. Not long able to remain in seclusion, however, he was elected the [[Master of the Order of Preachers]] by the [[General Chapter]] of 1238. He immediately set out on foot to visit all the houses of friars and nuns of the Order. Even in the midst of this, he was able to draft a new set of Constitutions of the Order, in which he included a resignation clause for the Master. When it was adopted by the next General Chapter of 1240, he immediately took advantage of that option and resigned within two years.<ref name=AC />


Although not an inquisitor, as an advisor to [[James I of Aragon]] he was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king's domains. "...[T]he lawyer's deep sense of justice and equity, combined with the worthy Dominican's sense of compassion, allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BEfrDPxlraYC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=Raymond+of+Penyafort+%2B+inquisition&source=bl&ots=VZ5vbpyeWK&sig=DNuuDEXkW1ypFlYVBrL5Ugb0P8I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwxaWi7KPLAhXHw4MKHbH7Dx8Q6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=Raymond%20of%20Penyafort%20%20%20inquisition&f=false Smith, Damian J., ''Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon'', Brill, 2010, ISBN 9789004182899]</ref> Raymond approved of conjugal visits for those imprisoned so that the spouse should not be exposed to the risk of possible adultery.
Although not an inquisitor, as an advisor to [[James I of Aragon]] he was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king's domains. "...[T]he lawyer's deep sense of justice and equity, combined with the worthy Dominican's sense of compassion, allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BEfrDPxlraYC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=Raymond+of+Penyafort+%2B+inquisition&source=bl&ots=VZ5vbpyeWK&sig=DNuuDEXkW1ypFlYVBrL5Ugb0P8I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwxaWi7KPLAhXHw4MKHbH7Dx8Q6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=Raymond%20of%20Penyafort%20%20%20inquisition&f=false Smith, Damian J., ''Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon'', Brill, 2010, ISBN 9789004182899]</ref> Raymond approved of conjugal visits for those imprisoned so that the spouse should not be exposed to the risk of possible adultery.


===Conversion of Jews and Muslims===
===Conversion of Jews and Muslims===

Revision as of 07:05, 18 June 2016

St. Raymond of Penyafort, O.P.
Master of the Order of Preachers
Bornca. 1175
Vilafranca del Penedès, Catalonia, Crown of Aragon
Died6 January 1275 (aged 100)
Barcelona, Crown of Aragon
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified1542, Rome by Pope Paul III
Canonized29 April 1601, Rome by Pope Clement VIII
Major shrineCathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Feast7 January
23 January (on local calendars and pre-1970 General Roman Calendar)
Patronagecanon lawyers; all types of lawyers (Spain)

Raymond of Penyafort, O.P., (ca. 1175 – 6 January 1275) (Catalan: Sant Ramon de Penyafort, IPA: [ˈsan rəˈmon də ˌpɛɲəˈfɔr]; Spanish: San Raimundo de Peñafort) was a Spanish Dominican friar in the 13th-century, who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a collection of canon laws that remained a major part of Church law until the 20th century. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church and is the patron saint of lawyers, especially canon lawyers.

Life

Raymond of Penyafort was born in Vilafranca del Penedès, a small town near Barcelona, Catalonia, around 1175. Descended from a noble family with ties to the royal house of Aragon, he was educated in Barcelona and at the University of Bologna, where he received doctorates in both civil and canon law. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law. In 1210, he moved to Bologna, where he remained until 1222, including three years occupying the Chair of canon law at the university. He came to know the newly founded Dominican Order there.[1][2] Raymond was attracted to the Dominican Order by the preaching of Blessed Reginald, prior of the Dominicans of Bologna, and received the habit at the age of 47,[3] in the Dominican Convent of Barcelona, to which he had returned from Italy in 1222.[4]

Mercedarians

Raymond was instrumental in the founding of the Mercedarian friars in 1218.[5] When approached by Peter Nolasco, Raymond encouraged and assisted him in obtaining the consent of King James I of Aragon for the foundation of the Order.

The need to study oriental languages was affirmed by the General Chapter of the Dominican Order in Paris in 1236.[6] Raymond established the first school of the Studia Linguarum in Tunis, where it was known as the Studium arabicum. The objective of the schools was to help the Dominicans liberate Christian captives in Islamic lands.[7]

Summa de casibus poenitentiae

Main article: Summa de casibus poenitentiae

Raymond had written for confessors a book of cases, the Summa de casibus poenitentiae. More than simply a list of sins and suggested penances, it discussed pertinent doctrines and laws of the Church that pertained to the problem or case brought to the confessor, and is widely considered an authoritative work on the subject.

In 1229 Raymond was appointed theologian and penitentiary to the Cardinal Archbishop of Sabina, John of Abbeville, and was summoned to Rome in 1230 by Pope Gregory IX, who appointed him chaplain and grand penitentiary.[4]

Gregorian Decretals

Main article: Decretals of Gregory IX
Decretals with Glossa

Knowing Raymond's reputation in the juridical sciences, Gregory IX asked him to help in the rearranging and codifying of canon law. Canon laws, which were previously found scattered in many publications, were to be organized into one set of documents. In particular papal decretal letters had been changing the law over the course of the previous 100 years since the publication of the Decretum of Gratian. Being pleased with Raymond's efforts, the pope announced the new publication in a Bull directed to the doctors and students of Paris and Bologna in September 1234, commanding that the work of Raymond alone should be considered authoritative, and should alone be used in the schools. His collection of canon law, known as the Decretals of Gregory IX, became a standard for almost 700 years. Canon law was finally fully codified by 1917.

Later life

Having reached his 60th year, Raymond retired to a reclusive life in Barcelona. Within the year, however, Raymond was appointed to the position of Archbishop of Tarragona, the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon, but declined.[4]

Raymond returned to Barcelona in 1236. Not long able to remain in seclusion, however, he was elected the Master of the Order of Preachers by the General Chapter of 1238. He immediately set out on foot to visit all the houses of friars and nuns of the Order. Even in the midst of this, he was able to draft a new set of Constitutions of the Order, in which he included a resignation clause for the Master. When it was adopted by the next General Chapter of 1240, he immediately took advantage of that option and resigned within two years.[1]

Although not an inquisitor, as an advisor to James I of Aragon he was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king's domains. "...[T]he lawyer's deep sense of justice and equity, combined with the worthy Dominican's sense of compassion, allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy."[8] Raymond approved of conjugal visits for those imprisoned so that the spouse should not be exposed to the risk of possible adultery.

Conversion of Jews and Muslims

Rejoicing to see himself again free of office, he applied himself with fresh vigor to the Christian ministry, especially working for the conversion of the Moors. To this end he encouraged Thomas Aquinas to write his work Against the Gentiles. He instituted the teaching of Arabic and Hebrew in several houses of the friars. He also founded priories in Murcia (then still ruled by Arabs) and in Tunis. Additionally he went to help establish the Church in the recently conquered island of Mallorca.

He exercised great influence over King James of Aragon and succeeded in persuading him to order a public debate, concerning Judaism and Christianity, between Moshe ben Nahman, a rabbi in Girona, and Paulus Christiani, a baptized Jew of Montpellier who belonged to the Dominicans. In this debate, which took place in the royal palace at Barcelona from 20–24 July 1263, in the presence of the king and of many of the higher clergy, Raymond took an important part. He was at the head of the theologians present, and in agreement with the king gave the rabbi perfect freedom of speech. Raymond simply observed to Moses ben Nachman that he must not allow himself to blaspheme Christianity, to which Moses replied that he knew what the laws of propriety demanded. On the Jewish Sabbath following the close of the debate, the king, together with many preaching friars and other clergy, visited the synagogue.

Tomb of Saint Raymond in Cathedral of Barcelona.

Raymond died at the age of 100 in Barcelona in 1275 and was canonized by Pope Clement VIII in 1601. He was buried in the Cathedral of Santa Eulalia in Barcelona.

Feast day

His feast day was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1671 for celebration on 23 January. In 1969 it was moved to 7 January, the day after that of his death.[9] He is the patron saint of canon lawyers, specifically, and lawyers, in general.

Influence and tribute

The St. Raymond Peñafort Building

The St. Raymond Peñafort Building in the University of Santo Tomas which houses the College of Commerce and Business Administration and the Faculty of Arts and Letters is named in his honor. St. Raymond's Church and cemetery, both located in the New York City borough of the Bronx were also named in his honor.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Foley, Leonard O.F.M. "St. Raymond of Penyafort". Franciscan Media. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  3. ^ "The Feast Day of Saint Raymond of Penafort", Dominican Laity of the Province of St. Joseph, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
  4. ^ a b c O'Kane, Michael. "St. Raymond of Peñafort." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Jan. 2014
  5. ^ Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.
  6. ^ Lindberg, David C. (1978). Science in the Middle Ages. p. 77. ISBN 9780226482330. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  7. ^ McAbe, Ina Baghdiantz (2008). Orientalism in Early Modern France. Oxford: Berg Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-84520-374-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  8. ^ Smith, Damian J., Crusade, Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon, Brill, 2010, ISBN 9789004182899
  9. ^ "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. 85 and 114

References

Religious titles
Preceded by Master General of the Dominican Order
1238–1240 		Succeeded by
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