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| Mohamoud Ali Shire محمود علي شيري | |
|---|---|
| Sultan (Gerad) of the Warsangali[1] | |
 Portrait of Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire from 1905. | |
| Born | Las Khorey, Warsangali Sultanate (present-day Somalia) |
| Died | 1960 Badhan, Somalia |
| Religion | Islam |
Mohamoud Ali Shire (Somali: Maxamuud Cali Shiire, Arabic: محمود علي شري; Mahmoud bin Ali Shirreh Maxmud bin Cali Shire) was a Somali ruler. He was a Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate.
Reign
Warsangali Sultanate
Mohamoud Ali Shire, born Mahmoud bin Ali Shirreh (Maxmud bin Cali Shire[2]), served as Sultan of the Warsangali clan during the late 19th century and early 20th century.[3]
The Warsangali Sultanate was established in the late thirteenth century by the Warsangali subclan of the Darod. Located on the northern coast of Somalia, it evolved out of a tribally based emirate, which adopted an Islamic state structure and identity. Various similar tribal sultanates existed on this littoral for a millenium. These entities were centered on global maritime trade, but they sometimes also extended their realm to the nomadic hinterland.[4]
Dervish State
Shire was the father-in-law of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, the Somali religious and nationalist leader whose Dervish State fought a two-decade long war against British, Italian and Ethiopian forces.[2] The two leaders regularly engaged in trade and political intrigue.[3]
In 1886, Shire and other elders of the Warsangali clan signed a treaty with the British Empire establishing a protectorate in his territory. This came following other protectorate treaties signed by the British Empire and other Somali clans (Habar Awal, Gadabuursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Gerhajis and Easa).[5] During the subsequent power struggle between Hassan's Dervishes and British forces, Shire decided to throw the Warsangali's lot with the former polity. In January 1908, his men opened fire on a British ship that was about to land on their littoral.[6] After a quarter of a century of holding British forces at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain's new policy of aerial bombardment.[7]
Exile and return
Soon after the Dervishes' defeat, the British Secretary of State sentenced Shire to exile in the Seychelles for a period of seven years.[3] The justification for his deportation was that Shire had exerted his own form of "native authority".[9] On May 3, 1920, on board the HMS Odin, Sultan Shire was delivered to British authorities in the Seychelles from their colony in Bombay, India, residing in the Anse Etoile district on the island of Mahé.[3] At the time of his arrival on the Seychelles archipelago, a number of other prominent anti-imperialist leaders were also exiled there, including Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, the former Prime Minister of Egypt, with whom Sultan Shire would soon develop a rapport.[10]
Although the terms of Shire's deportation allowed him to bring a spouse, he spent most of his time in exile alone, without relatives or companions.[11] He wrote a number of letters to the colonial governors of the Somaliland Protectorate and Seychelles which appealed for his release, indicating therein that he simply wanted to rejoin his wife and children. Shire also asserted that he did not wish to be Sultan of Somaliland and vowed to respect the authority of the British government. These assurances were ineffective.[12]
In May 1928, after some lobbying on Shire's behalf by the Governor Byrne, Shire's period of exile in the Seychelles came to an end. He was transported to Aden on board the ss Karapara. Shire still commanded the loyalty of his people. Gradually, he reached an accommodation with the British administration. The colonial authorities recognised the influence that he could exert over his clan, and his Sultan status was eventually restored.[12]
In 1960, Shire died peacefully during his sleep.[13]
Honors
In 1954, Sultan Shire received honors from the British Empire, when Queen Elizabeth II officially decorated him during a royal visit to Aden.[8]
See also
Notes
- ^ Kothari, Uma (June 2012). "Contesting colonial rule: Politics of exile in the Indian Ocean Author links open overlay panel". Geoforum. 43 (4): 697–706. doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.07.012. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ a b Skelly, Joseph Morrison (2009). Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad: Defenders, Detractors, and Definitions: Defenders, Detractors, and Definitions. ABC-CLIO. p. 98. ISBN 0313372241. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ Ahmed, Abkar (2013). The Thistle and the Drone. Brookings Institution Press. p. 147. ISBN 0815723792. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ Omar, Mohamed Osman (2001). The scramble in the Horn of Africa: history of Somalia, 1827-1977. Somali Publications. p. 568. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ^ Lewis, I. M. (2002). A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. James Currey. p. 74. ISBN 0852554834. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
The Warsangali clan within the British protectorate on the eastern coast who under their spirited leader Garad Mahamud 'Ali Shire had now decided to throw in their lot with the Dervishes and in Jan 1908, fired on a British dhow as it was landing on their coast.
- ^ Samatar, Said Sheikh (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131, 135. ISBN 0-521-23833-1.
- ^ a b McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 41. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Hunt, John Anthony (152). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. John Anthony Hunt. p. 152. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 37. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 38. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ a b McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
he still had a loyal people and, as is so often the way with those who at first rebel, Shirreh gradually reached an accommodation with the British. They recognised the influence he could exert over the Warsangali, and his status of Sultan was eventually restored.
- ^ McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 41. ISBN 9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
External links
- Warsangeli Sultanate (Official website)