Logical Investigations (Husserl): Difference between revisions
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'''''Logical Investigations''''' ({{lang-de|Logische Untersuchungen}}) is a work of philosophy by [[Edmund Husserl]], published in two volumes in 1900 and 1901, with a second edition in 1913 and 1921. In ''Logical Investigations'', which resulted from a shift in Husserl's interests from mathematics to logic |
'''''Logical Investigations''''' ({{lang-de|Logische Untersuchungen}}) is a work of philosophy by [[Edmund Husserl]], published in two volumes in 1900 and 1901, with a second edition in 1913 and 1921. In ''Logical Investigations'', which resulted from a shift in Husserl's interests from mathematics to logic leading to the discovery of epistemology, Husserl maintains maintains that mathematical laws are not empirical laws that describe the workings of the mind, but ideal laws whose necessity is intuited ''a priori''. Though Husserl abandoned [[psychologism]], the doctrine according to which logical entities such as propositions, universals, and numbers can be reduced to mental states or activities, in ''Logical Investigations'', some commentators have seen a revival of psychologism in its second volume. ''Logical Investigations'' helped to create [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], and has been credited with making twentieth century [[continental philosophy]] possible. [[Martin Heidegger]] was among the philosophers influenced by the work. An English translation of the second edition, by the philosopher [[John Niemeyer Findlay|J. N. Findlay]], was published in 1970. The Shorter Logical Investigations have been published in 2001 in English by Irish philosopher [[Dermot Moran|Dermont Moran]]. The Logical Investigations are the epistemological foundations of modern Artificial Intelligence providing a compelling mathematical framework going beyond Cartesian-Newtonian-Kantian logical thought structuring axioms. They offer instead a new scientific method that can be applied to fields from the latest theological advancements in [[Christology]] to solving medical research questions as well as support the coding architectures suited for [[Quantum computing|Quantum Computing]]. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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==Influence and reception== |
==Influence and reception== |
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Husserl's first major work,{{sfn|Wagner|1983|page=215}} ''Logical Investigations'' has been credited with making twentieth century continental philosophy |
Husserl's first major work,{{sfn|Wagner|1983|page=215}} ''Logical Investigations'' has been credited with making twentieth century continental philosophy relevant. According to Donn Welton, Husserl introduced a novel conception of the relationships between language and experience, meaning and reference, and subject and object, and by attempting to integrate a theory of meaning with a theory of truth, and a theory of the subject with a theory of the object, founded [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], a new form of philosophy that went beyond systems such as psychologism, [[Formalism (philosophy)|formalism]], [[Philosophical realism|realism]], [[idealism]], [[Objectivity (philosophy)|objectivism]] and [[subjectivism]].{{sfn|Welton|1999|pages=ix, x}} [[Martin Heidegger]] studied ''Logical Investigations'' while a student at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Collegium Borromaeum (Freiburg im Breisgau)|de}}, where they were so rarely requested from the university library that Heidegger was easily able to renew them.{{sfn|Ott|1994|page=57}} Heidegger had expected that ''Logical Investigations'' would, like Carl Braig's ''On Being'' and other works Heidegger had already studied, shed light on the multiple meanings of being, but he was disappointed. Nevertheless, the work impressed Heidegger and convinced him to study philosophy. Especially important for Heidegger was the sixth of the ''Logical Investigations'', in which Husserl distinguishes between "sensuous" and "categorical" intuition.{{sfn|Krell|1993|pages=7, 12–13}} Heidegger, like [[Theodor W. Adorno]], believed that the second volume of ''Logical Investigations'' marked an apparent revival of psychologism, which puzzled him.{{sfn|Inwood|2005|page=409}} In ''[[Being and Time]]'' (1927), Heidegger credited Husserl's ''Logical Investigations'' with making his work possible.{{sfn|Heidegger|2008|page=62}} |
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The German philosopher [[Emil Lask]] was also influenced by ''Logical Investigations''. Heidegger credited Lask with being the only person who had taken up Husserl's investigations "positively from outside the mainstream of phenomenological research", pointing to Lask's ''Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre'' (1911) and ''Die Lehre vom Urteil'' (1912).{{sfn|Heidegger|2008|page=494}} [[Jacques Derrida]], who studied Husserl's ''Logical Investigations'' as a student in the 1950s,{{sfn|Powell|2006|page=25}} offered a critique of Husserl's work in ''[[Speech and Phenomena]]'' (1967).{{sfn|Derrida|1989|page=3}} [[Judith Butler]] commented in the preface to the second edition of ''[[Subjects of Desire]]'' that "a grammar that is preconceived to express logical relations" is the "conceit" of ''Logical Investigations'', which she compared to the early work of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].{{sfn|Butler|1999|page=xi}} |
The German philosopher [[Emil Lask]] was also influenced by ''Logical Investigations''. Heidegger credited Lask with being the only person who had taken up Husserl's investigations "positively from outside the mainstream of phenomenological research", pointing to Lask's ''Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre'' (1911) and ''Die Lehre vom Urteil'' (1912).{{sfn|Heidegger|2008|page=494}} [[Jacques Derrida]], who studied Husserl's ''Logical Investigations'' as a student in the 1950s,{{sfn|Powell|2006|page=25}} offered a critique of Husserl's work in ''[[Speech and Phenomena]]'' (1967).{{sfn|Derrida|1989|page=3}} [[Judith Butler]] commented in the preface to the second edition of ''[[Subjects of Desire]]'' that "a grammar that is preconceived to express logical relations" is the "conceit" of ''Logical Investigations'', which she compared to the early work of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].{{sfn|Butler|1999|page=xi}} |
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Revision as of 02:28, 30 March 2019
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| Author | Edmund Husserl |
|---|---|
| Original title | Logische Untersuchungen |
| Translator | J. N. Findlay |
| Language | German |
| Subjects | Logic, epistemology |
| Published |
|
| Publication place | Germany |
| Media type | |
| ISBN | 978-0415241892 (vol. 1) 978-0415241908 (vol. 2) |
Logical Investigations (German: Logische Untersuchungen) is a work of philosophy by Edmund Husserl, published in two volumes in 1900 and 1901, with a second edition in 1913 and 1921. In Logical Investigations, which resulted from a shift in Husserl's interests from mathematics to logic leading to the discovery of epistemology, Husserl maintains maintains that mathematical laws are not empirical laws that describe the workings of the mind, but ideal laws whose necessity is intuited a priori. Though Husserl abandoned psychologism, the doctrine according to which logical entities such as propositions, universals, and numbers can be reduced to mental states or activities, in Logical Investigations, some commentators have seen a revival of psychologism in its second volume. Logical Investigations helped to create phenomenology, and has been credited with making twentieth century continental philosophy possible. Martin Heidegger was among the philosophers influenced by the work. An English translation of the second edition, by the philosopher J. N. Findlay, was published in 1970. The Shorter Logical Investigations have been published in 2001 in English by Irish philosopher Dermont Moran. The Logical Investigations are the epistemological foundations of modern Artificial Intelligence providing a compelling mathematical framework going beyond Cartesian-Newtonian-Kantian logical thought structuring axioms. They offer instead a new scientific method that can be applied to fields from the latest theological advancements in Christology to solving medical research questions as well as support the coding architectures suited for Quantum Computing.
Background
Between 1890 and 1900, Husserl's philosophical interests expanded from mathematics to a concern with logic and epistemology. Logical Investigations was the culmination of this development.[1] In this work, Husserl gave a new account of mathematics, one opposed to his previous views, which had been influenced by the psychologism of the late 19th century. Husserl's view in Logical Investigations, which may have been influenced by Gottlob Frege's criticism of Husserl's Philosophy of Arithmetic (1891), was that mathematical laws are not empirical laws that describe the workings of the mind, but ideal laws whose necessity is intuited a priori.[2]
Summary
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Husserl discusses logic, writing that it "seeks to search into what pertains to genuine, valid science as such, what constitutes the Idea of Science, so as to be able to use the latter to measure the empirically given sciences as to their agreement with their Idea, the degree to which they approach it, and where they offend against it."[3]
Influence and reception
Husserl's first major work,[4] Logical Investigations has been credited with making twentieth century continental philosophy relevant. According to Donn Welton, Husserl introduced a novel conception of the relationships between language and experience, meaning and reference, and subject and object, and by attempting to integrate a theory of meaning with a theory of truth, and a theory of the subject with a theory of the object, founded phenomenology, a new form of philosophy that went beyond systems such as psychologism, formalism, realism, idealism, objectivism and subjectivism.[5] Martin Heidegger studied Logical Investigations while a student at the Collegium Borromaeum (Freiburg im Breisgau), where they were so rarely requested from the university library that Heidegger was easily able to renew them.[6] Heidegger had expected that Logical Investigations would, like Carl Braig's On Being and other works Heidegger had already studied, shed light on the multiple meanings of being, but he was disappointed. Nevertheless, the work impressed Heidegger and convinced him to study philosophy. Especially important for Heidegger was the sixth of the Logical Investigations, in which Husserl distinguishes between "sensuous" and "categorical" intuition.[7] Heidegger, like Theodor W. Adorno, believed that the second volume of Logical Investigations marked an apparent revival of psychologism, which puzzled him.[8] In Being and Time (1927), Heidegger credited Husserl's Logical Investigations with making his work possible.[9]
The German philosopher Emil Lask was also influenced by Logical Investigations. Heidegger credited Lask with being the only person who had taken up Husserl's investigations "positively from outside the mainstream of phenomenological research", pointing to Lask's Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1911) and Die Lehre vom Urteil (1912).[10] Jacques Derrida, who studied Husserl's Logical Investigations as a student in the 1950s,[11] offered a critique of Husserl's work in Speech and Phenomena (1967).[12] Judith Butler commented in the preface to the second edition of Subjects of Desire that "a grammar that is preconceived to express logical relations" is the "conceit" of Logical Investigations, which she compared to the early work of Ludwig Wittgenstein.[13]
Robert Sokolowski criticized the first edition of Logical Investigations for sharply distinguishing between things as they appear and the thing in itself in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (1995). He found that view similar to that of Immanuel Kant. Sokolowski notes that between 1900 and 1910, Husserl abandoned the Kantian distinctions made in Logical Investigations. According to Sokolowski, when Husserl expressed a new position in Ideas (1913), he was misinterpreted as adopting a traditional idealism and "many thinkers who admired Husserl's earlier work distanced themselves from what he now taught."[1] Derrida's biographer Jason Powell described the analyses of signs and meaning in Logical Investigations as "rigorous and abstract", "scrupulous", but also "tedious".[11] The philosopher Ray Monk wrote that Logical Investigations is "made almost impenetrable by the obscurity of Husserl’s prose", adding that Bertrand Russell described trying to read the work as "very much like trying to swallow a whale".[14]
Referencing
The A numbers used as standard references refer to the page numbers of the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen (1900/01), while the B numbers refer to the page numbers of the second edition.[15]
References
Footnotes
- ^ a b Sokolowski 1999, p. 404.
- ^ Mautner 2000, pp. 259–260.
- ^ Husserl 1999, p. 3.
- ^ Wagner 1983, p. 215.
- ^ Welton 1999, pp. ix, x.
- ^ Ott 1994, p. 57.
- ^ Krell 1993, pp. 7, 12–13.
- ^ Inwood 2005, p. 409.
- ^ Heidegger 2008, p. 62.
- ^ Heidegger 2008, p. 494.
- ^ a b Powell 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Derrida 1989, p. 3.
- ^ Butler 1999, p. xi.
- ^ Monk 2016.
- ^ Smith 1989, pp. 29–67.
Bibliography
- Books
- Butler, Judith (1999). Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06451-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Derrida, Jacques (1989). Speech and Phenomena: And Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0590-X.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Heidegger, Martin (2008). Being and Time. New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-06-157559-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). The Essential Husserl. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-25321273-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Inwood, M. J.; Honderich, Ted, Editor (2005). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926479-1.
{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Krell, David Farrell; Heidegger, Martin (1993). Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-063763-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Mautner, Thomas (2000). Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-140-51250-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ott, Hugo (1994). Martin Heidegger: A Political Life. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-686187-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Powell, Jason (2006). Jacques Derrida: A Biography. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9449-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Smith, Barry; Mohanty, J. N., Editor; McKenna, William R., Editor (1989). Husserl's Phenomenology: A Textbook. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America. ISBN 0819175307.
{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Sokolowski, Robert; Audi, Robert, Editor (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63722-8.
{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Wagner, Helmut R. (1983). Phenomenology of Consciousness and Sociology of the Life-world: An Introductory Study. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-032-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Welton, Donn; Husserl, Edmund (1999). The Essential Husserl. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-25321273-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Journals
- Münch, Dieter (1990). "The Early Work of Husserl and Artificial Intelligence". Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology. 20 (2). doi:10.1080/00071773.1989.11006840.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Online articles
- Monk, Ray (September 21, 2016). "Philosophy, the Sartre blend: uncovering the birth of existentialism". New Statesman. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
- Logische Untersuchungen: Erster Theil – original text in German at archive.org
- Logische Untersuchungen: Zweiter Theil – original text in German at archive.org
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