HAL Tejas: Difference between revisions
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→Specifications (HAL Tejas Mk.1): Add payload numbers |
The editors of this article are vandalising it repeatedly and I am sick of editing it again and again. Better to have nothing than have lies Tag: Replaced |
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This whole article is bullshit. I am deleting it as it is better to have nothing than have lies. There are some fools who simple refuse to reason and keep editing it day in and out without giving proper reasons while imposing double standards on others |
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{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}} |
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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|name= Tejas |
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|image= File:IAF Tejas full size (32941198511).jpg |
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|alt= |
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|caption= |
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}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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|type= [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole]] [[light fighter]] |
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|national origin= India <!-- Please DON'T add flag icons, as they limit horizontal space. --> |
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|manufacturer= [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) |
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|design group= [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] |
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|first flight= 4 January 2001 |
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|introduction= 17 January 2015<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |title=After 32 years, India finally gets LCA Tejas aircraft |date=17 January 2015 |accessdate=17 January 2015 |last=PTI |newspaper=Economic Times |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234640/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |archivedate=29 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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|retired= |
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|status= In service<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/ |title=Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's ‘Made in India’ Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA |work=financialexpress.com |accessdate=1 July 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816033246/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/ |archivedate=16 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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|primary user= [[Indian Air Force]] |
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|more users= <!-- Limited to THREE (3) 'more users' here (4 total users). Separate users with <br />. Please DON'T add flag icons, as they limit horizontal space. --> |
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|produced= 2001–present |
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|number built= 22 <small>(including prototypes as of December 2017)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/first_flights.html|title=First Flights – Tejas – India's Light Combat Aircraft|website=www.tejas.gov.in|accessdate=15 December 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215005829/http://www.tejas.gov.in/first_flights.html|archivedate=15 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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|program cost={{INRConvert|7399.69|c|0|lk=on}} (LCA total in 2015)<ref name="unresolved">{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/exclusive-with-only-two-planes-and-issues-unresolved-iaf-to-bring-lca-tejas-home/1/699866.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: With only two planes and issues unresolved, IAF to bring LCA Tejas home |work=India Today |accessdate=1 July 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629075657/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/exclusive-with-only-two-planes-and-issues-unresolved-iaf-to-bring-lca-tejas-home/1/699866.html |archivedate=29 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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|unit cost= {{INRConvert|160|c|0|nolink=yes}} for Mark I<ref name="longer">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Worlds-smallest-combat-jets-Mark-II-avatar-to-be-longer/articleshow/50165514.cms |title=World's smallest combat jet's Mark-II avatar to be longer |work=Times of India |accessdate=6 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Worlds-smallest-combat-jets-Mark-II-avatar-to-be-longer/articleshow/50165514.cms |archivedate=8 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Majumdar, Bappa. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/08/28/india-defence-fighters-idUSDEL38704020090828 "India's light combat aircraft to phase out Russian jets."] Reuters, 28 April 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831104947/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/08/28/india-defence-fighters-idUSDEL38704020090828 |date=31 August 2009}}</ref><br/> US$40 million for Mark IA<ref>{{cite magazine|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Mixed fortunes for Tejas as navy chief shuns carrier-based variant|magazine=[[Flight International]]|location=London|publisher=Reed Business Information UK|date=31 January – 6 February 2017|volume=191|issue=5572|pages=28–29|quote=ADA officials peg the unit cost of the Tejas Mk1A at $40 million.}}</ref> |
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The '''HAL Tejas''' is an [[India]]n single-seat, single-[[jet engine]], [[multirole combat aircraft|multirole]] [[light fighter]] designed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy|Navy]]. The aircraft has a tail-less compound delta-wing configuration, which provides for high maneuverability.<ref name="Defence Journal">{{Cite web|title=Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/jun99/lca.htm|publisher=defencejournal.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkGdHfPG?url=http://www.defencejournal.com/jun99/lca.htm|archivedate=1 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2017}} It came from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] fighters. In 2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas", which means "Radiant" in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite news|title=LCA first prototype vehicle to fly next month |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/08/21/21lca.html|date=21 August 2003|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110114/http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/08/21/21lca.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> |
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Tejas has a pure double delta wing configuration (wing root leading edge sweep 50°, outer wing leading edge sweep 62.5° and trailing edge forward sweep 4°), with no [[tailplane]]s or canard, and a single [[Vertical stabilizer|dorsal fin]]. It integrates technologies such as [[Relaxed stability|relaxed static stability]], [[Fly-by-wire|fly-by-wire flight control system]], multi-mode radar, integrated digital avionics system, composite material structures, and a [[flat rated]] engine. It is the smallest and lightest in its class of contemporary supersonic combat aircraft.<ref name="djournal">{{Cite web |title=Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/jun99/lca.htm |publisher=defencejournal.com |accessdate=1 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkGdHfPG?url=http://www.defencejournal.com/jun99/lca.htm |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="RDP">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102728 |title=Republic Day Parade 2014 – A Curtain Raiser |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=25 January 2014 |accessdate=27 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163633/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102728 |archivedate= 2 February 2014 |deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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The Tejas is the second supersonic fighter developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) after the [[HAL HF-24 Marut]]. As of 2016 the Tejas MK1 is in production for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the naval version is undergoing flight tests for Indian Navy (IN). The projected requirement for the IAF is 200 single-seat fighters and 20 twin-seat trainers, while the IN expects to operate 40 single-seat fighters. The first Tejas IAF unit, [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''Flying Daggers'' was formed on 1 July 2016 with two aircraft. Initially being stationed at [[Bangalore]], the first squadron will be placed at its home base at Sulur, Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|title=Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's ‘Made in India’ Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA|date=2016-07-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816033246/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|archivedate=16 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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The Minister of State for Defence, [[Subhash Bhamre]], reported to parliament that the indigenous content of the Tejas is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by number of [[line replaceable unit]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers|date=18 November 2016|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> |
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==Development== |
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{{See also|Timeline of HAL Tejas}} |
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===Origins=== |
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[[File:Hindustan LCA Tejas Krivchikov 2007.jpg|thumb|HAL Tejas at [[Aero India]] 2007]] |
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In 1969, the Indian government accepted the recommendation by its Aeronautics Committee that [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) should design and develop a fighter aircraft around a proven engine. Based on a 'Tactical Air Support Aircraft' ASR markedly similar to that for the ''Marut'',<ref>Chatterjee, K. [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Marut1.html "Hindustan Fighter HF-24 Marut; Part I: Building India's Jet Fighter."] bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 23 August 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728144222/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Marut1.html |date=28 July 2013}}</ref> HAL completed design studies in 1975, but the project fell through due to inability to procure the selected "proven engine" from a foreign manufacturer and the IAF's requirement for an air superiority fighter with secondary air support and interdiction capability remained unfulfilled.<ref name="htejfa">{{cite news|title=The Light Combat Aircraft Story by Air Marshal MSD Wollen|url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/featured_articles/air_marshal_msd_wollen/page01.html|accessdate=9 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017225533/http://www.tejas.gov.in/featured_articles/air_marshal_msd_wollen/page01.html|archivedate=17 October 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} First published in Indian Aviation, Opening Show report, Aero India 2001.</ref> |
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In 1983, IAF realised the need for an Indian combat aircraft for two primary purposes. The principal and most obvious goal was to replace India's ageing [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] fighters, which had been the mainstay of the IAF since the 1970s. The "Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that the MiG-21s would be approaching the end of their service lives by the mid-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would lack 40% of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.<ref name="globalsecurity">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lca.htm "Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)."] ''Global Security'', 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110100423/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lca.htm |date=10 January 2014}}</ref> The LCA programme's other main objective was an across-the-board advancement of India's domestic [[aerospace]] industry.<ref>Iyer, Sukumar R. [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/sukumar.html "LCA: Impact on Indian Defense."] ''Bharat Rakshak Monitor'', March–April 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160703/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/sukumar.html |date=11 October 2012}}</ref> The value of the aerospace "self-reliance" initiative is not simply the aircraft's production, but also the building of a local [[industry]] capable of creating [[state of the art|state-of-the-art]] products with commercial spin-offs for a global market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090307014828/http://vayuaerospace.in/Selected_articles/Vayu%20special/remembrance.htm "Remembrance of Aeronautical Matters Past."] ''Vayu Aerospace & Defence Review,'' 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2009.</ref> |
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In 1984, the Indian government chose to establish the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) to manage the LCA programme. While the Tejas is often described as a product of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), responsibility for its development belongs to ADA, a national consortium of over 100 defence laboratories, industrial organisations, and academic institutions with HAL being the principal contractor.<ref name="DRDO-LCA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024936/http://drdo.org/products/lca.htm "Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Test-Flown Successfully."] ''DRDO'', January 2001. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</ref> The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA include the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the [[fly-by-wire]] (FBW) [[Aircraft flight control systems|flight control system]] (FCS), multi-mode [[pulse-doppler radar]], and [[Afterburner|afterburning]] [[Turbofan|turbofan engine]].<ref name="Reddy2002">Reddy, C. Manmohan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm "LCA economics."] ''The Hindu'', 16 September 2002. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</ref> |
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The IAF's Air Staff Requirement for the LCA were not finalised until October 1985. This delay rendered moot the original schedule which called for first flight in April 1990 and service entry in 1995; however, it also gave the ADA time to better marshal national R&D and industrial resources, recruit personnel, create infrastructure, and to gain a clearer perspective of which advanced technologies could be developed locally and which would need to be imported.<ref name=htejfa/><ref name="timeline">{{cite news|title=LCA Tejas History|url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/history/timeline.html|accessdate=9 December 2013|publisher=Tejas.gov.in|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017225618/http://www.tejas.gov.in/history/timeline.html|archivedate=17 October 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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[[Specification|Project definition]] commenced in October 1987 with France's [[Dassault|Dassault-Breguet]] Aviation as consultants. Dassault-Breguet were to assist in the design and systems integration of the aircraft, with 30 top-flight engineers reported to have flown to India to act as technical advisers to IADA, in exchange for $100m / {{INRConvert|560|c|year=1987}}, this phase was completed in September 1988.<ref name="timeline"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=24 October 1987|title=Dassault wins Indian LCA contract|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html|magazine=Flight International|location=London|publisher=Reed Business Information}}</ref> |
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===LCA programme=== |
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[[File:HAL tejas, F-16, Eurofighter Typhoon.jpg|thumb|Tejas parked next to [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]] (centre) and [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] (top) at 2009 [[Aero India]]]] |
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A review committee was formed in May 1989, which reported that infrastructure, facilities and technologies in India had advanced sufficiently in most areas and that the project could be undertaken.<ref name="genesis"/> A two-stage full-scale engineering development (FSED) process was opted for.<ref name="globalsecurity"/><ref name="genesis"/> In 1990, the design was finalised as a small tailless [[delta wing]]ed machine with [[relaxed static stability]] (RSS) and control-configuration for enhanced manoeuvrability.<ref name="djournal"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Light Combat Aircraft |url=http://www.employmentnews.gov.in/India-light-combat-aircraft.pdf |publisher=employmentnews.gov.in |accessdate=1 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkGjvq0r?url=http://www.employmentnews.gov.in/India-light-combat-aircraft.pdf |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="genesis">{{Cite web |title=LCA Tejas History: Genesis |url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/history/genesis.html |publisher=tejas.gov.in |accessdate=1 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkIEvgRo?url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/history/genesis.html |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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Phase 1 commenced in April 1993,<ref name="globalsecurity"/> and focused on "[[proof of concept]]" and comprised the design development and testing (DDT) of two technology demonstrator aircraft which were named as TD-1 and TD-2. This would be followed by the production of two [[prototype]] vehicles (PV-1 and PV-2), TD-1 finally flew on 4 January 2001.<ref name="genesis"/> FSED Programme Phase-I was successfully completed in March 2004 and cost ₹2,188 crore.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> |
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The relaxed static stability (RSS) was an ambitious requirement. In 1988, Dassault had offered an analogue flight control system (FCS), but the ADA recognised that digital FCSs would supplant it.<ref name=Reddy2002/> First flying in 1974, the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|General Dynamics F-16]] was the first production aircraft designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable to improve manoeuvrability.<ref name=Frawley_Military>Frawley 2002, p. 114.</ref> Many aircraft have ''positive'' static stability to induce them to return to a straight, level flight [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] when the controls are released, maneuverability is reduced as the inherent stability has to be overcome. Aircraft with ''negative'' stability are designed to deviate from controlled flight and thus be more manoeuvrable.<ref>Hoh and Mitchell 1983, pp. 11ff.</ref><ref>Aronstein and Piccirillo 1996, p. 21.</ref> |
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In 1992, the LCA National Control Law (CLAW) team was set up by the National Aeronautics Laboratory to develop India's own [[state of the art]] [[fly-by-wire]] FCS for the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ADFCS-II |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/projects/project_details.cfm?id=14302 |publisher=transport-research.info |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125940/http://www.transport-research.info/web/projects/project_details.cfm?id=14302 |archivedate=14 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Anniversary Celebrations of the National Control Law Team |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pages/ipjun12.htm |date=10 June 2012 |publisher=nal.res.in |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkMCftfD?url=http://www.nal.res.in/pages/ipjun12.htm |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> In 1998, Lockheed Martin's involvement was terminated due to a US embargo in response to India's second [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in May of that year.<ref name="asw26j">{{Cite web|title=Tejas LCA: Light Multi-Role Fighter|url=http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/lca/|publisher=aerospaceweb.org|accessdate=1 July 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html|archivedate=5 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) |url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/lca.htm |publisher=fighter-planes.com |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QrQxiZjl?url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/lca.htm |archivedate=6 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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Another critical technology is the Multi-Mode Radar (MMR). The [[Ericsson]]/[[Ferranti]] PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar was initially intended to be used,<ref>Taylor et al. 2005 p. 104.</ref> as used on [[Saab Group|Saab]]'s [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]]. However, after examining other radars in the early 1990s,{{refn|The [[Westinghouse Electronic Systems|Westinghouse]] — now [[Northrop Grumman]] — [[AN/APG-66]], which is carried on the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], was among the radars evaluated by the ADA in 1992.<ref name="AN/APG-66">Sharma, Ravi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100809113747/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2215/stories/20050729000707700.htm "The LCA puzzle."] ''Frontline, ''16–29 July 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</ref>|name=N}} the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) became confident that local development was possible. HAL's Hyderabad division and the LRDE were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme, and work commenced in 1997.<ref name="Aroor">Aroor, Shiv. [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/ "Indigenous' aircraft needs foreign lift, for its radar."]''The Sunday Express'', 8 April 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/ |date=8 January 2016}}</ref> The DRDO's Centre for Airborne System (CABS) is responsible for the MMR's test programme. Between 1996 and 1997, CABS converted the surviving [[Airborne Surveillance Platform|HAL/HS-748M]] Airborne Surveillance Post (ASP) into a testbed for the LCA's avionics and radar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's flying Testbeds |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_533.shtml |date=12 September 2005 |work=B Harry |publisher=acig.org |accessdate=1 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkI1rmE1?url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_533.shtml |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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The NAL's CLAW team completed integration of the flight control laws by themselves, with the FCS software performing flawlessly for over 50 hours of pilot testing on TD-1, resulting in the aircraft being cleared for flight in January 2001. The [[Aircraft flight control system|automatic flight control system]] (AFCS) has been praised by all test pilots, one of whom remarked that he found the LCA easier to take off in than in a [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]].<ref>"Interview with Mr. Shyam Shetty, head of the National Control Law team: NAL and LCA-1: Flight Control Laws." ''National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) Information Pasteboard'', 25 June – 1 July 2001.</ref> |
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Phase 2 commenced in November 2001,<ref name="globalsecurity"/> and consisted of the manufacturing of three more prototype vehicles (PV-3, PV-4 and PV-5), leading to the development of the final variant that would join the air force and the navy and 8 Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft, and establishment of infrastructure for producing 8 aircraft per year.<ref name="genesis"/> The phase cost ₹3,301.78 crore, and an additional amount of ₹2,475.78 crore was given for induction into Indian Air Force by obtaining IOC and FOC. The total cost for development of Tejas (including PDP, Phase 1 and Phase 2) was ₹7,965.56 crore as of August 2013.<ref name="globalsecurity"/> |
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By mid-2002, the MMR had reported suffered major delays and cost escalations. By early 2005, only the air-to-air look-up and look-down modes — two basic modes — were confirmed to have been successfully tested. In May 2006, it was revealed that the performance of several modes being tested "fell short of expectations."<ref>Mudur, Nirad. [http://www.icast.org.in/news/2006/may06/may01va.html "Glitches in LCA radar."] ''Vijay Times'', 1 May 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602040309/http://www.icast.org.in/news/2006/may06/may01va.html |date=2 June 2012}}</ref> As a result, the ADA was reduced to running weaponisation tests with a weapon delivery pod, which is not a primary sensor, leaving critical tests on hold. According to test reports, there was a serious compatibility issue between the radar and the LRDE's advanced signal processor module (SPM). Acquisition of an "off-the-shelf" foreign radar is an interim option being considered.<ref name=Aroor/><ref>{{Cite web|title=AESA Programme For Tejas Scans For Development Partner|url=http://www.indian-military.org/news-archives/indian-air-force-news/437-aesa-programme-for-tejas-scans-for-development-partner.html|publisher=indian-military.org|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313041747/http://www.indian-military.org/news-archives/indian-air-force-news/437-aesa-programme-for-tejas-scans-for-development-partner.html|archivedate=13 March 2012|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="hindu_lca_2052">Sharma, Ravi. [http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/03/stories/2008100356310900.htm "LCA to be fitted with Israeli multi-mode radar."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 3 October 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109064727/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/03/stories/2008100356310900.htm |date=9 November 2012}}</ref> |
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Of the five critical technologies the ADA identified at the programme's onset as required to design and build a new fighter, two have been entirely successful: the development and manufacture of carbon-fibre composite (CFC) structures and skins, and a modern [[glass cockpit]]. ADA has a profitable commercial spin-off in its Autolay integrated automated software for designing 3-D laminated composite elements (which has been licensed to both [[Airbus]] and [[Infosys]]).<ref name=Reddy2002/> By 2008, 70% of the LCA's components were being manufactured in India, the dependence on imported components was stated to be progressively reduced over time. Successes have often been overshadowed by problems encountered with the other three key technology initiatives however.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080452510500.htm "Indigenous production of LCA soon."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 4 August 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109064720/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080452510500.htm |date=9 November 2012}}</ref> |
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[[Kota Harinarayana]] was the original Programme Director and Chief Designer for the Tejas Programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/zephyr09/drkota.php |title=Zephyr 2009 – Celebrating the Spirit of Aviation – Aerospace Engineering, IIT Bombay |work=aero.iitb.ac.in |accessdate=30 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903093317/http://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/zephyr09/drkota.php |archivedate= 3 September 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HAL-Tejas-LCA-inducted-into-Indian-Air-Force/articleshow/53001736.cms|title=Times of India: HAL Tejas supersonic fighter jets inducted into Indian Air Force|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701071654/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HAL-Tejas-LCA-inducted-into-Indian-Air-Force/articleshow/53001736.cms|archivedate=1 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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===Prototypes and testing=== |
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[[File:HAL Tejas trainer version construction.JPG|thumb|Tejas trainer under construction]] |
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[[File:Tejas Trainer 62 New Delhi Parade.jpg|thumb|Tejas Trainer at 62nd [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day of India Parade]], New Delhi]] |
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In March 2005, the IAF placed an order for 20 aircraft, with a similar purchase of another 20 aircraft to follow. All 40 were to be equipped with the F404-GE-IN20 engine.<ref name="Hindu5dec08">Sharma, Ravi. [http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/05/stories/2008120556261400.htm "IAF insists on changes to Tejas."] ''The Hindu'', 5 December 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606052855/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/05/stories/2008120556261400.htm |date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="dna_tejas"/> In December 2006, a 14-member "LCA Induction Team" was formed at [[Bangalore]] to prepare the Tejas for service and assist with its induction into service.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF team to oversee LCA induction and operation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece |date=December 3, 2006 |work=The Hindu |author=Ravi Sharma |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QrbLarrJ?url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece |archivedate=6 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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On 25 April 2007, the first Limited Series Production (LSP-1) Tejas performed its maiden flight, achieving a speed of {{convert|1.1|Mach}}.<ref name="timeline"/> The Tejas completed 1,000 test flights and over 530 hours of flight testing by 22 January 2009.<ref name="timeline"/><ref>{{cite news|title=HAL Tejas|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/a-look-at-the-indian-air-force-fighter-jets-20525.html?page=8|date=8 October 2013|work=India TV News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210211/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/a-look-at-the-indian-air-force-fighter-jets-20525.html?page=8|archivedate=14 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2009, a Tejas achieved a speed of over {{convert|1350|km/h}} during sea level flight trials at INS Hansa, [[Goa]].<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="tejas_fastest">[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fighter-aircraft-tejas-clocks-fastest-speed-during-testing/551536/ "Fighter aircraft Tejas clocks fastest speed during testing."] ''The Indian Express'', 8 December 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515143327/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fighter-aircraft-tejas-clocks-fastest-speed-during-testing/551536/ |date=15 May 2011}}</ref> |
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On 16 June 2008, LSP-2 made its first flight.<ref name="timeline"/> In November 2009, the trainer variant prototype took to the skies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tejas Trainer makes successful maiden flight|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/pv5%20maiden.pdf|publisher=Aeronautical Development Agency|accessdate=July 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513050816/https://www.ada.gov.in/pv5%20maiden.pdf|archivedate=13 May 2014}}</ref> On 23 April 2010, LSP-3 flew with a hybrid version of the [[Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode radar;<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="aviationweek.com">{{Cite web|title=LCA Set To Fly With Israeli Radar |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/22/awx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar |date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=30 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044225/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2Fawx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar |archivedate=10 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> in June 2010, LSP-4 took its first flight in an IAF Initial Operating Clearance (IOC) configuration.<ref name="timeline"/><ref name="toi_lsp4">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-flight-of-Tejas-aircraft-LSP-4-takes-off/articleshow/6004370.cms "First flight of Tejas aircraft LSP-4."] ''The Times of India'', 2 June 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/First-flight-of-Tejas-aircraft-LSP-4-takes-off/articleshow/6004370.cms |date=8 January 2016}}</ref> By June 2010, the Tejas had completed the second phase of hot weather trials in an IOC configuration with the weapon system and sensors integrated.<ref name="dna_hwt_tejas">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-combat-aircraft-tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials_1394923 "Light combat aircraft Tejas undergoes second phase of hot weather trails."] ''Daily News and Analysis''. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003024542/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-combat-aircraft-tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials_1394923 |date=3 October 2012}}</ref> Sea trials were also being carried out.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian LCA Undergoing Sea Trials |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/09/15/awx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml |work=Aviation Week & Space Technology |accessdate=30 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044145/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fawx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml |archivedate=10 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> On 19 November 2010, LSP-5 with IOC standard equipment took to skies.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114224/tejas-debut-flight-operational-configuration.html "Tejas debut flight operational configuration."] ''Deccan Herald'', 19 November 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020040406/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114224/tejas-debut-flight-operational-configuration.html |date=20 October 2012}}</ref> |
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In December 2009, the government sanctioned ₹8,000 crore to begin production of the fighter for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. The Indian Navy has a requirement for 50 Tejas aircraft and the first prototype, NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010.<ref name="dnaindia1">Krishnan M., Anantha. [http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_indian-navy-fastens-its-seatbelt-for-light-combat-aircraft-tejas_1400112 "Indian Navy fastens its seatbelt for Light Combat Aircraft Tejas."] ''Daily News and Analysis'', 23 June 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926175444/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_indian-navy-fastens-its-seatbelt-for-light-combat-aircraft-tejas_1400112 |date=26 September 2012}}</ref> IAF ordered 20 additional Tejas fighters after the defence acquisition council cleared the plan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air force to get 20 more Tejas fighter aircraft, says Antony|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/07/06211749/Air-force-to-get-20-more-Tejas.html?atype=tp|date=7 July 2010|publisher=livemint.com|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510085733/http://www.livemint.com/2010/07/06211749/Air-force-to-get-20-more-Tejas.html?atype=tp|archivedate=10 May 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In December 2014 the LCA Navy successfully conducted ski-jump trials at SBTF Goa. The navy variant has a special flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off relieving the pilot workload, as the aircraft leaps from the ramp and automatically puts the aircraft in an ascending trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCA Navy all set for ski-jump trials at SBTF Goa|url=http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/08/lca-navy-all-set-for-ski-jump-trials-at-sbtf-goa/|date=8 Dec 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208152136/http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/08/lca-navy-all-set-for-ski-jump-trials-at-sbtf-goa/|archivedate=8 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113845|title=Print Release|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226001905/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113845|archivedate=26 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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In November 2010, it was reported that the Tejas Mk1 reportedly fell short of the relaxed Air Staff Requirements stipulated for limited series production (LSP) aircraft. The areas that did not meet requirements were power to weight ratio, sustained turning rate, maximum speeds at low altitudes, AoA range, and weapon delivery profiles; the extent of the deficiencies was classified.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCA Tejas |url=http://sentinel.sawfnews.com/air-force-projects/fighters/lca-tejas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130192348/http://sentinel.sawfnews.com/air-force-projects/fighters/lca-tejas |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=sawfnews.com |accessdate=30 June 2014 |df= }}</ref> |
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On 9 March 2012, LSP-7 took to its maiden flight from HAL airport.<ref name="timeline"/> The Naval LCA made its first flight, almost two years after being rolled out, on 27 April 2012.<ref name="First flight">Kumar, Chethan. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html "LCA naval variant's first flight on Friday."] ''Deccan Herald'', 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190045/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> |
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In September 2011, weapon tests, including bombing runs, begun at Pokhran range, to be followed by missile tests at Goa.<ref>Anandan, S. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2470918.ece "Key Tejas weapon trials begin in Jaisalmer."] ''The Hindu'' (Kochi, India), 20 September 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201100516/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2470918.ece |date=1 December 2012}}</ref> On 27 June 2012, three Tejas (LSP 2, 3 and 5) aircraft completed precision bombing runs in the desert of [[Rajasthan]], having deployed laser-guided 1,000 lb bombs and unguided bombs.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=yJ5uzfHKFcU= |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140702121404/http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=yJ5uzfHKFcU= |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2 July 2014 |title= LCA Completes Successful Bombing Runs |newspaper= Defence news |place= [[India|IN]] |accessdate= 17 September 2012}} </ref> The Tejas had completed 1,941 flights by July 2012.<ref name="ADA_news">{{Cite web|title=Flight Test News|url=http://www.ada.gov.in/archives.htm|publisher=Aeronautical Development Agency|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019132559/http://www.ada.gov.in/archives.htm|archivedate=19 October 2013|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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In the later half of 2012, the Tejas was grounded for over three months due to a serious safety issue with the pilot's helmets, which extended above the ejection seats, potentially prevented smooth ejection by striking the canopy before the latter was blown off. Flight tests resumed in November 2012 after the ejection systems were modified in response.<ref>Shukla, Ajai. [http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html "After three months on ground, combat aircraft Tejas resumes test flight."] ''Business Standard'', 27 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203194937/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html |date=3 February 2013}}</ref> LSP 8 had a successful maiden test flight on 31 March 2013,<ref name="TejasLSP8">[http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1525259.ece "Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight."] ''The New Indian Express'', 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023144537/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1525259.ece |date=23 October 2013}}</ref> and the programme had completed 2,418 test flights by 27 November 2013.<ref name="ADA_news"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/indias-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-completes-2400-sorties-49909/ |title= India's Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Completes 2,400 Sorties |date= 12 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105312/http://www.defencetalk.com/indias-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-completes-2400-sorties-49909/ |archivedate= 24 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> On 31 March 2013, LSP-8 took to its maiden flight from HAL airport.<ref name="timeline"/> On 8 November 2014, PV-6(KH-T2010), a trainer variant, completed its first test flight.<ref name="defenceradar.com">{{Cite web|title=HAL successfully tested LCA Tejas PV-6|url=http://defenceradar.com/2014/11/08/hal-successfully-tested-lca-tejas-pv-6/|date=8 November 2014|publisher=defenceradar.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108174324/http://defenceradar.com/2014/11/08/hal-successfully-tested-lca-tejas-pv-6/|archivedate=8 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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Out of a total of 35 major [[avionics]] components and [[line-replaceable unit]]s (LRUs), only three involve foreign systems.<ref name="db16j">[http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20110110_operational_oneView.html "Tejas LCA exports likely after operational induction."] Domain-b.com. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019073040/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20110110_operational_oneView.html |date=19 October 2013}}</ref> These are the [[multi-function display]]s (MFDs) by Sextant (France) and [[Elbit Systems|Elbit]] (Israel),<ref name="frontier">{{cite news|title=Light Combat Aircraft-Tejas Testing|url=http://frontierindia.net/light-combat-aircraft-tejas-testing|accessdate=10 December 2013|newspaper=Frontier India|date=24 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220092934/http://frontierindia.net/light-combat-aircraft-tejas-testing/|archivedate=20 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the helmet-mounted display and sight (HMDS) cueing system by Elbit,<ref name="frontier"/> and the laser pod supplied by [[RAFAEL Armament Development Authority|Rafael]] (Israel).<ref name=DID_LCA_Tejas>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-lca-tejas-by-2010-but-foreign-help-sought-with-engine-01901/ |title=LCA Tejas: An Indian Fighter – With Foreign Help |date=13 August 2013 |work=Defense Industry Daily |accessdate=30 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911034459/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-lca-tejas-by-2010-but-foreign-help-sought-with-engine-01901/ |archivedate=11 September 2013}}</ref> Production aircraft are expected to have MFDs from Indian suppliers. A few important items of equipment (such as the Martin-Baker ejection seat) have been imported.<ref name="db16j"/> As a consequence of the embargo imposed on India after its [[Pokhran-II|nuclear weapons tests]] in May 1998, many items originally planned to be imported were instead developed locally; these sanctions contributed to the prolonged delays suffered by the LCA.<ref name="db16j"/> |
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===Operational clearance=== |
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[[File:Tejas Aerobatics.webm|thumb|HAL Tejas at [[Aero India]] 2015]] |
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On 10 January 2011, IOC, allowing IAF pilots to fly the Tejas, was awarded by Defence Minister [[A K Antony]] to Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal P V Naik. The IAF plans to raise the first squadron in Bangalore to iron out issues with ADA and HAL, and eventually base these fighters at [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]] in the southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="dna_tejas">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-combat-aircraft-flies-with-near-full-gear_1374851 "Light combat aircraft flies with near-full gear."] ''Daily News and Analysis'', 23 April 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003024530/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_light-combat-aircraft-flies-with-near-full-gear_1374851 |date=3 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="hindu_tejas">Prasad, K. V. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece "Tejas gets Initial Operational Clearance."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232600/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> In October 2011, Tejas' Final Operational Clearance (FOC) was reportedly delayed from December 2012 until mid-2013 or later.<ref>Pandit, Rajat. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tejas-wont-become-fully-operational-before-2013/articleshow/10237574.cms "Tejas won't become fully operational before 2013."] ''The Times of India'', 5 October 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005162547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tejas-wont-become-fully-operational-before-2013/articleshow/10237574.cms |date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>Rajat, Pandit. [http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-24/news/31838913_1_combat-aircraft-tejas-operational-clearance-tejas-jets "UPA's major goof up: Tejas inducted."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |date=5 April 2016 }} ''The Economic Times'', 24 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</ref> In mid-2012, some sources claimed that the aircraft would not reach FOC and become fully combat capable until 2015.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-25k-cr-Tejas-wont-be-ready-before-2015/articleshow/15084982.cms "Rs 25k cr Tejas won’t be ready before 2015."] ''The Times of India'', 22 July 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722122250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-25k-cr-Tejas-wont-be-ready-before-2015/articleshow/15084982.cms |date=22 July 2012}}</ref> This was later pushed to June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tejas-inches-closer-to-foc-crucial-trials-coming-up-final-operational-clearance-1.1629819|title=Tejas inches closer to FOC; crucial trials coming up|last=M|first=By Anantha Krishnan|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-03-07|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308134032/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/tejas-inches-closer-to-foc-crucial-trials-coming-up-final-operational-clearance-1.1629819|archivedate=8 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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HAL was instructed by the Indian government to strictly adhere to deadlines to ensure Initial Operational Clearance-II by the end of 2013 and Final Operational Clearance (FOC) by the end of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCA Project |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=97659 |date=5 August 2013 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India. |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034224/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=97659 |archivedate=29 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}}</ref> On 20 December 2013, the IOC-II was issued, after which the aircraft was cleared to be flown by regular IAF pilots and begin induction into squadron service. The first squadron of 18 to 20 Tejas will be based at [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="ect27604580">{{cite news |title=Air Chief NAK Browne reviews proposed first base for Tejas LCA |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/news/45338459_1_air-chief-nak-browne-tejas-lca-air-base |accessdate=19 December 2013 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=18 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Qrg8jtiU?url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/news/45338459_1_air-chief-nak-browne-tejas-lca-air-base |archivedate=6 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> and it will work to achieve FOC by December 2014.<ref name="bs9d13">{{cite news|title=Tejas LCA sprints towards IAF's frontline squadron|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tejas-lca-sprints-towards-iaf-s-frontline-squadron-113120900025_1.html|accessdate=10 December 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213112954/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tejas-lca-sprints-towards-iaf-s-frontline-squadron-113120900025_1.html |archivedate= 13 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> To fulfill the IOC-II standard, the aircraft was certified to carry close to three tons of weapons which include laser-guided 500 kg bombs and short-range [[R-73 (missile)|R-73 missile]]s,<ref>{{cite news|title=30 years in the making, Tejas aircraft finally gets initial operational clearance|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/30-years-in-the-making-Tejas-aircraft-finally-gets-initial-operational-clearance/articleshow/27679437.cms|accessdate=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221033216/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/30-years-in-the-making-Tejas-aircraft-finally-gets-initial-operational-clearance/articleshow/27679437.cms |archivedate= 21 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas Fires Missile, Clears Final Test; Big Step in Bangalore on December 20|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|accessdate=20 December 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=8 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223033405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece |archivedate= 23 December 2013}}</ref> reach top speeds of 1,350 km per hour, withstand turns up to 7 g, reach [[angle of attack]] of 24 degrees (from 17 degrees initially), and have an operational radius of 400–500 km.<ref name="thin9143">{{cite news|title=Tejas all set to get certification for IAF induction|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|accessdate=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174030/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece |archivedate= 20 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="ttoi70358">{{cite news|title=Key test for indigenous light combat aircraft Tejas today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Key-test-for-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-Tejas-today/articleshow/27670358.cms|accessdate=20 December 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Key-test-for-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-Tejas-today/articleshow/27670358.cms|archivedate=8 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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To obtain FOC, the fighter will have to be certified for six more criteria. Integration of [[Rafael Derby|Derby]] and [[Python (missile)|Python]] [[BVR]] missiles weighing 150 kg, with a range of 70 km, as well as a [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]] gun will be undertaken. An air-to-air refuelling probe supplied by Cobham will be added. The [[angle of attack]] will be increased from 24 to 28 degrees,<ref name=thin9143/> the braking system will be enhanced, and the existing nose cone radome made of composites will be replaced by a quartz model in a bid to increase the current radar range of 45–50 km to more than 80 km. These modifications are expected to be completed within 15 months of IOC-II.<ref name=bs9d13/><ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas Needs to Cross 6 Milestones in 15 Months|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Tejas-Needs-to-Cross-6-Milestones-in-15-Months/2013/12/19/article1953330.ece|accessdate=19 December 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=19 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223031837/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Tejas-Needs-to-Cross-6-Milestones-in-15-Months/2013/12/19/article1953330.ece |archivedate= 23 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> In order to expand the flight envelope to meet service requirements, the programme enlisted assistance from EADS.<ref>{{cite news|title=Failure of Indian LCA Tejas|url=http://dailymailnews.com/1210/01/Editorial_Column/DMEditorial.php|date=1 December 2010|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602112036/http://dailymailnews.com/1210/01/Editorial_Column/DMEditorial.php|archivedate=2 June 2012}}</ref> |
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The Final Operational Clearance (FOC) campaign began in December 2013, with three aircraft from Tejas flight-line successfully completing advanced weapon trials. The campaign was held in Jamnagar. New weapons were integrated on the aircraft.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news |title=Advanced Weapon Trials of Tejas Fighter Completed |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed/2014/05/29/article2250943.ece |date=29 May 2014 |work=New Indian Express |accessdate=30 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QirjQu7N?url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed/2014/05/29/article2250943.ece |archivedate=30 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> As part of the FOC, the aircraft is being readied for all-weather trials in Bangalore and in Gwalior. Tejas took its maiden flight in January 2001, and by December 2013, it had completed 2,587 sorties covering over 1,750 hours.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> In July 2014, the FOC was pushed back as six or more aircraft were needed for testing and only one had been produced then.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140720/DEFREG03/307200009 |title=India's 20-Year Late LCA Faces Fresh Delays |last1=RAGHUVANSHI |first1=VIVEK |date=20 July 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |accessdate=20 July 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |archivedate=5 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tejas received IOC-II clearance on 17 January 2015 and the FOC was expected by year's end for induction in the Indian Air Force,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tejas-lca-hal-manohar-parrikar-anup-raha-ada-defence-ministry/1/413831.html|title=Indian Air Force finally gets Tejas, the 'Made in India' Light Combat Aircraft, after a wait of 32 years|publisher=|accessdate=6 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223923/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tejas-lca-hal-manohar-parrikar-anup-raha-ada-defence-ministry/1/413831.html|archivedate=6 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but has been further pushed down to end of 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/surprise-indias-new-fighter-jet-faces-more-delays/ |title=Surprise: India's New Fighter Jet Faces More Delays |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=24 July 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |accessdate=23 July 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072432/http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/surprise-indias-new-fighter-jet-faces-more-delays/ |archivedate=24 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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In May 2015, the Mark I aircraft was criticized by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) for not meeting IAF requirements, such as a lack of a two-seat trainer, electronic warfare capabilities, the Radar Warning Receiver/Counter Measure Dispensing System, weight increases, reduced internal fuel capacity, non-compliance of fuel system protection, forward-facing pilot protection, and reduced speed. Most of these issues are expected to be rectified in the future Mark II version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/governments-auditor-faults-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-project-says-it-fails-to-meet-air-forces-need-761618|title=Government Auditor Faults Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Project, Says it Fails to Meet Air Force's Needs|date=8 May 2015|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=13 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055752/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/governments-auditor-faults-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-project-says-it-fails-to-meet-air-forces-need-761618|archivedate=12 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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In October 2015, IAF Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha confirmed that the air force had ordered 120 (six squadrons) of Tejas Mark 1A, triple the 40 aircraft it had previously committed to buying. NDTV reported that IAF agreed to accept 40 aircraft even though the CAG had found serious operational shortfalls, including engine thrust, weight and pilot protection in front against 7.62 mm rifle calibre ammunition. The IAF agreed to accept the flawed Tejas to keep the programme alive; the DRDO and HAL promised an improved Tejas Mark 1A version; changes to the ballast and landing gear will reduce its weight by 1,000 kg and the delivery will begin by 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/despite-flaws-india-to-induct-tejas-mark-1a-fighter-1224355 |title=Despite Flaws, India to Induct Tejas Mark 1-A Fighter Aircraft |last1=Sen |first1=Sudhi Ranjan |date=30 September 2015 |website=ndtv.com |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001141228/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/despite-flaws-india-to-induct-tejas-mark-1a-fighter-1224355 |archivedate=1 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/indias-air-force-will-field-42-combat-squadrons-by-2027/ |title=India's Air Force Will Field 42 Combat Squadrons by 2027 |last1=Franz |first1=Stefan Gady |date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Diplomat |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008062801/http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/indias-air-force-will-field-42-combat-squadrons-by-2027/ |archivedate=8 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tejas Mark 1A shall also have electronic warfare equipment, better air to air capability, aerial refueling and improved ease of maintenance.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-chief-expects-full-strength-of-42-squadrons-by-2027-115100500037_1.html |title= Indian Air Force chief expects full strength of 42 squadrons by 2027 |date= 5 October 2015 |last1= Shukla |first1= Ajai |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151006152422/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-chief-expects-full-strength-of-42-squadrons-by-2027-115100500037_1.html |archivedate= 6 October 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> |
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In February 2016, LSP-7 test-fired the BVRAAM [[Derby (missile)|Derby missile]] on a BNG (Ballistic Non Guided) mode in Jamnagar as part of its scheduled weapon trials. These weapon trials are part of the Final Operational Clearance (FOC) mandate. It was the 169th flight of LSP-7 and was piloted by Group Capt Rangachari of National Flight Test Centre. The aircraft is also scheduled to fire a Close Combat Missile (CCM) [[Python (missile)|Python-5 missile]] as part of the FOC trails. The LSP-7 along with LSP-4 were part of Indian flying assets at the Bahrain International Air Show (BIAS-2016).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tejas fires Derby missile in Jamnagar|url = http://www.oneindia.com/india/tejas-fires-derby-missile-jamnagar-2004665.html|website = www.oneindia.com|access-date = 2016-02-06|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206080815/http://www.oneindia.com/india/tejas-fires-derby-missile-jamnagar-2004665.html|archivedate = 6 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref> |
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On 26 February 2016, [[Manohar Parrikar|Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar]] said in the [[Lok Sabha]] that the [[Indian Air Force]] will accept three to four Tejas this year and stand up a total of eight squadrons in eight years. He also said, "We are also in the process of approving the second line of manufacturing to the HAL so that they can produce 16 aircraft per year."<ref>{{Cite web |title = IAF to induct 8 squadrons 'Tejas' in 8 years: Manohar Parrikar |url = http://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-induct-8-squadrons-tejas-in-8-years-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/51155948.cms |publisher = The Economic Times |date = 26 February 2016 |accessdate = 28 February 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309180408/http://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-induct-8-squadrons-tejas-in-8-years-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/51155948.cms |archivedate = 9 March 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> On 7 November 2016, Parrikar approved procurement of 83 Tejas for the IAF, at a cost of {{INRConvert|50025|c|0|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="launch_squadron">{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/indian-air-force-get-83-tejas-mk-1-light-combat-aircraft |title=Indian Air Force To Get 83 Tejas Mk. 1-A Light Combat Aircraft |date=8 November 2016 |last=Menon |first=Jay |work=[[Aviation Week]] |accessdate=5 Mar 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306135537/http://aviationweek.com/awindefense/indian-air-force-get-83-tejas-mk-1-light-combat-aircraft |archivedate=6 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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In December 2016, the [[Indian Navy]] announced that the fighter is overweight, and they will look for other alternatives.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-rejects-Tejas-says-overweight-fighter-does-not-meet-its-requirements/articleshow/55756350.cms|title=Navy rejects Tejas, says 'overweight' fighter does not meet its requirements|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=27 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206075145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-rejects-Tejas-says-overweight-fighter-does-not-meet-its-requirements/articleshow/55756350.cms|archivedate=6 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|title=Indian Navy rejects naval version of Tejas LCA, seeks alternative – IHS Jane's 360|work=janes.com|accessdate=27 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075020/http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Indian Navy eventually issued an RFI for 57 naval multirole fighters.<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca |title=India seeks new naval fighter to replace rejected Tejas LCA |access-date=23 February 2017 |work=IHS Jane's 360 |publication-date=26 January 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131630/http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca |archivedate=24 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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On 12 May 2017, Tejas successfully demonstrated an Air-to-Air Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missile firing capability by releasing Derby Air-to-Air BVR missile in RADAR guided mode.The missile launch was performed in lock-on after launch mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsindias-tejas-aircraft-conducts-test-firing-of-derby-air-to-air-bvr-missile-5813367|title=India's Tejas aircraft conducts test-firing of Derby air-to-air BVR missile|website=airforce-technology.com|accessdate=15 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516183717/http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsindias-tejas-aircraft-conducts-test-firing-of-derby-air-to-air-bvr-missile-5813367|archivedate=16 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The missile destroyed its manoeuvrable aerial target with pinpoint precision at the Interim Test Range, Chandipur in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tejas-successfully-test-fires-derby-air-to-air-beyond-visual-range-missile/1/952546.html|title=Tejas successfully test-fires derby air-to-air beyond visual range missile|website=intoday.in|accessdate=15 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517052720/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tejas-successfully-test-fires-derby-air-to-air-beyond-visual-range-missile/1/952546.html|archivedate=17 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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As of 22 December 2017, the Tejas fleet has flown 3,710 test sorties and 6,000 hours without any accidents.<ref>https://www.ada.gov.in/</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2017|reason=No mention of operational hours or accident-free flights}} |
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==Design== |
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===Overview=== |
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The Tejas is a single-engine multirole fighter which features a tailless, [[compound delta]] wing and is designed with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability. Originally intended to serve as an air superiority aircraft with a secondary ground-attack role, its flexibility permits a variety of guided air-to-surface and anti-shipping weapons to be integrated for multirole and multimission capabilities.<ref name="ttcdw">{{cite web|title=LCA Tejas Technology – Compound Delta Wing|url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/technology/compound_delta_wing.html|publisher=Tejas.gov.in|accessdate=9 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017225529/http://www.tejas.gov.in/technology/compound_delta_wing.html |archivedate= 17 October 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The tailless, compound-delta planform is designed to be small and lightweight.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCA and its Features|url=http://www.ada.gov.in/activities/lca/lca.html|publisher=ada.gov.in|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709192809/http://www.ada.gov.in/activities/lca/lca.html|archivedate=9 July 2010|deadurl=yes}}</ref> This platform also minimises the control surfaces needed (no [[tailplane]]s or foreplanes, just a single vertical tailfin), permits carriage of a wider range of external stores, and confers better close-combat, high-speed, and [[Angle of attack|high-alpha]] performance characteristics than comparable cruciform-wing designs. Extensive wind tunnel testing on scale models and complex [[computational fluid dynamics]] analyses have optimised the aerodynamic configuration for minimum supersonic [[Wave drag|drag]], a low [[wing loading|wing-loading]], and high rates of roll and pitch.<ref name=ttcdw/> |
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[[File:Tejas air force grey.JPG|thumb|left|PV-3 in [[Indian Air Force]] grey camouflage pattern]] |
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The maximum payload capability of Tejas is {{convert|4000|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/555511/lca-tejas-par-contemporaries.html|title='LCA Tejas on a par with contemporaries'|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2016-07-02|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827222158/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/555511/lca-tejas-par-contemporaries.html|archivedate=27 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All weapons are carried on one or more of seven hardpoints with total capacity of greater than 4,000 kg: three stations under each wing and one on the under-[[fuselage]] centreline. An eighth offset station beneath the port-side [[intake]] trunk can carry a variety of pods like [[Forward looking infrared|FLIR]], [[Infra-red search and track|IRST]], [[laser designator|laser rangefinder/designator]], as can the centreline under-fuselage station and inboard pairs of wing stations.<ref name=asw26j/><ref name="aft13"/><ref name="fnf10j11">[http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/3345/tejas-given-initial-operational-clearance.htm "Tejas given Initial Operational Clearance."] Facenfacts.com, 10 January 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204004810/http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/3345/tejas-given-initial-operational-clearance.htm |date=4 February 2014}}</ref> Auxiliary fuel tanks of 800 and 1,200 litres can be carried under the fuselage to extend range. An [[aerial refuelling]] probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage can further extend range and endurance.<ref name="naval-tech"/> RAFAEL's Derby fire-and-forget missile will serve as the Tejas' initial medium range air-air armament.<ref name=DID_LCA_Tejas/> The [[Brahmos|Brahmos NG]] supersonic [[cruise missile]] is being developed for the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/4744-government-open-making-brahmos-ng|title=Government open to making BrahMos-NG|date=21 May 2016|work=sundayguardianlive.com|accessdate=1 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526055028/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/4744-government-open-making-brahmos-ng|archivedate=26 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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[[Stealth technology|Stealth]] features have been designed into Tejas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Advantage India: Why DRDO claims that LCA Tejas is the 'best in its class' |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news/45417924_1_tejas-lca-combat-aircraft-drdo |accessdate=20 December 2013 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 December 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |archivedate=5 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Being small provides an inherent degree of visual stealth, the airframe's high usage of composites (which do not reflect radar waves), a Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor face from probing radar waves, and the application of [[radar-absorbent material]] (RAM) coatings are intended to minimise its susceptibility to detection and tracking.<ref name=dmb10j11/> |
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Although two-seat variants are planned, the examples built to date are crewed by a single pilot on a [[Martin-Baker]] [[zero-zero ejection seat]]; a locally developed ejection seat is planned for future installation.<ref>Harry, B. [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_418.shtml "Report from DEFEXPO-2004."] ''ACIG.org.'' Retrieved: 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029012723/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_418.shtml |date=29 October 2013}}</ref> |
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DRDO integrated a indigenous CSS or canopy severance system in Tejas.It allows pilot to eject safely in distress situation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=canopy-severance-system.jsp|title=Canopy Severance System- Canopy Severance System of Fighter Aircraft DRDO|website=www.drdo.gov.in|accessdate=16 December 2017}}</ref> |
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===Airframe=== |
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[[File:LCA Composites.jpg|thumb|Composites in the LCA]] |
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The LCA is constructed of [[aluminium-lithium alloy]]s, [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|carbon-fibre composites]] (C-FC), and [[titanium alloy]] steels. The Tejas employs C-FC materials for up to 45% of its airframe by weight, including in the [[fuselage]] (doors and skins), wings (skin, spars and ribs), [[elevon]]s, [[Vertical stabiliser|tailfin]], [[rudder]], [[Air brake (aircraft)|air brakes]] and [[landing gear]] doors.<ref name="aeromag13">{{cite journal|title=LCA Tejas – The sky is not the limit|journal=Aeromag Asia|date=January–February 2013|volume=VII|issue=1|pages=12–13|url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/AM%201-%202013.pdf|accessdate=10 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831050520/http://nal.res.in/pdf/AM%201-%202013.pdf|archivedate=31 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Composite material]]s are used to make an aircraft both lighter and stronger at the same time compared to an all-metal design, and the LCA's percentage employment of C-FCs is one of the highest among contemporary aircraft of its class.<ref>Harry, B. [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_521.shtml "Radiance of the Tejas (2 Parts)."] ''Vayu Aerospace & Defence Review'', Vol. I, February 2005; Vol. II, April 2005. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223122/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_521.shtml |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Apart from making the plane much lighter, there are also fewer [[joint]]s or [[rivet]]s, which increases the aircraft's reliability and lowers its susceptibility to structural [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] cracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=LCA Tejas Technology – Composite Materials|url=http://www.tejas.gov.in/technology/composite_materials.html|publisher=Tejas.gov.in|accessdate=9 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017230019/http://www.tejas.gov.in/technology/composite_materials.html |archivedate= 17 October 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The wing and fin of the compound-delta aircraft are of [[carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer]], and were designed to provide a minimum weight structure and to serve as integral fuel tanks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Aircraft Directory Part 2|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/military-aircraft-directory-part-2-55008/|accessdate=9 December 2013|publisher=Flightglobal|date=11 August 1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212092945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/military-aircraft-directory-part-2-55008/ |archivedate= 12 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Structure – Carbon Fibre Composite Wings|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/oct04/structure.html|publisher=DRDO|accessdate=9 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044825/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/oct04/structure.html |archivedate= 12 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The tailfin is a monolithic [[honeycomb structure]] piece, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to the "subtractive" or "deductive" method, involving the carving out of a block of titanium alloy by a computerised [[Numerical control|numerically controlled machine]]. No other manufacturer is known to have made fins out of a single piece.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dreams lighten in LCA.|url=http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|date=16 February 2001|work=Prakash, Sqn. Ldr. B.G.|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304212249/http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|archivedate=4 March 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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The use of composites resulted in a 40% reduction in the total number of parts, including half the number of [[fastener]]s required, compared to a metallic frame design. The composite design also helped to avoid about 2,000 holes being drilled into the airframe. Overall, the aircraft's weight is lowered by 21%. While each of these factors can reduce production costs, an additional benefit — and significant cost savings — is realised in the shorter time required to assemble the aircraft — seven months for the LCA as opposed to 11 months using an all-metal airframe.<ref name="SpaceTransport">{{Cite web|title=Aircraft: LCA.|url=http://www.geocities.com/spacetransport/aircraft-lca.html|date=19 August 2002|publisher=Space Transport|accessdate=July 6, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027075549/http://www.geocities.com/spacetransport/aircraft-lca.html|archivedate=27 October 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The wing-shielded, side-mounted bifurcated, fixed-geometry [[intake|Y-duct]] air [[intake]]s with [[splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]],<ref name="aft13">{{cite web|title=Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter, India|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/|publisher=Airforce-Technology.com|accessdate=10 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516000000/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |archivedate= 16 May 2013 |deadurl=no}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}</ref> can ensure buzz-free air supply into the engine compressor for thrust generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLOW CONTROL IN Y-SHAPED AIR-INTAKES USING VORTEX GENERATORS |url=http://www.me.iitb.ac.in/~fmfp/FMFP%20PROC/fp_05.pdf |date=16–18 December 2010 |work=Proceedings of the 37th National & 4th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power |accessdate=1 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QjpTkcUr?url=http://www.me.iitb.ac.in/%7Efmfp/FMFP%20PROC/fp_05.pdf |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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[[File:AeroIndia-09 HAL Tejas.jpg|thumb|left|A Tejas at Aero-India 2009]] |
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The airframe of the naval variant will be modified with a nose droop to provide improved view during landing approach, and wing [[leading edge]] [[Leading-edge extension|vortex controllers]] (LEVCON) to increase lift during approach.<ref name=htejfa/> The LEVCONs are control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge and thus afford better low-speed handling for the LCA, which would otherwise be slightly hampered due to the increased drag that results from its delta-wing design. As an added benefit, the LEVCONs will also increase controllability at high [[Angle of attack|angles of attack]] (AoA).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jebakumar|first=S.K.|title=Aircraft Performance Improvements – A Practical Approach|journal=DRDO Science Spectrum|date=March 2009|pages=4–11|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/dss/2009/main/2-CEMILAC.pdf|accessdate=9 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228185350/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/dss/2009/main/2-CEMILAC.pdf|archivedate=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The naval Tejas will also have a strengthened spine, a longer and stronger [[Landing gear|undercarriage]], and powered nose wheel steering for deck manoeuvrability.<ref name=DID_LCA_Tejas/><ref name="Wollen">Wollen, M. S. D., Air Marshal (Retd.) [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/wollen.html "The Light Combat Aircraft Story."] ''Bharat Rakshak Monitor'', March–April 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160736/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/wollen.html |date=11 October 2012}}</ref> The Tejas trainer variant will have "aerodynamic commonality" with the two-seat naval aircraft design.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Fighters/Tejas/Trainer/KHT2009.jpg.html "KH T 2009."]''Aeronautical Development Agency''. Retrieved 24 September 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214020134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Fighters/Tejas/Trainer/KHT2009.jpg.html |date=14 December 2013}}</ref> |
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===Avionics=== |
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The Tejas has a [[night vision goggles]] (NVG)-compatible "[[glass cockpit]]", dominated by an CSIR-CSIO domestically-developed head-up display (HUD), three 5 in x 5 in multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Display Units (SSDU), and a "get-you-home" panel providing the pilot with essential flight information in case of an emergency. The displays provide information on key flight systems and controls on a need-to-know basis, along with basic flight and tactical data. The pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multifunctional keyboard and several selection panels.<ref name=aeromag13/> The CSIO-developed HUD, [[Elbit Systems|Elbit]]-furnished [[Display And Sight Helmet|DASH]] helmet-mounted display and sight (HMDS),<ref name="frontier"/> and [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls reduce pilot workload and increase [[Situational awareness|situation awareness]] by allowing access to navigation and weapon-aiming information with minimal need to spend time "head down" in the cockpit.<ref name="aft13"/><ref name=dmb10j11/> |
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The first 20 production Tejas Mk1 equipped with hybrid version of the [[EL/M-2032]] radar. It features look-up/[[look-down/shoot-down]] modes, low/medium/high [[pulse repetition frequency|pulse repetition frequencies]] (PRF), platform motion compensation, [[Synthetic aperture radar#Doppler-beam sharpening|doppler beam-sharpening]], [[moving target indication]](MTI), Doppler filtering, [[constant false alarm rate]] (CFAR) detection, range-Doppler ambiguity resolution, [[scan conversion]], and online diagnostics to identify faulty processor modules.<ref name="dmb10j11">{{cite news|title=Tejas LCA exports likely after operational induction news|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20110110_operational_oneView.html|accessdate=10 December 2013|newspaper=Domain-b|date=10 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019073040/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20110110_operational_oneView.html |archivedate= 19 October 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The Tejas Mark IA will be equipped with an improved version of the [[EL/M-2052|EL/M-2052 AESA radar]] being developed jointly by [[Elta]] and HAL.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cutting-edge-israeli-radar-wins-air-force-approval-for-tejas-fighter-115102500749_1.html|title=Cutting-edge Israeli radar wins air force approval for Tejas fighter|author=Ajai Shukla|date=25 October 2015|work=business-standard.com|accessdate=28 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027231855/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cutting-edge-israeli-radar-wins-air-force-approval-for-tejas-fighter-115102500749_1.html|archivedate=27 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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The [[electronic warfare]] suite is designed to enhance combat [[survivability]] during deep penetration. The EW suite is developed by the [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE) with support from the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] (DLRL). This EW suite, known as ''Mayavi'', includes a [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR), [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) and a [[Laser warning receiver]] (LWR) system, Infrared & Ultraviolet Missile warning sensors, [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]], chaff, jaff and flares dispenser, an electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite and a towed radar decoy (TRD). In the interim, the Indian Ministry of Defence has revealed that an unspecified number of EW suites had been purchased from Israel's [[Elisra]] for the LCA prototypes.<ref name="s95ns">{{cite news|title=India orders over one hundred SIGMA 95 navigation systems from Sagem|url=http://www.sagem.com/spip.php?article234&lang=en|accessdate=10 December 2013|newspaper=Sagem|date=19 February 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213211754/http://www.sagem.com/spip.php?article234&lang=en|archivedate=13 December 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="idsa71rs">{{cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Rikeesh|title=Transformation of Indian Naval Aviation Post New Inductions|journal=Journal of Defence Studies, [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|date=January–March 2013|volume=7|issue=1|page=42|url=http://idsa.in/system/files/jds_7_1_RikeeshSharma.pdf|accessdate=10 December 2013|issn=0976-1004|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213001214/http://idsa.in/system/files/jds_7_1_RikeeshSharma.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Raghuvanshi, Vivek. [http://www.rantburg.com/poparticle.php?D=2006-07-24&ID=160695&HC=3 "India, Israel Propose Joint Electronic Warfare Venture."] ''Rantburg'', 24 July 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202142644/http://www.rantburg.com/poparticle.php?D=2006-07-24&ID=160695&HC=3 |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> |
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Tejas is also to be equippable with an [[Infra-red search and track]] (IRST) sensor, which can detect and track thermal energy emissions.<ref name=aeromag13/><ref>[http://www.deagel.com/Aircraft-Warners-and-Sensors/ELM-2032_a001228001.aspx "EL/M-2032."] Deagel.com. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212193245/http://www.deagel.com/Aircraft-Warners-and-Sensors/ELM-2032_a001228001.aspx |date=12 December 2013}}</ref> This system shall be pod-based, additional sensor pods are to include a Drop tanks for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time, FLIR targeting pod, ECM pods, [[Flare]]s/Infrared decoys dispenser pod and chaff pod, EO/IR sensor pod, [[LITENING]] targeting pods [[Forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) sensor, and a [[laser designator]]/[[laser rangefinder]], which can be used in various capacities, including [[reconnaissance]], training, or attack.<ref name=asw26j /><ref name="aft13"/><ref name="fnf10j11"/> |
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===Flight controls=== |
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[[File:Tejas inverted pass.jpg|thumb|right|A Tejas conducting an inverted pass]] |
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Since the Tejas is a [[relaxed static stability]] design, it is equipped with a quadruplex [[Fly-by-wire|digital fly-by-wire flight control system]] to ease pilot handling.<ref>Iype, George. [http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/05spec.htm rediff.com "Will the LCA fly?"] Rediff.com, 5 December 2000. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508054047/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/05spec.htm |date=8 May 2013}}</ref> The Tejas aerodynamic configuration is based on a pure delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted [[wing]]s. Its [[Flight control surfaces|control surfaces]] are all hydraulically actuated. The wing's outer leading edge incorporates three-section [[Leading edge slats|slats]], while the inboard sections have additional slats to generate [[vortex lift]] over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the [[Vertical stabiliser|tail fin]] to enhance high-AoA stability and prevent departure from controlled flight. The wing trailing edge is occupied by two-segment [[elevon]]s to provide [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll control]]. The only [[empennage]]-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece [[Rudder#Aircraft rudders|rudder]] and two [[Air brake (aircraft)|airbrakes]] located in the upper rear part of the fuselage, one each on either side of the fin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aircraft digital flight-control: Airplane cockpit control |url=http://aviationonline.info/aircraft-digital-flight-control-airplane-cockpit/ |date=28 December 2013 |publisher=aviationonline.info |accessdate=1 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QkJfjjCA?url=http://aviationonline.info/aircraft-digital-flight-control-airplane-cockpit/ |archivedate=1 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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===Propulsion=== |
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[[File:GE F404 engine.jpg|thumb|A [[General Electric F404]] engine during ground testing]] |
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Early on, it was decided to equip prototype aircraft with the [[General Electric F404|General Electric F404-GE-F2J3]] [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] engine while a program to develop a domestic powerplant led by the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] was launched.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejas – India's Light Combat Aircraft |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/boyz-toyz/ships-and-planes/tejas-indias-light-combat-aircraft-91129-9.html |date=July 25, 2013 |work=Indiatimes |publisher=India Times |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QrWFMpPg?url=http://www.indiatimes.com/boyz-toyz/ships-and-planes/tejas-indias-light-combat-aircraft-91129-9.html |archivedate=6 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> In 1998, after Indian nuclear tests, US sanctions blocked sales of the F404, leading to a greater emphasis on the domestic [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|''Kaveri'']]. In 2004, General Electric was awarded a US$105 million contract for 17 uprated F404-GE-IN20 engines to power the eight pre-production LSP aircraft and two naval prototypes;<ref name="geaviation">{{Cite web |title=F404-GE-IN20 Engines Ordered for India Light Combat Aircraft |url=http://www.geaviation.com/press/military/military_20070207.html |date=February 7, 2007 |publisher=GE Aviation |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QrZbYDZs?url=http://www.geaviation.com/press/military/military_20070207.html |archivedate=6 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> deliveries began in 2006.<ref name="Reddi">{{Cite web|title=Fraud of Light Combat Aircraft – Tejas & Kaveris |url=http://www.manamlagaru.com/columnists.php?col_id=750 |date=23 January 2013 |work=Brig. (retd.) GB Reddi |publisher=manamlagaru.com |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233035/http://www.manamlagaru.com/columnists.php?col_id=750 |archivedate=14 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}}</ref> In 2007, a follow-on order for 24 F404-IN20 engines to power the first operational Tejas squadron was issued.<ref name="geaviation"/> |
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Cost overruns and delays were encountered in the Kaveri's development.<ref name="JAE2006">Gunston, Bill (Ed.) (June 15, 2006). "GTRE Kaveri" in ''Jane's Aero-Engines'', Issue 14. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited. {{ISBN|0-7106-1405-5}}.</ref> In mid-2004, the ''Kaveri'' failed high-altitude tests in Russia, ruling out it powering the first production Tejas aircraft.<ref name="Reddi"/>{{refn|Since India does not possess suitable aircraft, the high-altitude testing of the Kaveri is contracted to Russia, which uses a [[Tupolev Tu-16|Tu-16]] bomber for the purpose. Another Kaveri engine was delivered to Russia for further flight testing from June to September 2006, but on an [[Ilyushin Il-76|Il-76]] testbed instead of a Tu-16.|group=N}} In February 2006, the ADA awarded a contract to French engine company [[Snecma]] for technical assistance on the Kaveri.<ref name="Janes2005-06">Jackson, et al. 2005, p. 195.</ref> Using Snecma's new core, an uprated derivative of the [[Dassault Rafale]]'s M88-2 engine, providing 83–85 kilonewtons (kN) of maximum thrust was being considered by [[DRDO]]. The IAF objected that since Snecma already developed the core of the engine, the DRDO will not be participating in any joint development but merely providing Snecma with an 'Indian-made' stamp.<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Force says DRDO stalling Tejas fighter engine|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/air-force-says-drdo-stalling-tejas-fighter-engine-110062800064_1.html|date=June 28, 2010|work=Business Standard|accessdate=July 6, 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131107/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/air-force-says-drdo-stalling-tejas-fighter-engine-110062800064_1.html|archivedate=14 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In November 2014, the DRDO was submitting documents to cancel development of Kaveri.<ref name=DID_LCA_Tejas/> |
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In 2008, it was announced that an in-production powerplant would have to be selected; this was required to be in the 95 to 100 kilonewton (kN) (21,000–23,000 lbf) range to execute combat manoeuvres with optimal weapons load.<ref>Sharma, Ravi. [http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/27/stories/2008092755480700.htm "Kaveri engine programme delinked from the Tejas."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 27 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145051/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/27/stories/2008092755480700.htm |date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref>Raghuvanshi, Vivek. [http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4441913 "Eurojet Bolsters Engine Offer for India's LCA."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |date=5 April 2016 }}''Defense News'', 4 January 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012.</ref> After evaluation and acceptance of technical offers for both the [[Eurojet EJ200]] and the [[General Electric F414]], the commercial quotes were compared in detail and GE's F414 was declared as the lowest bidder. The deal covered the purchase of 99 GE F414 engines, an initial batch will be supplied directly by GE and the remainder to be manufactured in India under a technology transfer arrangement.<ref>Shukla, Ajai. [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=13500 "American engine to power LCA."] Bharat-Rakshak.com, 1 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160900/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=13500 |date=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-picks-ge39s-f414-for-tejas-mkii-fighter-348059/ "India picks GE's F414 for Tejas MkII fighter."] ''Flight International'', 1 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809151440/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-picks-ge39s-f414-for-tejas-mkii-fighter-348059/ |date=9 August 2011}}</ref> According to the IAF, adopting the new powerplant required a three-to-four years of redesign work.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/defence-ministry-plans-to-revive-tejas/article1-409541.aspx "Defence Ministry plans to revive Tejas."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514000844/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/defence-ministry-plans-to-revive-tejas/article1-409541.aspx |date=14 May 2014 }} ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</ref> |
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==Operational history== |
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The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. The Tejas entered service with [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''(Flying Daggers)'' based at the [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka Air Base]] at Bangalore on 1 July 2016 before being moved to [[Sulur Air Force Station]] in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html "IAF begins establishing first LCA squadron."] ''Deccan Herald''. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220172310/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html |date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The squadron will initially have four aircraft. The IAF's [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School|Aircraft & Systems Testing Establishment]] will receive four aircraft already built including two development aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Squadron Formation Still a Distant Dream for Air Force|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Squadron-Formation-Still-a-Distant-Dream-for-Air-Force/2013/12/20/article1955175.ece|accessdate=20 December 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=20 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223033415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Squadron-Formation-Still-a-Distant-Dream-for-Air-Force/2013/12/20/article1955175.ece |archivedate= 23 December 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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The Tejas made its international debut on 21 January 2016, when two aircraft flew in the Bahrain International Air Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharatshakti.in/tejas-is-a-pilots-delight/|title=Tejas is a pilot's delight|work=Bharat Shakti|accessdate=26 January 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125145913/http://bharatshakti.in/tejas-is-a-pilots-delight|archivedate=25 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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In June 2017, Hindustan Aeronautics stated that it expects to have delivered 123 Tejas aircraft to the Indian Air Force by 2024–25. HAL outlined a three–pronged approach to accelerate aircraft production. It will build an additional assembly line, reuse the Hawk assembly line, and outsource major components to the private sector.<ref name=123_Tejas>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-force-likely-to-get-123-lca-tejas-by-2024-25/article17532355.ece |title=Air Force likely to get 123 LCA Tejas by 2024–25 |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-06-29 |language=en |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319165523/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-force-likely-to-get-123-lca-tejas-by-2024-25/article17532355.ece |archivedate=19 March 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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In November 2017, it was reported that the Indian Air Force told the government that the Tejas is inadequate for the [[Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force#Single-engined_fighter|single-engined fighter program]] with insufficient flight endurance, smaller payload capacity, increased maintenance hours, and higher costs for maintenance compared to other contender aircraft.<ref>Sudhi Ranjan Sen. [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tejas-indian-air-force-f-16-mig-21-fighter-planes-ajit-doval/1/1086425.html "Tejas far behind competitors, not enough to protect Indian skies: IAF"]. [[India Today]], 10 November 2017.</ref> HAL's chief rejected the criticisms and called the Tejas a world class fighter jet that can fill its defined role. He also mentioned that minimum life span of Tejas is 30 years which can be extended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tejas-world-class-fighter-jet-plays-defined-role-hal-chief/|title=Tejas world-class fighter jet, plays defined role: HAL chief|date=19 November 2017|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> HAL CMD T Suvarna Raju also stated that HAL delivered five Tejas as of 19 November 2017, which have made more than 600 flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/interview-with-hal-cmd-no-frozen-standard-of-preparation-of-lca-thats-where-delays-are-coming-4944113/|title=Interview with HAL CMD: ‘No frozen standard of preparation of LCA… that’s where delays are coming’|date=19 November 2017|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=9 December 2017}}</ref> |
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==Variants== |
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[[File:LCA Trainer.jpg|thumb|Tejas trainer variant]] |
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[[File:LCA Naval 1.jpg|thumb|Tejas naval variant]] |
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[[File:HAL Tejas NP-1 takes-off from the Shore Based Test Facility at INS Hansa, Goa.JPG|thumb|Naval LCA during flight testing]] |
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===Prototypes=== |
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Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown. |
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;Technology Demonstrators (TD) |
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* '''TD-1''' (KH2001) – 4 Jan 2001 |
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* '''TD-2''' (KH2002) – 6 June 2002 |
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;Prototype Vehicles (PV) |
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* '''PV-1''' (KH2003) – 25 November 2003 |
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* '''PV-2''' (KH2004) – 1 December 2005 |
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* '''PV-3''' (KH2005) – 1 December 2006. |
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* '''PV-5''' (KH-T2009) – 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer Variant |
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* '''PV-6''' (KH-T2010) – 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer Variant.<ref name="defenceradar.com"/> |
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;Naval Prototypes (NP) |
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* '''NP-1''' (KH-T3001) – Two-seat Naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=63054 "PIBNaval Version of Light Combat Aircraft Rolls out a Defining and Memorable Occasion for the Nation -Antony."] ''pib.nic.in.'' Retrieved: 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805141148/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=63054 |date=5 August 2011}}</ref> NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref name="First flight"/> |
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* '''NP-2''' (KH3002) – First flight on 7 February 2015 with sky-jump take-off and arrested landing required in [[STOBAR]] carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maiden-flight-by-2nd-prototype-of-lca-tejas-naval-variant/articleshow/46156784.cms|title=Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas' naval variant|publisher=''[[The Economic Times]]''|date=7 February 2015|accessdate=7 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html|archivedate=5 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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;Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft |
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Currently, 8 LSP series aircraft plus 40 aircraft are on order. |
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* '''LSP-1''' (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.<ref name="abh1">{{Cite web|title=India flies another Tejas|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|date=19 June 2008|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044148/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|archivedate=10 May 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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* '''LSP-2''' (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.<ref name=abh1/> |
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* '''LSP-3''' (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar<ref name="aviationweek.com"/> and will be close to the IOC standard. |
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* '''LSP-4''' (KH2014) – 2 June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the configuration that will be delivered to the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=toi_lsp4/> In addition to the Hybrid MMR, the aircraft flew with a [[Countermeasure]] Dispensing System and an [[identification friend or foe|identify friend or foe]] electronic system.<ref name="bs_lsp_4">Shukla, Ajai. [http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html "Tejas boosts test programme."] ''Business Standard''. Retrieved 22 November 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004185811/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html |date=4 October 2012}}</ref> |
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* '''LSP-5''' (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India To Fly Tejas LSP-5 Soon |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2010/10/29/04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon |date=1 November 2010 |work=Aviation Week & Space Technology |accessdate=30 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044140/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fasd%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2F04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon |archivedate=10 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> |
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* '''LSP-6''' – Not built.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Defense_Design__Manufacture_Light_Combat%20Aircraft_17_2015_chapter_7.pdf|title="Union Performance Defense Design Manufacture Light Combat Aircraft"|website=cag.gov.in|accessdate=15 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094810/http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Defense_Design__Manufacture_Light_Combat%20Aircraft_17_2015_chapter_7.pdf|archivedate=5 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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* '''LSP-7''' (KH2017) – 9 March 2012. APU intake has been aerodynamically reshaped. |
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* '''LSP-8''' – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the version that will go for production.<ref name="TejasLSP8"/> |
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* '''SP-1 to SP-20''' – First production batch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hal-drdo-test-first-lca-tejas-aircraft-built-for-iaf/articleshow/43913249.cms|title=HAL, DRDO test first LCA Tejas aircraft built for IAF|work=timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=6 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827222158/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hal-drdo-test-first-lca-tejas-aircraft-built-for-iaf/articleshow/43913249.cms|archivedate=27 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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===Planned production variants=== |
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* '''Tejas Trainer''' - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force. |
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* '''Tejas Mark 1A''' HAL is now working on developing a new variant named Tejas Mark IA<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Despite Flaws, India to Induct Tejas Mark 1-A Fighter Aircraft |url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/despite-flaws-india-to-induct-tejas-mark-1a-fighter-1224355 |publisher=NDTV |date=29 September 2015 |accessdate=1 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312063828/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/despite-flaws-india-to-induct-tejas-mark-1a-fighter-1224355 |archivedate=12 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> which will be equipped with an [[Active electronically scanned array|advanced AESA Radar]] and an [[Electronic warfare|electro-optic Electronic Warfare (EW) sensor suite]]. It will also incorporate weight reduction along with easier service maintainability which will thus reduce downtime of each aircraft. It will also have a mid-air refuelling probe to enhance its endurance and operational range. The timeline for this variant has been set at 2017.<ref>[http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3767_HAL_developing_LCA-1P_with_AESA_Radar.htm "HAL developing LCA-1P with AESA Radar "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026065233/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3767_HAL_developing_LCA-1P_with_AESA_Radar.htm |date=26 October 2015 }} "www.indiastrategic.in", 5 September 2015.</ref><ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news |title=Parrikar cuts Gordian knot to boost Tejas line |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/parrikar-cuts-gordian-knot-to-boost-tejas-line-115100200031_1.html |publisher=Business Standard |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=1 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |archivedate=5 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 25 October 2015, it was reported that 100 Tejas aircraft will be equipped with an improved version of the [[EL/M-2052|EL/M-2052 AESA radar]] being developed jointly by [[Elta]] and HAL.<ref name="auto"/> On 20 December 2017, IAF initiated tender to buy 83 mark 1A worth 33200 crore from HAL.<ref>http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-air-force-initiates-rs-33-000-crore-buy-of-83-tejas-fighters-117122100050_1.html</ref> |
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* '''Tejas Trainer IN''' - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. |
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* '''Tejas Mk1 Navy''' - Single seat prototypes (NP1 & NP2) powered by F404 engines are used for the initial testing. The Naval variant of Tejas successfully completed testing in Goa during which the short take off (200 meter) from Shore Based Test Facility were carried out along with hot refueling. The flight test from aircraft carrier is scheduled for 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/naval-tejas-successfully-tested-in-goa-will-fly-off-aircraft-carrier-next-year-116051001050_1.html|title=Naval Tejas successfully tested in Goa, will fly off aircraft carrier next year|author=Business Standard|work=business-standard.com|accessdate=11 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605114820/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/naval-tejas-successfully-tested-in-goa-will-fly-off-aircraft-carrier-next-year-116051001050_1.html|archivedate=5 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In December 2016, the navy stated that the aircraft is overweight for carrier operations.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|title=Navy rules out deploying ‘overweight’ Tejas on aircraft carriers|date=2 December 2016|work=indianexpress.com|accessdate=27 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220195429/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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* '''Tejas Mk2 Navy''' -Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable variants for the Indian Navy. It will be equipped for carrier operation with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing. It will include strengthened airframe and landing gear and drooped nose for better cockpit vision.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-test-flies-naval-variant-of-lca/252790-3.html "India test flies naval variant of Light Combat Aircraft: IANS."] ''ibnlive.in.com,'' 28 April 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513021101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-test-flies-naval-variant-of-lca/252790-3.html |date=13 May 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''Tejas Mark 2''' – The Tejas Mark 2 is to feature the more powerful [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414-GE-INS6]] engine with 98 kN of thrust.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Waldron|first1=Greg|title=India to obtain 99 GE F414 engines for Tejas Mk II|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-to-obtain-99-ge-f414-engines-for-tejas-mk-ii-381334/|work=Flightglobal.com|date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=F414 turbofan engines|url=https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F414-Family.pdf|publisher=GE Aviation}}</ref> The Ministry of Defence had sanctioned US$542.44 million (Rs 2,431.55-crore) for ADA to develop the IAF's Tejas Mk 2 variant. The IAF is committed to procuring an initial 105 Tejas Mk 2s.<ref name="Hindu5dec08" /> The Mk2 will also see the incorporation of a new electronic warfare suite which is being jointly developed with Israel. This is to have a new glass cockpit with larger 8 x 12 inch displays. The Mk2 will have some 25–30 percent commonality in parts with the Mk1 and these parts are already in production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/sauravjha/2976/65448/the-radiance-of-tejas-a-bright-prospect-for-make-in-india.html |title=Saurav Jha's Blog : The Radiance of Tejas: A bright prospect for 'Make in India' |work=ibnlive.in.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224190232/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/sauravjha/2976/65448/the-radiance-of-tejas-a-bright-prospect-for-make-in-india.html |archivedate=24 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> The Mark 2 is scheduled for flight testing by 2018, but this may be delayed by two or three more years to allow time to engineer the installation of the GE 414 engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/for-tejas-a-long-way-to-go-before-it-protects-the-indian-skies-674799|title=For Tejas, a Long Way to Go Before it Protects the Indian Skies|author=Sudhi Ranjan Sen|date=4 October 2014|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=2 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704183257/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/for-tejas-a-long-way-to-go-before-it-protects-the-indian-skies-674799|archivedate=4 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In August 2015, the Indian defense minister stated the first flight is likely to be 2019 with an entry into service in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tejas-mk.-ii-maiden-flight-likely-in-2019-defence-415388/|title=Tejas Mk. II maiden flight likely in 2019: defence minister|website=flightglobal.com|accessdate=15 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820095649/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tejas-mk.-ii-maiden-flight-likely-in-2019-defence-415388/|archivedate=20 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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==Operators== |
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;{{IND}} |
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*[[Indian Air Force]] – 123 LCA aircraft [40 x Mk 1 + 83 x Mk 1A]<ref name="flightglobal">{{Cite news |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters-431301/ |title=New Delhi signs off on 83 Tejas fighters |work=FlightGlobal |publication-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=4 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110132336/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters-431301/ |archivedate=10 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> aircraft planned to be acquired with four planes delivered after long delays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72988/india-s-tejas-programme-suffers-more-delays|title=India’s Tejas programme suffers more delays – Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|accessdate=15 August 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183612/http://www.janes.com/article/72988/india-s-tejas-programme-suffers-more-delays|archivedate=15 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Four squadrons of LCA Mk 2 aircraft planned to be acquired after completing production of LCA Mk 1.<ref>[http://frontierindia.net/lca-tejas-handed-over-to-indian-airforce-iaf-chief-clarifies-it-is-a-fourth-gen-aircraft "Tejas handed over to IAF."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818052654/http://frontierindia.net/lca-tejas-handed-over-to-indian-airforce-iaf-chief-clarifies-it-is-a-fourth-gen-aircraft |date=18 August 2011 }}''frontierindia.net.'' Retrieved: 30 May 2012.</ref><ref name="IAF six squadrons.">{{cite news |title=IAF to induct six squadrons of Tejas, says Defence Minister Antony |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/iaf-to-induct-six-squadrons-of-tejas-says-antony/1/332119 |date=20 December 2013 |work=India Today |accessdate=30 June 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QiomOVDc?url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/iaf-to-induct-six-squadrons-of-tejas-says-antony/1/332119 |archivedate=30 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> |
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** [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] (''Flying Daggers'') – 5 in service at Bangalore, Karnataka<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chetan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/private-companies-to-carry-out-69-of-production-work-for-tejas/articleshow/61363473.cms|title=Private companies to carry out 70% of production work for Light Combat Aircraft Tejas - Times of India|work=The Times of India|date=2017-10-31|access-date=2017-11-01|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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*[[Indian Navy]] – Signed an order for six Naval LCAs at an approximate cost of US$31.09 million per aircraft.<ref name="Navy">Shukla, Ajai. [http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/21/navy-places-order-for-6-tejas-lca.htm "Navy places {{Indian Rupee}} 900-cr order for 6 Tejas LCA"]. ''news.rediff.com,'' 21 September 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211153727/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/21/navy-places-order-for-6-tejas-lca.htm |date=11 December 2013}}</ref> The Indian Navy has a requirement for 40 Tejas aircraft.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> In December 2016, the Indian Navy announced that Tejas is overweight for carrier operations and rejected it.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> |
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==Specifications (HAL Tejas Mk.1)== |
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[[File:HAL Tejas weapon stations.jpg|thumb|Weapon stations on Tejas]] |
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[[File:Tejas LCA 2015.jpg|thumb|Tejas carrying [[Vympel R-73|R-73 missile]] and drop tank. [[Astra missile]] displayed on stand.]] |
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[[File:LCA Tejas Production Partners.jpg|thumb|LCA Tejas Production Partners]] |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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<!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]]. |
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Please answer the following questions: --> |
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|plane or copter?=plane |
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|jet or prop?=jet |
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<!-- Now, fill in the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For additional lines, end your alt units with a right parenthesis ")" and start a new, fully formatted line beginning with an asterisk "*" --> |
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|ref= tejas.gov.in<ref name="lca-tejas1">[http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html "Leading particulars and performance."] tejas.gov.in. Retrieved 19 December 2017. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221014017/http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html|date=21 December 2017}}</ref> and DRDO Techfocus<ref name="DRDO Techfocus">[http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf "DRDO TechFocus."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322031428/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf |date=22 March 2011 }} ''DRDO'', February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</ref> |
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<!-- General characteristics --> |
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|crew= 1 |
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|length main=13.20 m |
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|length alt=43 ft 4 in |
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|span main=8.20 m |
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|span alt=26 ft 11 in |
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|height main=4.40 m |
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|height alt=14 ft 9 in |
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|area main=38.4 m² |
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|area alt=413 ft² |
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|empty weight main= 6,560 kg |
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|empty weight alt= 14,300 lb |
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|useful load main= |
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|useful load alt= |
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|loaded weight main= 9,800 kg |
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|loaded weight alt= 21,605 lb |
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|max takeoff weight main= 13,500 kg |
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|max takeoff weight alt= 29,100 lb |
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|payload main=3,500 kg |
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|payload alt=7,716 lb |
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|payload more= external stores<ref name="jawa-1617"/> |
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|more general= '''Internal fuel capacity:''' 2,458 kg |
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* '''External fuel capacity:''' 2 x 1,200-litre drop tank inboard, 1 x 725-litre drop tank under fuselage |
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<!-- Powerplant --> |
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|engine (jet)= [[General Electric F404]]-GE-IN20 |
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|type of jet= [[turbofan]] |
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|number of jets= 1 |
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|thrust main= 53.9 kN<ref name="naval-tech">[http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/hal-tejas/ "Tejas, India"].''naval-technology.com''. Retrieved 24 July 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021233219/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/hal-tejas/ |date=21 October 2013}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}</ref> |
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|thrust alt= 12,100 lbf |
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|afterburning thrust main= 89.8 kN |
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|afterburning thrust alt= 20,200 lbf<ref>{{cite web |title=LCA Tejas Specifications – Powerplant |url=http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/powerplant.html |publisher=tejas.gov.in |accessdate=20 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017230143/http://www.tejas.gov.in/specifications/powerplant.html |archivedate= 17 October 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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<!-- Performance --> |
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|max speed main= Mach 1.8 (2,205 km/h);<ref name="jawa-1617"/> Mach 1.6 (2,000 km/h) for IOC version;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/the-tejas-fighter-s-role-in-war-113122800734_1.html |title=The Tejas fighter's role in war |author=Ajai Shukla |date=28 December 2013 |work=business-standard.com |accessdate=5 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/the-tejas-fighter-s-role-in-war-113122800734_1.html |archivedate=8 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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|max speed alt= |
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|max speed more= |
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|range main=850 km |
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|range alt=459 nmi, 528 mi |
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|range more=<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Couldson|isbn=978-0710631770|page=303|chapter=India}}</ref> |
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|combat radius main= 500 km |
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|combat radius alt= 270 nmi, 310 mi |
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|combat radius more=with drop tanks<ref name="fg-2013"/> |
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|ferry range main= 1,750 km |
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|ferry range alt= 1,087 mi |
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|ferry range more= with drop tanks<ref name="fg-2013">{{cite news|title=PICTURES: India’s Tejas receives initial operational clearance|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-indias-tejas-receives-initial-operational-clearance-394420/|agency=FlightGlobal.com|date=26 December 2013}}</ref> |
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|ceiling main= 16,000 m<ref name="hal-india.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20|title=LCA|work=hal-india.com|accessdate=1 July 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412105151/http://hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20|archivedate=12 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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|ceiling alt= 52,500 ft |
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|ceiling more= |
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|climb rate main= |
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|climb rate alt= |
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|loading main= 255 kg/m² |
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|loading alt= 52 lb/ft² |
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|thrust/weight= 0.96 |
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|more performance=*'''''g''-limits:''' +8/−3.5 ''g'' |
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<!-- Armament --> |
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|guns=1× mounted 23 mm twin-barrel [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] cannon with 220 rounds of ammunition |
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|hardpoints= 8 (1× beneath the port-side intake trunk for targeting pods, 6× wing, and 1× fuselage) |
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|hardpoint capacity= 3,500 kg external fuel and ordnance<ref name=iocbrochure>{{cite web |title=Tejas – The Indian Light Combat Aircraft IOC Brochure |url=http://tejas.gov.in/IOC-Brochure.pdf |publisher=HAL |accessdate=5 February 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206093524/http://tejas.gov.in/IOC-Brochure.pdf |archivedate=6 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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|hardpoint missiles=<br /> |
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***[[Air-to-air missile]]s: |
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****[[Astra (missile)|Astra]] |
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****[[Derby (missile)|Derby]]<ref>[http://defense-update.com/wp/20110214_derby_on_tejas.html "Derby Missiles Selected to Arm India's Tejas Fighters."] defense-update.com. Retrieved 15 February 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709010603/http://defense-update.com/wp/20110214_derby_on_tejas.html |date=9 July 2011}}</ref> |
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****[[Python-5]] |
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****[[R-77]] |
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****[[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] |
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***[[Air-to-surface missile]]s: |
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****[[DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile]]<ref name="the hindu">{{cite news |title=Captive flight trials of anti-radiation missile soon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece |publisher=THE HINDU |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=18 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220141757/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece |archivedate=20 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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****[[Kh-59]]ME (TV-guided standoff missile) |
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****[[Kh-59]]MK (Laser-guided standoff missile) |
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***[[Anti-ship missile]]s |
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****[[Kh-35]] |
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****[[Kh-31]] |
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|hardpoint bombs=<ref name="acig.org">Harry, B. [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_221.shtml "Aero India 2003 – Part 1."] ''Acig.org.'' Retrieved: 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031110528/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_221.shtml |date=31 October 2013}}</ref> |
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***KAB-1500L laser-guided bombs |
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***[[GBU-16 Paveway II]] |
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***FAB-250 |
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***ODAB-500PM fuel-air explosives |
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***ZAB-250/350 incendiary bombs |
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***BetAB-500Shp powered concrete-piercing bombs |
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***FAB-500T gravity bombs |
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***OFAB-250-270 gravity bombs |
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***OFAB-100-120 gravity bombs |
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***RBK-500 cluster bomb stake |
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|hardpoint rockets=[[S-8 rocket]] pods, Bofors 135 mm rocket |
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|hardpoint other=<ref name="acig.org"/> |
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***[[Drop tank]]s for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time |
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***[[LITENING]] targeting pod<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli Rafael To Deliver Litening Targeting Pods For HAL Tejas LCA Fighter Jet Programme |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3273|date=5 June 2007|publisher=india-defence.com|accessdate=30 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321170514/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3273|archivedate=21 March 2012|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://frontierindia.net/litening-pod-tested-on-lca-tejas "Litening pod tested on LCA Tejas."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075328/http://frontierindia.net/litening-pod-tested-on-lca-tejas |date=10 May 2011 }} ''Frontier India– News, Analysis, Opinion.'' Retrieved: 30 May 2012.</ref> |
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|avionics=* Hybrid version of Israel's Elta [[EL/M-2032|EL/M-2032 multi-mode fire control radar]]<ref name="Defence Aviation">{{cite news |title=LCA Tejas finally gets Radar! |url=http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |publisher=Defence Aviation |date=30 April 2010 |accessdate=1 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html |archivedate=5 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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<!-- Avionics -->}} |
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==See also== |
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{{aircontent |
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|see also= |
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* [[HAL Tejas timeline]] |
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|related= |
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<!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list. --> |
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|lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: --> |
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* [[List of fighter aircraft]] |
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* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]] |
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}} |
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==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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{{Reflist|group=N}} |
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===Citations=== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* Jackson, Paul, Kenneth Munson and Lindsay Peacock, eds. "ADA Tejas." ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2005–06.'' Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2684-4}}. |
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* Taylor, John W. R., Kenneth Munson and Michael J. H. Taylor, eds. "HAL Light Combat Aircraft." ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–1990.'' Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7106-0896-3}}. |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|HAL Tejas}} |
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<!-- Please put links by alphabetical order --> |
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* [http://www.tejas.gov.in/ Official Government of India Tejas site] |
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'''Features and analysis:''' |
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* [http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/05/stories/2007020501180100.htm "Flying into the unknown"] <small>— A feature by ''[[The Hindu]]'' on the Tejas [[test pilot]]s.</small> |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613081832/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/sainis.html "LCA and Economics" by Sunil Sainis and George Joseph] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503102058/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/wollen.html "The Light Combat Aircraft Story"], by Air Marshal MSD Wollen (Retd). |
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* [http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/09/stories/2008030955051000.htm The case to support the indigenous LCA programme], by Ashok Parthasarathi and Raman Puri. |
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'''Technical:''' |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061842/http://www.csirwebistad.org/aesi/pdf/ftgseminar05/presentations/2005/HIGH_AOA_TEJAS.pdf An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080224025554/http://csirwebistad.org/aesi/pages/tejasflight.htm Development Flight Testing of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft] |
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* [http://www.bitsoftsystems.com/mydocs/Avionics%20Mission%20Computer%20Case%20Study.pdf LCA Avionics And Weapon System Mission Computer Software Development: A Case Study] |
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'''General:''' |
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* [https://www.webcitation.org/6QrQxiZjl?url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/lca.htm "Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)", Fighter-planes.com] |
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* [http://www.flightglobal.com/Features/Aero-India-special/Dawn-of-Tejas/ "Dawn of Tejas" Aero India special report from flightglobal.com] |
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{{HAL aircraft}} |
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{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal Tejas}} |
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[[Category:HAL aircraft|Tejas]] |
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[[Category:Indian fighter aircraft 2000–2009]] |
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[[Category:Tailless delta-wing aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]] |
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[[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2001]] |
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Revision as of 14:16, 14 January 2018
This whole article is bullshit. I am deleting it as it is better to have nothing than have lies. There are some fools who simple refuse to reason and keep editing it day in and out without giving proper reasons while imposing double standards on others