Mohamoud Ali Shire: Difference between revisions

Mohamoud Ali Shire
محمود علي شيري
Mohamoud Ali Shire ; محمود علي شيري
Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate; Gerad;
	Portrait of Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire from 1905.
Born	Las Khorey, Warsangali Sultanate (present-day Somalia)
Died	1960; Badhan, Somalia
Religion	Islam

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 14:16, 9 February 2018

Mohamoud Ali Shire (Somali: Maxamuud Cali Shiire, Arabic: محمود علي شري) was a Somali ruler.

Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

Sultan Shire and his army within the British Somaliland protectorate's claimed areas of Sanaag were severely disturbed by the sudden ebb in Dervish activities. To demonstrate his concern, Sultan Shire ordered his army to open fire on a British ship that was about to land at the port of Las Khorey. I.M. Lewis cites this brief incident in his book, A Modern History of the Somali:

The Warsangali clan within the British protectorate on the eastern coast who under their spirited leader Garad Mahamud 'Ali Shire had now decided to throw in their lot with the Dervishes and in Jan 1908, fired on a British dhow as it was landing on their coast. This incident has led to a hostile exchange of letters with the consul at Berbera and it was evident that the Dervishes would soon be on the march again.^[1]

After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain's new policy of aerial bombardment.^[2]

Exile

Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire receiving honors from Queen Elizabeth II (Aden, 1954)^[3]

On May 3, 1920, on board HMS Odin, Sultan Shire was delivered to British authorities in the Seychelles from their colony in Bombay, India. At the time of his arrival on the archipelago, a number of other prominent anti-imperialist leaders were also exiled there, including Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, the former Prime Minister of Egypt, with whom Sultan Shire would soon develop a rapport.^[4]

In 1954, Sultan Shire received honors from the British Empire, when Queen Elizabeth II officially decorated him during a royal visit to Aden.^[3]

Notes

^ I.M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, (James Currey: 2002), p.74.
^ Samatar, pp.131 & 135
^ ^a ^b McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 41. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Mohamoud Ali Shire.htm A Touching Glimpse of History and the Reunion of a Somali Royalty Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine

References

Samatar, Said Sheikh (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23833-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Warsangeli Sultanate (Official website)

[1] I.M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, (James Currey: 2002), p.74.

[2] Samatar, pp.131 & 135

[McAteer-3] McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 41. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 9 February 2018.

[Ward-4] Mohamoud Ali Shire.htm A Touching Glimpse of History and the Reunion of a Somali Royalty Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox monarch
 | name            = Mohamoud Ali Shire <br /> محمود علي شيري
-| title           = 26th [[Sultan]] of the [[Warsangali Sultanate]]<br/>[[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Gerad]]<br/>
+| title           = [[Sultan]] of the [[Warsangali Sultanate]]<br/>[[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Gerad]]<br/>
-*Sovereign of the House of North East of Somalia Sultanate
-*Sultan of Sultans of Somalia
 | image           = Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire 2.jpg
 | caption         = Portrait of [[Sultan]] Mohamoud Ali Shire from 1905.
@@ Line 10: / Line 8: @@
 | death_date      = 1960
 | death_place     = [[Badhan, Somalia|Badhan]], Somalia
-| reign           = 1897–1960
+| reign           =
 | coronation      =
-| predecessor     = Gerad Ali Shire (1870–1897)
+| predecessor     =
-| successor       = [[Sultan|Sulṭān]] Abdul Sallan (1960–1997)
+| successor       =
-| dynasty         = Warsangali Dynasty
+| dynasty         =
 | religion        = [[Islam]]
 }}
-'''Mohamoud Ali Shire''' ({{lang-so|Maxamuud Cali Shiire}}, {{lang-ar|محمود علي شري}}) was a [[Somali people|Somali]] ruler. He was the 26th [[Sultan|Sulṭān]] of the [[Warsangali Sultanate]], reigning from 1897 to 1960. Along with King [[Osman Mahamuud]] of the [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] and Sultan [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]] of the [[Sultanate of Hobyo]], Shire was one of the three prominent rulers of present-day [[Somalia]] at the turn of the 20th century.
+'''Mohamoud Ali Shire''' ({{lang-so|Maxamuud Cali Shiire}}, {{lang-ar|محمود علي شري}}) was a [[Somali people|Somali]] ruler.
-==Titles==
-{{main|Somali aristocratic and court titles}}
-Also known as the ''Gerad'', the Sultan was the sole [[regent]] and [[governor]] of the sultanate. He also enjoyed many other [[title]]s, including "Sovereign of the House of North East of Somaliland Sultanate" and "Sultan of Sultans of Somaliland". However, early rulers of the sultanate never referred to themselves as Sultan. The Sultan title was only later established by Mohamoud Ali Shire in 1897. The [[dynasty]], for its part, is most often referred to as the "Gerad" or the "House of North East Somaliland Sultanate".<ref name="WarSult">[http://www.warsangeli.org Warsangeli Sultanate]</ref>
-==Power struggle==
-In 1896, a power struggle developed between Mohamoud Ali Shire and his father, the powerful Gerad Ali Shire who then ruled the Warsangali Sultanate. The elder Gerad Ali Shire's authority was dwindling and young Mohamoud Ali Shire, with the tacit support of the Isse Garad (Bohogayslabe) sub-clan of the [[Warsangali]] [[Darod]], sought to undermine the power of his father. Before then, internal conflict amongst the Warsangali sub-clans had surfaced and had had an effect on Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire and his ascension to power. The disarray caused by the young Mohamoud amongst the Warsangali was finally settled by the proposal that Shire ''fils'' should become Sultan, while his father could remain Gerad. Thus, Mohamoud Ali Shire assumed the title of the 20th Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate.
-==Warsangali Sultanate==
-{{main|Warsangali Sultanate}}
-The Warsangali Sultanate was an [[Empire|imperial]] power centered in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern [[Somalia]]. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the [[Sanaag]] region and parts of the northeastern [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] region of the country. The sultanate was founded in northern Somalia by a group of [[Somali people|Somalis]] from the Warsangali branch of the Darod clan, and was ruled by the descendants of the [[Gerad Dhidhin]].<ref name="WarSult"/>
-The product of a six-hundred-year-old tradition of regal decorum, Sultan Shire administered his Sultanate from a large two-storey palace in [[Las Khorey]]. He also maintained a [[Fortification|fortress]], which, though now mostly in ruins, still remains an important historical site. Under the Sultan's general command was a [[Privy council|council]] of elders, which he intermittently summoned, as well as a personal corps of guards equipped with [[rifle]]s.<ref name="Ward">[http://wardheernews.com/articles/may/20_Garaad Mohamoud Ali Shire.htm A Touching Glimpse of History and the Reunion of a Somali Royalty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121754/http://wardheernews.com/articles/may/20_Garaad |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref>
-Martially, Sultan Shire presided over an extensive [[cavalry]], with subsidiary commanders that were likewise under his immediate charge. Very well endowed in terms of animal wealth, he also kept a stable of well over a hundred [[thoroughbred]] [[Arabian horse]]s (''faras''), the latter of which Italian and British garrisons used to purchase from him.<ref name="Ward"/>
-Sultan Shire additionally maintained close ties with his contemporaries on the [[Arabian Peninsula]], regularly exchanging correspondence with the Sultans of South Arabia. Alongside missives Shire would trade with authorities in Britain, these letters were preserved in private files.<ref name="Ward"/>
 ==Mohammed Abdullah Hassan==
 {{main|Mohammed Abdullah Hassan}}
+Sultan Shire and his army within the British Somaliland protectorate's claimed areas of Sanaag were severely disturbed by the sudden ebb in Dervish activities. To demonstrate his concern, Sultan Shire ordered his army to open fire on a British ship that was about to land at the port of Las Khorey. I.M. Lewis cites this brief incident in his book, ''A Modern History of the Somali'':{{Quotation|The Warsangali clan within the British protectorate on the eastern coast who under their spirited leader Garad Mahamud 'Ali Shire had now decided to throw in their lot with the Dervishes and in Jan 1908, fired on a British dhow as it was landing on their coast. This incident has led to a hostile exchange of letters with the consul at [[Berbera]] and it was evident that the Dervishes would soon be on the march again.<ref>I.M. Lewis, ''A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa'', (James Currey: 2002), p.74.</ref>}}
-<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sultmohshirmed.jpg|thumb|right|Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire receiving a medal from Queen [[Elizabeth II]].]] -->
-Sultan Shire had a rather complicated relationship with [[Sayyid]] [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]], the Somali religious and nationalist leader whose [[Dervish State]] fought a two-decade long war against British, Italian and Ethiopian forces. Despite being Hassan's [[brother-in-law]], the two rulers could not see eye-to-eye on a number of political, religious and social matters. Sultan Shire steadfastly defended his sultanate from being incorporated into Hassan's Dervish movement, and fought a number of battles to preserve its autonomy.<ref name="Ward"/>
-The [[British Somaliland]] [[protectorate]]'s administration had also dealt with both Sultan Shire and Sayyid Hassan secretly, working to prevent any possible bilateral alliance of power-sharing and economic and political integration on their part. A notable incident took place in 1908, when British airplanes bombarded Jidali, Badhan and [[Taleex]]. This led to the dispersal of Hassan's Dervishes into many areas, and it took a long period for the Sayyid to recoup his strength. However, despite the rift between them, Sultan Shire and his army within the British Somaliland protectorate's claimed areas of Sanaag were severely disturbed by the sudden ebb in Dervish activities. To demonstrate his concern, Sultan Shire ordered his army to open fire on a British ship that was about to land at the port of Las Khorey. I.M. Lewis cites this brief incident in his book, ''A Modern History of the Somali'':
-{{Quotation|The Warsangali clan within the British protectorate on the eastern coast who under their spirited leader Garad Mahamud 'Ali Shire had now decided to throw in their lot with the Dervishes and in Jan 1908, fired on a British dhow as it was landing on their coast. This incident has led to a hostile exchange of letters with the consul at [[Berbera]] and it was evident that the Dervishes would soon be on the march again.<ref>I.M. Lewis, ''A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa'', (James Currey: 2002), p.74.</ref>}}
-Furthermore, Hassan's association with Sultan Shire as brother-in-law gave him access to the [[Maakhir coast]], which served as a gateway to the Arabian Peninsula for the importation of [[firearm]]s and [[ammunition]]. The Dervishes thus resumed their movements, which rendered the British nervous, especially since their alliance with the [[Isaaq]] forged in a treaty from 1885 had proved ineffectual.
 After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain's new policy of [[Airstrike|aerial bombardment]].<ref>Samatar, pp.131 & 135</ref>
@@ Line 51: / Line 25: @@
 ==Exile==
 [[File:Sultan-queen-honor.jpeg|thumb|Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire receiving honors from Queen [[Elizabeth II]] ([[Aden]], 1954)<ref name="McAteer"/>]]
-Soon after Hassan's defeat, the British, dreading the prospect of another several decades of costly and difficult battles with yet another Somali potentate, set about attempting to neutralize Sultan Shire's influence. In short order, Shire was secretly invited to a conference in [[Yemen]], ostensibly to discuss possible ways of settling differences. After a short session before the meeting was scheduled to begin, he was taken into custody by the British authorities. Sultan Shire was later tried without proper representation in a [[kangaroo court]]. Due to his vehement and active opposition to foreign rule over his territory, Shire was sentenced to [[exile]] in the [[Seychelles]] for a period of seven years. On May 3, 1920, on board HMS ''Odin'', Sultan Shire was delivered to British authorities in the Seychelles from their colony in [[Bombay]], [[India]]. At the time of his arrival on the [[archipelago]], a number of other prominent anti-imperialist leaders were also exiled there, including [[Saad Zaghloul|Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha]], the former Prime Minister of [[Egypt]], with whom Sultan Shire would soon develop a rapport.<ref name="Ward"/>
+On May 3, 1920, on board HMS ''Odin'', Sultan Shire was delivered to British authorities in the Seychelles from their colony in [[Bombay]], [[India]]. At the time of his arrival on the [[archipelago]], a number of other prominent anti-imperialist leaders were also exiled there, including [[Saad Zaghloul|Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha]], the former Prime Minister of [[Egypt]], with whom Sultan Shire would soon develop a rapport.<ref name="Ward">[http://wardheernews.com/articles/may/20_Garaad Mohamoud Ali Shire.htm A Touching Glimpse of History and the Reunion of a Somali Royalty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121754/http://wardheernews.com/articles/may/20_Garaad|date=2015-04-02}}</ref>
-Despite this confinement, Shire managed to maintain his sultanate's autonomy, even after his ultimate return from exile. The Sultan continued to play a prominent role in local affairs until his eventual death a few months after independence: existing documents show that the British administration regularly sought his support before introducing any major policy changes so as to avoid alienating the influential leader.<ref name="Ward"/>
 In 1954, Sultan Shire received honors from the British Empire, when Queen [[Elizabeth II]] officially decorated him during a royal visit to Aden.<ref name="McAteer">{{cite book|last1=McAteer|first1=William|title=To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976|date=2008|publisher=Pristine Books|isbn=9993180920|page=41|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=EMwwAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=9 February 2018}}</ref>
-==Rulers of the Warsangali Sultanate==
-Rulers of the Warsangali Sultanate up to and after Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire:
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-|- align=center
-! # !! [[Sultan]] !! [[Reign]] !! Notes
-|-
-|align=center| 1 || align=center| [[Gerad Dhidhin]] ||  align=center| 1298–1311 || Established the Warsangali Sultanate in the late 13th century.
-|-
-|align=center| 2 || align=center| [[Gerad Hamar Gale]] ||  align=center| 1311–1328 || Son of Gerad Dhidhin. Expanded rule into the southern Somali Peninsula.
-|-
-|align=center| 3 || align=center| Gerad Ibrahim ||  align=center| 1328–1340 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 4 || align=center| Gerad Omer ||  align=center| 1340–1355 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 5 || align=center| Gerad Mohamud I ||  align=center| 1355–1375 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 6 || align=center| Gerad Ciise I ||  align=center| 1375–1392 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 7 || align=center| Gerad Siciid ||  align=center| 1392–1409 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 8  || align=center| Gerad Ahmed ||  align=center| 1409–1430 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 9 || align=center| Gerad Siciid II ||  align=center| 1430–1450 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 10 || align=center| Gerad Mohamud II ||  align=center| 1450–1479 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 11 || align=center| Gerad Ciise II ||  align=center| 1479–1487 || Father of Gerad Ali Dable.
-|-
-|align=center| 12 || align=center| Gerad Omar ||  align=center| 1487–1495 || Following Gerad Ciise II's death, various pretenders to the throne battled each other to succeed the ruler. Power was eventually transferred for a short period to Ciise II's brother, Gerad Omar.
-|-
-|align=center| 13 || align=center| [[Gerad Ali Dable]] ||  align=center| 1491–1503 || Exiled in [[Yemen]] after the death of his father, Gerad Ciise II. Returned with [[Cannon|cannon fire]] and defeated the Gerad of [[Dhulbahante]]'s troops in the ''Battle of Garadag''.
-|-
-|align=center| 14 || align=center| Gerad Liban ||  align=center| 1503–1525 || Eldest son of Gerad Ali Dable.
-|-
-|align=center| 15 || align=center| Gerad Yuusuf ||  align=center| 1525–1555 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 16 || align=center| Gerad Mohamud III ||  align=center| 1555–1585 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 17 || align=center| Gerad Abdale ||  align=center| 1585–1612 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 18 || align=center| Gerad Ali ||  align=center| 1612–1655 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 19 || align=center| Gerad Mohamud IV ||  align=center| 1655–1675 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 20 || align=center| Gerad Naleye ||  align=center| 1675–1705 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 21 || align=center| Gerad Mohamed ||  align=center| 1705–1750 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 22 || align=center| Gerad Ali ||  align=center| 1750–1789 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 23 || align=center| Gerad Mohamud Ali ||  align=center| 1789–1830 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 24 || align=center| Gerad Aul ||  align=center| 1830–1870 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 25 || align=center| Gerad Ali Shire ||  align=center| 1870–1897 || Father of Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, with whom he briefly engaged in a power struggle.
-|-
-|align=center| 26 || align=center| '''Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire''' ||  align=center| 1897–1960 || Led the Sultanate during some of its most turbulent years. Fought against and signed treaties with the British. Eventually exiled to the [[Seychelles]] for ignoring imperial entreaties.
-|-
-|align=center| 27 || align=center| Sultan Abdul Sallan ||  align=center| 1960–1997 ||
-|-
-|align=center| 28 || align=center| Sultan Siciid Sultan Abdisalaan ||  align=center| 1997–present ||
-|}
 ==See also==