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This author will be editing the article "Breakthrough Infections". They are currently planning to use the following sources to improve this article: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Kuby Immunology|last=Owen|first=Judith|last2=Punt|first2=Jenni|last3=Stranford|first3=Sharon|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|year=2013|isbn=978-14292-1919-8|edition=7th Edition|location=New York City, New York|pages=576-578|quote=|via=}}</ref>
This author will be editing the article "Breakthrough Infections". They are currently planning to use the following sources to improve this article: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Kuby Immunology|last=Owen|first=Judith|last2=Punt|first2=Jenni|last3=Stranford|first3=Sharon|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|year=2013|isbn=978-14292-1919-8|edition=7th Edition|location=New York City, New York|pages=576-578|quote=|via=}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview.html|title=Chickenpox (Varicella)|last=|first=|date=1 July 2016|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/viruses-and-evolution|title=Viruses and Evolution|last=|first=|date=2017|website=The History of Vaccines|publisher=The College of Physicians of Philadelphia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases|last=Hamborsky|first=Jennifer|last2=Kroger|first2=Andrew|last3=Wolfe|first3=Charles|publisher=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|year=2013|isbn=|location=Washington D.C.|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Kathryn|year=2015|title=Maternal antibodies and infant immune responses to vaccines|url=|journal=Vaccine|volume=33|issue=47|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Vaccines|last=Siegrist|first=Claire-Anne|publisher=Elsevier|year=2013|isbn=9781455700905|location=|pages=|chapter=Vaccine Immunology|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Mei-Hwei|year=2010|title=Breakthrough HBV infection in vaccinated children in Taiwan: Surveillance for HBV mutants|url=|journal=Antiviral Therapy|volume=15|pages=|via=}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview.html|title=Chickenpox (Varicella)|last=|first=|date=1 July 2016|website=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/viruses-and-evolution|title=Viruses and Evolution|last=|first=|date=2017|website=The History of Vaccines|publisher=The College of Physicians of Philadelphia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases|last=Hamborsky|first=Jennifer|last2=Kroger|first2=Andrew|last3=Wolfe|first3=Charles|publisher=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|year=2013|isbn=|location=Washington D.C.|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Kathryn|year=2015|title=Maternal antibodies and infant immune responses to vaccines|url=|journal=Vaccine|volume=33|issue=47|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Vaccines|last=Siegrist|first=Claire-Anne|publisher=Elsevier|year=2013|isbn=9781455700905|location=|pages=|chapter=Vaccine Immunology|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Mei-Hwei|year=2010|title=Breakthrough HBV infection in vaccinated children in Taiwan: Surveillance for HBV mutants|url=|journal=Antiviral Therapy|volume=15|pages=|via=}}</ref>
<references />This author is currently drafting their article on "Breakthrough Infections". This article will have the following structure:
<references />This author is currently drafting their article on "Breakthrough Infections". This article will have the following structure:
# Lead section: Breakthrough infections are cases of illnesses that arise in individuals who have been immunized against the same virus that causes their infection. Simply, they occur when vaccines fail to provide immunity against the pathogen they are designed to target. Breakthrough infections have been identified in individuals immunized against a variety of different diseases including Mumps, Varicella (Chicken Pox), and Influenza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/mumps/Pages/factsheet_professionals.aspx|title=Mumps: Factsheet for Health Professionals|last=|first=|date=2017|website=European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/antiviral-use-influenza.htm|title=Use of Antivirals
# Lead section
| Health Professionals | Seasonal Influenza (Flu)|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-11}}</ref> The character of breakthrough infections is dependent on the virus itself, but typically, individuals with breakthrough infections experience milder symptoms and quicker recovery than they would if they had not received the vaccine against the infecting pathogen.<ref name=":0" /> Causes of breakthrough infections include improper administration or storage of vaccines, mutations in viruses and antibody blocking. For these reasons, vaccines are rarely 100% effective. The common flu vaccine is estimated to provide immunity to the flu in 58% of recipients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osterholm|first=Michael T|last2=Kelley|first2=Nicholas S|last3=Sommer|first3=Alfred|last4=Belongia|first4=Edward A|title=Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=36–44|doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x}}</ref> The measles vaccine fails to provide immunity to 2% of children that receive the vaccine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nvic.org/vaccines-and-diseases/measles/measles-vaccine-effectiveness.aspx|title=How effective is measles vaccine - National Vaccine Information Center|newspaper=National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC)|access-date=2017-02-11|language=en}}</ref> However, if herd immunity exists, it typically prevents individuals who are ineffectively vaccinated from contracting the disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fine|first=P.|last2=Eames|first2=K.|last3=Heymann|first3=D. L.|date=2011-04-01|title="Herd Immunity": A Rough Guide|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/52/7/911/299077/Herd-Immunity-A-Rough-Guide|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=52|issue=7|pages=911–916|doi=10.1093/cid/cir007|issn=1058-4838}}</ref> Accordingly, herd immunity reduces the number of breakthrough infections in a population.  
# Characteristics
# Characteristics
# Causes
# Causes
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# Society and Culture/History
# Society and Culture/History
It is also important that the author discusses the relationship between breakthrough infections and herd immunity. They are currently unsure where to include this discussion.
It is also important that the author discusses the relationship between breakthrough infections and herd immunity. They are currently unsure where to include this discussion.
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<references />Test using '''bold'''

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Revision as of 19:14, 11 February 2017

This author will be editing the article "Breakthrough Infections". They are currently planning to use the following sources to improve this article: [1] [2][3][4][5][6][7]

  1. ^ Owen, Judith; Punt, Jenni; Stranford, Sharon (2013). Kuby Immunology (7th Edition ed.). New York City, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 576–578. ISBN 978-14292-1919-8. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ "Chickenpox (Varicella)". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 July 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ "Viruses and Evolution". The History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  4. ^ Hamborsky, Jennifer; Kroger, Andrew; Wolfe, Charles (2013). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Washington D.C.: Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
  5. ^ Edwards, Kathryn (2015). "Maternal antibodies and infant immune responses to vaccines". Vaccine. 33 (47).
  6. ^ Siegrist, Claire-Anne (2013). "Vaccine Immunology". Vaccines. Elsevier. ISBN 9781455700905.
  7. ^ Chang, Mei-Hwei (2010). "Breakthrough HBV infection in vaccinated children in Taiwan: Surveillance for HBV mutants". Antiviral Therapy. 15.

This author is currently drafting their article on "Breakthrough Infections". This article will have the following structure:

  1. Lead section: Breakthrough infections are cases of illnesses that arise in individuals who have been immunized against the same virus that causes their infection. Simply, they occur when vaccines fail to provide immunity against the pathogen they are designed to target. Breakthrough infections have been identified in individuals immunized against a variety of different diseases including Mumps, Varicella (Chicken Pox), and Influenza.[1][2][3] The character of breakthrough infections is dependent on the virus itself, but typically, individuals with breakthrough infections experience milder symptoms and quicker recovery than they would if they had not received the vaccine against the infecting pathogen.[2] Causes of breakthrough infections include improper administration or storage of vaccines, mutations in viruses and antibody blocking. For these reasons, vaccines are rarely 100% effective. The common flu vaccine is estimated to provide immunity to the flu in 58% of recipients.[4] The measles vaccine fails to provide immunity to 2% of children that receive the vaccine.[5] However, if herd immunity exists, it typically prevents individuals who are ineffectively vaccinated from contracting the disease.[6] Accordingly, herd immunity reduces the number of breakthrough infections in a population.  
  2. Characteristics
  3. Causes
    1. Vaccine quality/maintenance
    2. Virus evolution
    3. Antibody interference (including a diagram that I make)
  4. Society and Culture/History

It is also important that the author discusses the relationship between breakthrough infections and herd immunity. They are currently unsure where to include this discussion.

  1. ^ "Mumps: Factsheet for Health Professionals". European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Use of Antivirals". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-11. {{cite web}}: Text "Health Professionals" ignored (help); Text "Seasonal Influenza (Flu)" ignored (help)
  4. ^ Osterholm, Michael T; Kelley, Nicholas S; Sommer, Alfred; Belongia, Edward A. "Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x.
  5. ^ "How effective is measles vaccine - National Vaccine Information Center". National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC). Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  6. ^ Fine, P.; Eames, K.; Heymann, D. L. (2011-04-01). ""Herd Immunity": A Rough Guide". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (7): 911–916. doi:10.1093/cid/cir007. ISSN 1058-4838.

Test using bold

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