Gambella National Park: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox protected area |
{{Infobox protected area |
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| name = Gambella National Park |
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| map_caption = Location in Ethiopia |
| map_caption = Location in Ethiopia |
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| coordinates = {{coords|7|52|N|34|0|E|display=inline, title}} |
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| established = 1974–1975 |
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'''Gambella National Park''', or '''Gambela National Park''', is a {{Convert|4575|km2|sqmi|adj=on}} national park in [[Ethiopia]],<ref name=AR>{{cite web|title=African Parks Annual Report: 2015|url=https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2015.pdf|publisher=[[African Parks]]|accessdate=29 November 2017|format=PDF|page=80|date=2015}}</ref> near the [[South Sudan]]ese border. It is the nation's largest national park.<ref name="ACF">{{cite web|title=Ethiopia: Number of Wild Animals on Rise in Gambella National Park|url=https://www.africanconservation.org/wildlife-news/ethiopia-number-of-wild-animals-on-rise-in-gambella-national-park-2|publisher=[[African Conservation Foundation]]|accessdate=25 September 2017|date=18 April 2012}}</ref> Gambella is located several hundred kilometers from [[Addis Ababa]],<ref name=ACF/> and features [[swamp]]s and [[wetland]]s.<ref name="NR">{{cite journal|title=Wildlife Resources of Ethiopia: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Directions: From Ecotourism Perspective: A Review Paper|journal=Natural Resources|date=26 June 2015|volume=6|page=416|url=http://file.scirp.org/pdf/NR_2015062615121870.pdf|accessdate=26 September 2017|first=Alemneh|last=Amare}}</ref> The [[Akobo River|Akobo]], [[Alero River|Alero]], [[Baro River|Baro]], and [[Gilo River|Gilo]] rivers all run through the park, supporting a variety of [[Plant community|plant communities]] and wildlife.<ref name=NR/> Gambella was established in 1974,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Global Land Grab: Beyond the Hype|date=13 February 2014|publisher=Zed Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag5kDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|first1=Annelies|last1=Zoomers|first2=Mayke|last2=Kaag}}</ref> but is not fully protected and has not been effectively managed for much of its history.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahmato|first1=Dessalegn|title=Land to Investors: Large-scale Land Transfers in Ethiopia|date=2011|publisher=African Books Collective|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3eRfgLGmQQC&pg=PA27&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>"... Gambella National Park has virtually ceased to exist as a conservation area...": |
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'''Gambela National Park''' is the largest of the [[List of national parks of Ethiopia|national parks in Ethiopia]], covering {{convert|5061|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=BirdLife/> Established in 1973,<ref name=Rolkier>{{cite journal |last1=Rolkier |first1=Gatluak Gatkoth |date=June 2015 |title=Planning for Core Wildlife Conservation Area of Gambella ''(sic)'' National Park |journal=International Journal of Innovative Research & Development |publisher= |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages= |url= |doi= }} (The document is available at www.ijird.com/index.php/ijird/article/download/73038/56998.)</ref> it is located in the [[Gambela Region]], about {{convert|15|km|mi}} southwest of the city of [[Gambela, Ethiopia|Gambela]],<ref name=BirdLife>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6276&m=0 |title=Gambella National Park |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |accessdate=1 September 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103071410/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6276&m=0 |archivedate=3 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> which houses the park's headquarters.<ref name=LP>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ethiopia/gambela-national-park/introduction |title=Introducing Gambela National Park |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025180745/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ethiopia/gambela-national-park/introduction |archivedate=2016-10-25 |df= }}</ref> The northern boundary is delineated by the [[Baro River]].<ref name=BirdLife/> |
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* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAtfSkr1q6sC&pg=PT100&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Protected Areas of the World: Afrotropical|page=100|publisher=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|date=1991|accessdate=29 September 2017}} |
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* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYCipEVWF-kC&pg=PA100&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector|page=100|publisher=World Bank Publications|date=2012|first1=Klaus|last1=Deininger|first2=Harris|last2=Selod|first3=Anthony|last3=Burns|accessdate=29 September 2017}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Plummer|first1=Janelle|title=Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia: Perceptions, Realities, and the Way Forward for Key Sectors|date=6 July 2012|publisher=World Bank Publications|page=297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8tOvtFSafgC&pg=PA297&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> |
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Gambella has one of the highest concentrations of wildlife in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The IUCN Sahel Studies 1989|date=1989|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA105&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> According to the [[African Conservation Foundation]], the park is home to 69 species of mammals, as of 2012.<ref name=ACF/> In 2015, an article published by ''Natural Resources'' said Gambella had 41 large mammal species, the most common of which include: [[African elephant]], [[African buffalo]], [[bushpig]], [[common warthog]], [[giraffe]],<ref name="GCF">{{cite web|title=Giraffe Conservation Status in Ethiopia|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/programmes/ethiopia-status-report/|publisher=Giraffe Conservation Foundation|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref> [[hippopotamus]], [[kéwel]], [[Nile lechwe]], sable, [[Tiang (antelope)|tiang]], [[topi]], and [[waterbuck]].<ref name=NR/> Predators and primates include: [[cheetah]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[lion]]s, [[mantled guereza]], [[olive baboon]]s, [[patas monkey]]s,<ref name=NR/> and [[spotted hyena]]s.<ref name=ACF/><ref name="Kebbede">{{cite book|last1=Kebbede|first1=Girma|title=Environment and Society in Ethiopia|date=4 October 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=Ethiopia>{{cite book|title=Ethiopia|date=2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=581|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFb6pacaczsC&pg=PA581&lpg=PA581&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=26 September 2017|first1=Philip|last1=Briggs|first2=Brian|last2=Blatt}}</ref> |
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The park also hosts herds of [[Bohor reedbuck]], [[Imbabala|bushbuck]], [[Lelwel hartebeest]], [[oribi]], [[reedbuck]], [[roan antelope]], and white-eared [[kob]].<ref name=ACF/><ref name=NR/><ref name=Kebbede/><ref name=Ethiopia/> The white-eared kob migration is Africa's second largest mammal migration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Protecting the Wild: Parks and Wilderness, the Foundation for Conservation|date=19 February 2015|publisher=Island Press|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGt7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017|first1=George|last1=Wuerthner|first2=Eileen|last2=Crist|first3=Tom|last3=Butler}}</ref><ref name="AAD">{{cite book|last1=East|first1=Rod|title=African Antelope Database 1998|date=1999|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59Ci3C8BCmEC&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=26 September 2017|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> In 2015, [[African Parks]] and the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority surveyed the park's giraffe population for the first time, and estimated there were between 100 and 120 giraffes. Gambella's giraffes were once thought to belong to the [[Nubian giraffe|Nubian]] subspecies.<ref name="Morell">{{cite journal|last1=Morell|first1=Virginia|title=Inside the Fight to Stop Giraffes' 'Silent Extinction'|journal=National Geographic|date=25 June 2015|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150625-giraffes-animals-science-conservation-africa-endangered/|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="IFAW">{{cite web|title=Petition to Lift the Giraffe (''Giraffa camelopardalis'') Under the Endangered Species Act|date=19 April 2017|url=http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/default/Giraffe_ESA_Petition_final.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2017|page=15|format=PDF|publisher=[[International Fund for Animal Welfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Bryan|title=The Giraffe: Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour|date=9 August 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=747RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT317&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> Gambella's rivers host amphibians, [[freshwater fish]] (including [[perch]]), and reptiles, including [[Nile crocodile]]s.<ref name=NR/> |
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327 bird species, including seasonal [[Bird migration|migrants]], have been recorded, including the [[African skimmer]], [[black-faced firefinch]], [[Carmine bee-eater]], [[cisticola]]s, [[crowned crane]]s, [[Egyptian plover]], [[exclamatory paradise whydah]], [[green bee-eater]], [[pelican]]s, approximately 40 species of [[Bird of prey|raptors]], [[red-necked buzzard]], [[red-throated bee-eater]], storks, [[warbler]]s, and vultures.<ref name=ACF/><ref name=Ethiopia/> The rare [[shoebill stork]], [[Basra reed warbler]], and [[black-winged pratincole]] have been recorded, the former species just once since the 1960s.<ref name=NR/><ref name=Kebbede/><ref name=Ethiopia/> |
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==Topography== |
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The park is situated in a lowland plain,<ref name=Rolkier/> but there are some areas of higher, often rocky, ground with deciduous woodland and [[savanna]], as well as large [[termite mound]]s.<ref name=BirdLife/> Gambela National Park also supports extensive areas of wet grassland and swamps.<ref name=BirdLife/> |
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Gambella's swamps and wetlands support 490 plant species.<ref name=ACF/> [[Plant community|Plant communities]] include [[floodplain]]s, [[forest]]s with [[savanna]] grasses, [[shrubland]]s, and deciduous [[woodland]]s. Native grasses can grow more than {{Convert|3|m|ft}} tall.<ref name=NR/><ref name=Kebbede/> Plant species along the Akobo and Baro rivers include: ''[[Acacia victoriae]]'', ''[[Arundo donax]]'', shenkorageda (''Saccharum officinalis''), and temba (''Pennisetum petiolare''). The invasive ''[[Eichhornia crassipes]]'' (water hyacinth) has also been reported.<ref name=Kebbede/> |
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There are "69 species of mammal, 327 species of birds, 7 species of reptile, 493 species of plants and 92 species of fish".<ref name=Rolkier/> Planning for the conservation and management of wildlife in Gambela Park was focused on protecting three endangered species: the [[African elephant]], [[Nile lechwe]] and [[shoebill]] stork.<ref name=Rolkier/> Among the mammal species reported to be living here are the [[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[East African lion]], [[African leopard|leopard]], [[Sudan cheetah]], [[Nubian giraffe]], [[roan antelope]], [[Korrigum|tiang]], [[Lelwel hartebeest]], [[olive baboon]], and [[mantled guereza|guereza monkey]], as well as hyena, buffalo, [[sable antelope]], [[hippopotamus]], [[Kafue lechwe]], [[zebra]], [[greater kudu]], [[bushbuck]], [[oribi]], [[reedbuck]] and [[waterbuck]].<ref name=ACF>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanconservation.org/wildlife-news/ethiopia-number-of-wild-animals-on-rise-in-gambella-national-park-2 |title=Ethiopia: Number of Wild Animals on Rise in Gambella National Park |date=18 April 2012 |publisher=[[African Conservation Foundation]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025181127/http://www.africanconservation.org/wildlife-news/ethiopia-number-of-wild-animals-on-rise-in-gambella-national-park-2 |archivedate=25 October 2016 |df= }}</ref> The peak of the annual [[antelope]] migration occurs from January to March.<ref name=LP/> Several birds only found in this area include the [[long-tailed paradise whydah]] and the [[red-throated bee-eater|red-throated]] and [[green bee-eater]]s.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 3rd edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2002), p. 492</ref> |
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Efforts to reduce poaching doubled the number of wild animals in the park between 2008 and 2012.<ref name=ACF/> |
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About 66% of the area is considered shrubland, 15% is forest, while 17% has been altered by man.<ref name=BirdLife/> In the wet grassland and swamps, the native grasses grow over {{convert|3|m|ft}} in height.<ref name=BirdLife/> |
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==History== |
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Gambella was established during 1974–1975 to protect habitat and wildlife, especially the Nile lechwe and white-eared kob, two endangered antelope species.<ref name=NR/><ref name=Kebbede/><ref name=Ethiopia/> Animal populations in the park have declined because of [[agriculture]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Negm|first1=Abdelazim M.|title=The Nile River|date=2017|publisher=Springer|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGsmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> cotton farming, hunting, [[poaching]],<ref name=NR/> and the creation of [[refugee camp]]s, especially following the [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia]] and by [[Refugees of Sudan|displaced Sudanese]].<ref name=Ethiopia/><ref name=AAD/><ref name="Woube">{{cite book|last1=Woube|first1=Mengistu|title=Effects of Resettlement Schemes on the Biophysical and Human Environments: The Case of the Gambela Region, Ethiopia|date=2005|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Glti5O1XMJ0C&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref> Illegal [[deforestation]] by local communities has also led to conflict.<ref name="Anwar">{{cite journal|last1=Anwar|first1=Mohammad Amir|title=The lesser known story of India's role in Ethiopian land grabs|url=http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/Blogs/2892711/the_lesser_known_story_of_indias_role_in_ethiopian_land_grabs.html|work=[[The Ecologist]]|accessdate=27 September 2017|issn=0012-9631|oclc=263593196|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> |
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The mean annual rainfall is {{convert|1400|mm}}; there is a wet season from May to October and a dry season the rest of time.<ref name=Rolkier/> The park is mostly flooded from August to October.<ref name=LP/> The mean temperature is 27 °C, with signification variation.<ref name=Rolkier/> |
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In 2012, Bantayehu Wasyihun, head of the park's office, said infrastructure development was underway to make Gambella more accommodating to tourists.<ref name=ACF/> The conservation organization [[African Parks Network|African Parks]] and [[Addis Ababa University]]'s Horn of Africa Research Centre worked with park officials to draft plans to improve Gambella's security and structure.<ref name=AR/><ref name="Briggs">{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|date=22 October 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=605|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA605&lpg=PA605&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 September 2017|title=Ethiopia}}</ref> |
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==Human activities== |
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There is no infrastructure,<ref name=LP/> but it is claimed that development is underway to make it a tourist attraction.<ref name=ACF/> |
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==See also== |
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The local residents graze their animals, plant a few crops along the rivers and hunt in the park.<ref name=BirdLife/> |
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* [[List of national parks of Ethiopia]] |
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==References== |
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It is being encroached upon by [[refugee camp]]s, many occupied by people from the southern Sudan.<ref name=BirdLife/> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nggmnwEACAAJ&dq|title=Carbon Stock Potential of Gambella National Park|publisher= Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG|date=2013}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{Cite journal|url=http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/ALST/article/viewFile/24605/25207|title=Carbon Sock of Gambella National Park: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation|work=Advances in Life Science and Technology|volume=35|date=2015|first1=Abreham|last1=Berta|first2=Teshome|last2=Soromessa|first3=Satishkumar|last3=Belliethathan}} |
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* {{Cite journal|url=http://www.ijird.com/index.php/ijird/article/view/73038|title=Planning for Core Wildlife Conservation Area of Gambella National Park|first=Gatluak Gatkoth|last=Rolkier|work=International Journal of Innovative Research and Development|volume=4|issue=6|date=June 2015}} |
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==External links== |
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{{National Parks of Ethiopia}} |
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{{Portal|Ethiopia}} |
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* {{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/ethiopia/western-ethiopia/attractions/gambela-national-park/a/poi-sig/1555882/1330901|title=Gambela National Park|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}} |
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[[Category:National parks of Ethiopia]] |
[[Category:National parks of Ethiopia]] |
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[[Category:Protected areas established in 1974]] |
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Revision as of 07:08, 5 April 2018
| Gambella National Park | |
|---|---|
  Location in Ethiopia | |
| Location | Gambela Region, Ethiopia |
| Coordinates | 7°52′N 34°0′E / 7.867°N 34.000°E |
| Area | 4,575 km2 (1,766 sq mi) |
| Established | 1974–1975 |
Gambella National Park, or Gambela National Park, is a 4,575-square-kilometre (1,766 sq mi) national park in Ethiopia,[1] near the South Sudanese border. It is the nation's largest national park.[2] Gambella is located several hundred kilometers from Addis Ababa,[2] and features swamps and wetlands.[3] The Akobo, Alero, Baro, and Gilo rivers all run through the park, supporting a variety of plant communities and wildlife.[3] Gambella was established in 1974,[4] but is not fully protected and has not been effectively managed for much of its history.[5][6]
Fauna and flora
Gambella has one of the highest concentrations of wildlife in Ethiopia.[7] According to the African Conservation Foundation, the park is home to 69 species of mammals, as of 2012.[2] In 2015, an article published by Natural Resources said Gambella had 41 large mammal species, the most common of which include: African elephant, African buffalo, bushpig, common warthog, giraffe,[8] hippopotamus, kéwel, Nile lechwe, sable, tiang, topi, and waterbuck.[3] Predators and primates include: cheetahs, leopards, lions, mantled guereza, olive baboons, patas monkeys,[3] and spotted hyenas.[2][9][10]
The park also hosts herds of Bohor reedbuck, bushbuck, Lelwel hartebeest, oribi, reedbuck, roan antelope, and white-eared kob.[2][3][9][10] The white-eared kob migration is Africa's second largest mammal migration.[11][12] In 2015, African Parks and the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority surveyed the park's giraffe population for the first time, and estimated there were between 100 and 120 giraffes. Gambella's giraffes were once thought to belong to the Nubian subspecies.[13][14][15] Gambella's rivers host amphibians, freshwater fish (including perch), and reptiles, including Nile crocodiles.[3]
327 bird species, including seasonal migrants, have been recorded, including the African skimmer, black-faced firefinch, Carmine bee-eater, cisticolas, crowned cranes, Egyptian plover, exclamatory paradise whydah, green bee-eater, pelicans, approximately 40 species of raptors, red-necked buzzard, red-throated bee-eater, storks, warblers, and vultures.[2][10] The rare shoebill stork, Basra reed warbler, and black-winged pratincole have been recorded, the former species just once since the 1960s.[3][9][10]
Gambella's swamps and wetlands support 490 plant species.[2] Plant communities include floodplains, forests with savanna grasses, shrublands, and deciduous woodlands. Native grasses can grow more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall.[3][9] Plant species along the Akobo and Baro rivers include: Acacia victoriae, Arundo donax, shenkorageda (Saccharum officinalis), and temba (Pennisetum petiolare). The invasive Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) has also been reported.[9]
Efforts to reduce poaching doubled the number of wild animals in the park between 2008 and 2012.[2]
History
Gambella was established during 1974–1975 to protect habitat and wildlife, especially the Nile lechwe and white-eared kob, two endangered antelope species.[3][9][10] Animal populations in the park have declined because of agriculture,[16] cotton farming, hunting, poaching,[3] and the creation of refugee camps, especially following the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia and by displaced Sudanese.[10][12][17] Illegal deforestation by local communities has also led to conflict.[18]
In 2012, Bantayehu Wasyihun, head of the park's office, said infrastructure development was underway to make Gambella more accommodating to tourists.[2] The conservation organization African Parks and Addis Ababa University's Horn of Africa Research Centre worked with park officials to draft plans to improve Gambella's security and structure.[1][19]
See also
References
- ^ a b "African Parks Annual Report: 2015" (PDF). African Parks. 2015. p. 80. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ethiopia: Number of Wild Animals on Rise in Gambella National Park". African Conservation Foundation. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Amare, Alemneh (26 June 2015). "Wildlife Resources of Ethiopia: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Directions: From Ecotourism Perspective: A Review Paper" (PDF). Natural Resources. 6: 416. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ Zoomers, Annelies; Kaag, Mayke (13 February 2014). The Global Land Grab: Beyond the Hype. Zed Books. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ Rahmato, Dessalegn (2011). Land to Investors: Large-scale Land Transfers in Ethiopia. African Books Collective. p. 27. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ "... Gambella National Park has virtually ceased to exist as a conservation area...":
- Protected Areas of the World: Afrotropical. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1991. p. 100. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- Deininger, Klaus; Selod, Harris; Burns, Anthony (2012). The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector. World Bank Publications. p. 100. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- Plummer, Janelle (6 July 2012). Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia: Perceptions, Realities, and the Way Forward for Key Sectors. World Bank Publications. p. 297. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ The IUCN Sahel Studies 1989. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 1989. p. 105. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ "Giraffe Conservation Status in Ethiopia". Giraffe Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Kebbede, Girma (4 October 2016). Environment and Society in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Briggs, Philip; Blatt, Brian (2009). Ethiopia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 581. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ Wuerthner, George; Crist, Eileen; Butler, Tom (19 February 2015). Protecting the Wild: Parks and Wilderness, the Foundation for Conservation. Island Press. p. 173. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ a b East, Rod (1999). African Antelope Database 1998. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 167. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ Morell, Virginia (25 June 2015). "Inside the Fight to Stop Giraffes' 'Silent Extinction'". National Geographic. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "Petition to Lift the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Under the Endangered Species Act" (PDF). International Fund for Animal Welfare. 19 April 2017. p. 15. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ Shorrocks, Bryan (9 August 2016). The Giraffe: Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. John Wiley & Sons. p. 317. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ Negm, Abdelazim M. (2017). The Nile River. Springer. p. 324. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ Woube, Mengistu (2005). Effects of Resettlement Schemes on the Biophysical and Human Environments: The Case of the Gambela Region, Ethiopia. Universal-Publishers. p. 133. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ Anwar, Mohammad Amir (15 June 2015). "The lesser known story of India's role in Ethiopian land grabs". The Ecologist. ISSN 0012-9631. OCLC 263593196. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ Briggs, Philip (22 October 2015). Ethiopia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 605. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Further reading
- Carbon Stock Potential of Gambella National Park. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. 2013.
- Berta, Abreham; Soromessa, Teshome; Belliethathan, Satishkumar (2015). "Carbon Sock of Gambella National Park: Implication for Climate Change Mitigation". Advances in Life Science and Technology. 35.
- Rolkier, Gatluak Gatkoth (June 2015). "Planning for Core Wildlife Conservation Area of Gambella National Park". International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. 4 (6).
