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===Vaccinations===
===Vaccinations===
Rimland maintained that, while not proven, there was a direct link between [[Thiomersal controversy|thiomersal]] (a mercury-based preservative used in vaccines) and autism.<ref name="Venables, Stephen (November 2006)" /><ref name="Kesich, Greg (October 2001)">{{cite news|last1=Kesich|first1=Greg|title=Did kids' vaccines trigger autism? Three Maine families say yes, along with dozens of others with autistic children, but most officials see no link|work=Portland Press Herald|date=October 29, 2001|location=Portland, Maine|page=1A}}</ref> The United States [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) in its 2004 report found that, "the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism."[http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10997] The [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA), [[National Health Service]] (NHS), [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), [[European Medicines Agency]] (EMEA), [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC), and many other national and international medical organizations have issued statements of a similar nature, finding no link between autism and thimerosal based on the evidence currently available from a variety of studies.
Rimland considered vaccinations to be a "prime suspect" in the onset of autism.<ref name="Sunday Mercury (August 1999)">{{cite news|title=Our Health: Doctor blames MMR jabs for surge in autism|work=Sunday Mercury|date=August 22, 1999|location=Birmingham (UK)|page=36}}</ref> He maintained that, while not proven, there was a direct link between [[Thiomersal controversy|thiomersal]] (a mercury-based preservative used in vaccines) and autism.<ref name="Venables, Stephen (November 2006)" /><ref name="Kesich, Greg (October 2001)">{{cite news|last1=Kesich|first1=Greg|title=Did kids' vaccines trigger autism? Three Maine families say yes, along with dozens of others with autistic children, but most officials see no link|work=Portland Press Herald|date=October 29, 2001|location=Portland, Maine|page=1A}}</ref> He supported Andrew Wakefield's assertion that the MMR vaccine intended to protect against measles, mumps and rubella was linked to autism. Rimland contented that the vaccination triggered autism by placing a burden on the immune systems of children between birth and age 2.<ref name="Maugh, Thomas (March 2001)">{{cite news|title=California and the West; Vaccine, surge in autism unrelated, study says. Health: Rise in cases occurred while measles-mumps-rubella inoculation rate was constant. Critics discount findings.|work=Los Angeles Times|issue=Home Edition|date=March 7, 2001|location=Los Angeles, California|page=A.3}}</ref>


Rimland linked the increase of late-onset autism during the 1980s with the introduction of the MMR vaccine,<ref name="Venables, Stephen (November 2006)" /> a correlation the Center for Disease Control, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Medical Association did not support.<ref name="PR Newswire (March 1998)">{{cite news|title=Vaccine Policymakers clash over research into vaccines; autism and intestinal disorders|url=https://www.nvic.org/nvic-archives/pressrelease/thelancet.aspx|accessdate=6 May 2018|work=PR Newswire|date=March 3, 1998|location=New York, New York|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Kaplan, Sunny (April 2000)">{{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=Sunny|title=Autism-vaccine link raised in hearing; Medicine: psychologist tells House panel that steep rise in disorder may stem from immunization campaign, a theory hotly contested by other experts|work=Los Angeles Times|issue=Home Edition|date=April 7, 2000|location=Los Angeles, California|page=26}}</ref> He rejected the idea that a diagnosis of autism at or around 18 months, the same time the vaccinations were administered, was coincidental.<ref name="Kesich, Greg (October 2001)" /><ref name="PR Newswire (March 1998)" /> When the California Department of Health Services, along with studies from England and Finland, reported that the vaccine "plays little or no role in the disease," Rimland stated that it was "much too early to dismiss the [vaccine] hypothesis".<ref name="Maugh, Thomas (March 2001)" /> He remained undeterred when a study by Robert L. Davis, published in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, found no association between MMR and inflammatory bowel disease, discussed in the Wakefield report, "nor any evidence that the vaccine triggered acute onset of symptoms."<ref name="Maugh, Thomas (March 2001)" /> In 2004, all but 13 of the original co-authors of the Wakefield study recanted their findings due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="The News Press (March 2004)">{{cite news|last1=Atwater|first1=Andi|title=Authors recant autism study|work=The News Press|date=March 4, 2004|location=Fort Myers, Florida|page=A.1}}</ref> The United States [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) in its 2004 report found that, "the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism."<ref name="Immunization Safety Review (2004)">{{cite web|title=Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10997/immunization-safety-review-vaccines-and-autism|website=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine|publisher=Institute of Medicine: The National Academies Press|accessdate=6 May 2018|location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.17226/10997|date=2004}}</ref>

The [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA), [[National Health Service]] (NHS), [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), [[European Medicines Agency]] (EMEA), [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC), and many other national and international medical organizations have issued statements of a similar nature, finding no link between autism and thimerosal based on the evidence currently available from a variety of studies.



Rimland supported Andrew Wakefield's assertion that the MMR vaccine to protect against measles, mumps and rubella was linked to autism. Rimland's argument was that disorder was "triggered" by the vaccine in children with a genetic predisposition to autism. He correlated the increase of late-onset autism during the 1980s with the introduction of the vaccine.<ref name="Venables, Stephen (November 2006)" /> He rejected the idea that an increase in the numbers of children diagnosed with autism was due to better identification by physicians in diagnosing the disorder.<ref name="Kesich, Greg (October 2001)" /> He remained undeterred when, in 2004, all but 13 of the original co-authors of the Wakefield study recanted their findings due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="The News Press (March 2004)">{{cite news|last1=Atwater|first1=Andi|title=Authors recant autism study|work=The News Press|date=March 4, 2004|location=Fort Myers, Florida|page=A.1}}</ref>
===Facilitated Communication===
===Facilitated Communication===
===Chelation===
===Chelation===

Revision as of 21:34, 6 May 2018

Bernard Rimland
Born(1928-11-15)November 15, 1928
Cleveland, OH, U.S.
DiedNovember 21, 2006(2006-11-21) (aged 78)
San Diego, California, U.S.
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materSan Diego State University (Bachelor's)
Pennsylvania State University (PhD)
Known forAutism: researched causes, epidemic, the thiomersal theory, and biomedical treatment.
AwardsNational Vaccine Information Center's Courage in Science Award (2002)
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
InstitutionsAutism Research Institute
Autism Society of America
Defeat Autism Now!

Bernard Rimland, PhD (November 15, 1928 – November 21, 2006) was an American research psychologist, writer, lecturer, and advocate for children with developmental disorders. Rimland's first book, Infantile Autism, sparked by the birth of a son who had autism, was instrumental in changing attitudes toward the disorder. Rimland founded and directed two advocacy groups: the Autism Society of America (ASA) and the Autism Research Institute.[1]

Personal Life

Rimland was born on November 15, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. He and his family moved to San Diego, California in 1940, a city he never wanted to leave.[2]

In 1951, Rimland married Gloria Belle Alf. They had three children: Mark, Paul and Helen. Mark, born in 1956, exhibited challenging behaviors which Rimland self-diagnosed through research as autism. This condition, relatively unknown at the time, was confirmed by a pediatrician.[2] Find source: early infantile autism, rather than regressive autism

Rimland died of prostate cancer on November 21, 2006 at a care facility in El Cajon, California.[2]

Education

Rimland completed his undergraduate studies and earned a master's degree in psychology at San Diego State University.[2] He obtained his Ph.D. in experimental psychology and research design, from Pennsylvania State University in 1953.

Career

Upon completion of his doctorate, Rimland and his wife moved back to San Diego. Rimland worked as a psychologist at the Point Loma Naval Station,[2] where he remained until 1985.[3]

After the birth of his son, Mark, and his subsequent diagnosis of autism around the age of 2, Rimland began researching the disorder. The prevailing theory at the time was that autism was the reaction of children to mothers who were "cold and distant". Rimland's personal experience contradicted this idea of "refrigerator mothers" and he began searching for alternative explanations.[2]

In 1964, Rimland published his book, Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior. In the book, Rimland asserted that autism was not a psychological manifestation caused by unfeeling parents,[4] a widely held belief popularized by Bruno Bettelheim.[3] Instead, Rimland suggested, autism was a result of biochemical defects "triggered by environmental assaults". He acknowledged that there may also be a genetic component predisposing children to the disorder. Rimland argued that autism could "be treated—or at least ameliorated—with biomedical and behavioral therapies."[3] Infantile Autism challenged the medical establishment's perceptions of autism.[5][2] Rimland's message resonated with parents and, after the book was published, he began getting calls and letters from people who wanted to share their stories and ask for advice.[2]

Find citations: Its foreword, by Leo Kanner, the man who first identified autism as a syndrome, gave the book credibility among professionals in the field. It was an about-turn for Kanner, the originator of the word "autism" and of the "refrigerator mother" theory; through his observations and research, Kanner had come to believe that autism had a neurological cause—the accepted view in the medical profession today. He called a meeting in Teaneck, New Jersey, at the house of one of the families, and this small group of parents, including Ruth C. Sullivan (first president of the ASA), became the nucleus that founded the Autism Society of America.

In 1965, Rimland founded the Autism Society of America (ASA), a parent advocacy organization, to "work on behalf of autistic children and their families at local, state and national levels."[6]

In 1967, Rimland left the ASA to established the Autism Research Institute (ARI), a San Diego-based non-profit organization dedicated to researching and collecting data on autism and related disorders.[7] He kept a database of research and case histories, as well as conducted and sponsored research in an attempt identify the cause of autism and offer effective treatment solutions. Rimland supported Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA), a systematic educational approach made popular by Ivar Lovaas.[3] He published a newsletter, which reached an international audience.[8]

Defeat Autism Now! (DAN!), established in 1995, brought together parents, clinicians, and researchers to "explore and establish effective biomedical interventions.[8][5]

Stance on Key Issues

Rimland was outspoken on what he believed to be the major causes for autism: environmental pollutants, antibiotics, and vaccinations.[3] Sometimes, this put him at odds with the established medical community. In a letter to the editor of the Washington Post in 1997, Rimland wrote: "The reason that the public–and Congress–supports alternative medicine is that conventional medicine, despite its arrogance, is far too ineffective, far too harmful and far too costly. Non-conventional medicine is a rational alternative to a much greater evil–conventional medicine."[9]

Vaccinations

Rimland considered vaccinations to be a "prime suspect" in the onset of autism.[10] He maintained that, while not proven, there was a direct link between thiomersal (a mercury-based preservative used in vaccines) and autism.[3][11] He supported Andrew Wakefield's assertion that the MMR vaccine intended to protect against measles, mumps and rubella was linked to autism. Rimland contented that the vaccination triggered autism by placing a burden on the immune systems of children between birth and age 2.[12]


Rimland linked the increase of late-onset autism during the 1980s with the introduction of the MMR vaccine,[3] a correlation the Center for Disease Control, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Medical Association did not support.[13][14] He rejected the idea that a diagnosis of autism at or around 18 months, the same time the vaccinations were administered, was coincidental.[11][13] When the California Department of Health Services, along with studies from England and Finland, reported that the vaccine "plays little or no role in the disease," Rimland stated that it was "much too early to dismiss the [vaccine] hypothesis".[12] He remained undeterred when a study by Robert L. Davis, published in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, found no association between MMR and inflammatory bowel disease, discussed in the Wakefield report, "nor any evidence that the vaccine triggered acute onset of symptoms."[12] In 2004, all but 13 of the original co-authors of the Wakefield study recanted their findings due to insufficient evidence.[15] The United States Institute of Medicine (IOM) in its 2004 report found that, "the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism."[16]

The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), National Health Service (NHS), World Health Organization (WHO), European Medicines Agency (EMEA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and many other national and international medical organizations have issued statements of a similar nature, finding no link between autism and thimerosal based on the evidence currently available from a variety of studies.


Facilitated Communication

Chelation

Auditory Training

Many senior figures in medicine and psychology questioned Rimland's contributions to autism during the later period of his career. In 1995, Bennett Leventhal, a professor at the University of Chicago, tersely dismissed as "rubbish" Rimland's concern about the rise in autism diagnoses, and his assertion that vaccinations might be among the causes.

A brush with Hollywood

Rimland lectured on autism and related problems throughout the world, including before thousands of professional groups, and he was the author of numerous publications. His high profile, within what was then a small community of autism activists, caught the eye of movie producers in nearby Hollywood, California.

Rimland subsequently served as the primary technical advisor on autism for the 1988 movie Rain Man. Mark Rimland was interviewed by Dustin Hoffman, serving as one of several models for the character portrayed by the movie star. The movie helped establish worldwide awareness of autism, just when the prevalence of autism was first becoming apparent.

Miscellany

Rimland was the editor of the Autism Research Review International, published by ARI, which covers biomedical and educational advances in autism research.

Rimland and his wife, Gloria, before Rimland's death in 2006, celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary. The couple was married by Rabbi Monroe Levens of Tifereth Israel Synagogue, which was then located in Kensington, California.

References

  1. ^ Carey, Benedict (November 28, 2006). "Bernard Rimland, 78, Scientist Who Revised View of Autism, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Maugh II, Thomas H. (November 26, 2006). "Obituaries: Bernard Rimland, 78; Author was the father of modern autism research". Los Angeles Times. No. Home Edition. Los Angeles, California. p. B.14. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Venables, Stephen (November 28, 2006). "Bernard Rimland; psychologist researcher in autism who overturned the theory that it was a reaction to bad parenting". The Independent. London (UK). p. 34. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  4. ^ "Ask the Globe". Boston Globe. No. Third Edition 4. Boston, Massachusetts. December 15, 1986. p. 44.
  5. ^ a b "ASA Founder, Pioneer in autism research, support, to be honored by community he founded". US Newswire. Washington. November 22, 2006.
  6. ^ "Partnership to address epidemic; two organizations founded by Dr. Bernard Rimland join to promote cutting-edge research and service delivery in the autism community". US Newswire. Washington. October 31, 2006.
  7. ^ "150 parents of autistic children launch organization, ad campaign with stunning message: removing mercury reverses autism in kids". US Newswire. Washington. May 24, 2005. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b Shattock, Paul (December 6, 2006). "Obituary: Bernard Rimland: Parent and practitioner revolutionizing the treatment of autismh". The Guardian. London (UK). p. 37. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  9. ^ "When 'Alternative' medicine is prescient". Washington Post. No. Final edition. Washington, D.C. October 7, 1997. p. A.16.
  10. ^ "Our Health: Doctor blames MMR jabs for surge in autism". Sunday Mercury. Birmingham (UK). August 22, 1999. p. 36.
  11. ^ a b Kesich, Greg (October 29, 2001). "Did kids' vaccines trigger autism? Three Maine families say yes, along with dozens of others with autistic children, but most officials see no link". Portland Press Herald. Portland, Maine. p. 1A.
  12. ^ a b c "California and the West; Vaccine, surge in autism unrelated, study says. Health: Rise in cases occurred while measles-mumps-rubella inoculation rate was constant. Critics discount findings". Los Angeles Times. No. Home Edition. Los Angeles, California. March 7, 2001. p. A.3.
  13. ^ a b "Vaccine Policymakers clash over research into vaccines; autism and intestinal disorders". PR Newswire. New York, New York. March 3, 1998. p. 1. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  14. ^ Kaplan, Sunny (April 7, 2000). "Autism-vaccine link raised in hearing; Medicine: psychologist tells House panel that steep rise in disorder may stem from immunization campaign, a theory hotly contested by other experts". Los Angeles Times. No. Home Edition. Los Angeles, California. p. 26.
  15. ^ Atwater, Andi (March 4, 2004). "Authors recant autism study". The News Press. Fort Myers, Florida. p. A.1.
  16. ^ "Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism". The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Medicine: The National Academies Press. 2004. doi:10.17226/10997. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

Books

  • 1964 Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implication for a Neural Theory of Behavior - written after his son, Mark, was diagnosed as autism.
  • 1976 Modern Therapies (with Virginia Binder, A. Binder)
  • 1998 Biological Treatments for Autism and PDD (with William Shaw, Lisa Lewis, Bruce Semon)
  • 2001 Tired - so Tired!: And the "Yeast Connection" (with William Crook, Cynthia Crook)
  • 2003 Vaccines, Autism and Childhood Disorders: Crucial Data That Could Save Your Child's Life (with Neil Z. Miller)
  • 2003 Treating Autism: Parent Stories of Hope and Success (with Stephen M. Edelson, Ph.D.)
  • 2006 Recovering Autistic Children (originally published as Treating Autism) Second Edition (with Stephen M. Edelson, Ph.D.)
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