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{{Infobox medical intervention |
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| name = Nature therapy |
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| image = Bamboo forest, Arashiyama, Kyoto (oliveheartkimchi).jpg |
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| caption = Walking through a [[bamboo]] forest in [[Arashiyama]], [[Kyoto]] |
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'''Nature therapy,''' sometimes referred to as ecotherapy, describes a broad group of techniques or treatments with the intention of improving an individual's mental or physical health, specifically with an individual's presence within nature or outdoor surroundings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mind.org.uk/media/2699029/making-sense-of-ecotherapy-2015.pdf|title=Making Sense of Ecotherapy|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It is broader term than related forest bathing or Shinrin-Yoku, describes the practice that combines a range of exercises and tasks in an outdoor environment. Garden therapy, [[Horticulture|horticultural]] therapy, [[Sebastian Kneipp|Kneipp therapy]] or even ocean therapy may be viewed as forms of nature therapy. |
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'''Nature therapy,''' sometimes referred to as ecotherapy, describes a broad group of techniques or treatments with the intention of improving an individual's mental or physical health, specifically with an individual's presence within nature or outdoor surroundings. One example of a nature therapy is forest bathing or shinrin-yoku, a practice that combines a range of exercises and tasks in an outdoor environment. Garden therapy, [[Horticulture|horticultural]] therapy, [[Sebastian Kneipp|Kneipp therapy]] or even ocean therapy may also be viewed as forms of nature therapy. |
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== Health Effects == |
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=== Physician Recommendations and Characteristic Effects === |
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However, many individual studies do promote health benefits of forest therapy or forest bathing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fo-society.jp/therapy/cn45/index_en.html|title=森林セラピー総合サイト|website=森林セラピー®総合サイト|language=ja-JP|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> In general, many medical practitioners recommend a presence in the outdoors, as spending time outdoors is thought to provide relief from ailments like depression, stress, or anxiety.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/features/nature-therapy-ecotherapy|title=Nature Therapy (Ecotherapy) Medical Benefits|last=Sorgen|first=Carol|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> |
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It is thought that engaging in nature therapy can improve your overall state of relaxation, provide practitioners with a new sense of self or alternative perspective, and more.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Nature therapy can reduce the following factors: stress or anxious sensations, anger, and depression or depressive attitude.<ref name=":0" /> Nature therapy can increase factors such as a person's overall sense of self-esteem or confidence and what can be defined as emotional resilience.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Some less-commonly-known benefits to a person's health are as follows: |
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* stimulation and activation of the five senses |
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* removal of feelings of overwhelming fatigue |
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* allowance of mental recuperation from a surgery or other medical procedure |
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* staunching symptoms of [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress]] |
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* decreasing of mentality associated with eating disorders<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theearthbodyinstitute.com/ecotherapy/|title=Ecotherapy {{!}} The Earthbody Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> |
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=== A Notable Study === |
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Based on a study completed by Dr. Gregory Bratman with outdoor walkers, it was found that the walkers taking course in a more natural, less industrialized area exhibited an evident amount of decreased activity in the part of the human brain known as the subgenual prefrontal cortex.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201608/nature-therapy|title=Nature Therapy|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> This is significant, as this portion of the brain is commonly associated with dwelling on and rethinking the same issue.<ref name=":4" /> Typically associated with susceptibility to mental illness and depressive attitudes, high levels of this type of brain activity in which a person thinks about the same thing on a reoccurring basis can be very harmful and mentally overwhelming.<ref name=":4" /> As a result, decreased activity levels in the subgenual prefrontal cortex as a result of nature walking can be considered beneficial to a person's mental well-being.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== History and Background == |
== History and Background == |
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In a crowded urban capital of Persia 2500 years ago, Cyrus the Great recognized the need to increase human health and create a feeling of "calm". In response, he planted a garden in the middle of the city.<ref name=Hansen2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K | title = Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review | language = en | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 851 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28788101 | pmc = 5580555 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph14080851 }}</ref> |
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In the late 1990s a pseudo-scientific variant called '''earthing''' or '''grounding''' started to be marketed, under the notion that the earth functions as an [[Ground (electricity)|electrical ground]] for people and that touching the earth provides an array of health benefits based on an incorrect understanding of [[antioxidant]] activity.<ref name=novella>{{cite web |last1=Novella |first1=Steven |title=Earthing |url=https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/earthing/ |website=NEUROLOGICAblog |accessdate=16 July 2018|date=May 2012 }}</ref> The idea providing a foundation for nature therapy can be traced back to an origin of people's faith in nature's apparent power to heal. <ref name=":3" /> For years, people have been participating in and initiating the practice of honoring Earth and nature, in a [[holistic]] manner.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Howard Clinebell coined the term "ecotherapy" in 1996.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Researching scientists during the 1950s decided to look into the reasoning behind why so many people chose to spend time in nature, with special reference to notorious locations like national parks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://nautil.us/issue/32/space/the-problem-with-nature-therapy|title=The Problem with Nature Therapy|last=MacKinnon|first=J. B.|date=2016-01-21|website=Nautilus|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> |
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== Forms of Nature (Eco) Therapy == |
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The following terms, listed in alphabetical order, are considered forms of nature therapy or programs commonly associated with nature therapy:<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:Belle Isle State Park Nature Therapy edit (36608257072).jpg|thumb|308x308px|Form of nature therapy at Belle Isle State Park]] |
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==== Adventure Therapy ==== |
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* Great to clear the mind |
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*characterized by usually strenuous or physically-demanding activities focused on psychological support |
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* group activities in the outdoors that focus on teamwork, building trust, and confidence <ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) ==== |
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* less structured than [[Animal-assisted therapy|Animal Assisted Therapy]] |
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* characterized by spending non-stressful time with animals in places like a farm |
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* can assist people with issues related to mobility, coordination, stress, etc. <ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) ==== |
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* more structured than Animal Assisted Interventions |
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* characterized by spending formal and guided time with animals |
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* includes developing a strong and therapeutic bond between patient and animal <ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Care Farming ==== |
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* characterized by working on farms and caring for the animals on the farms |
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* length of work varies depending on the day and location<ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Ecotherapy (referring to a strict definition of this term) ==== |
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* the formal process of strengthening a relationship between patient and nature |
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* a licensed therapist guides patients through sessions or activities |
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* activities will reconnect the patient with nature |
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* some therapies can include talking treatment or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy<ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Environmental Conservation (Green Gyms) ==== |
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Researching scientists during the 1950s decided to look into the reasoning behind why so many people chose to spend time in nature, with special reference to notorious locations like national parks.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://nautil.us/issue/32/space/the-problem-with-nature-therapy|title=The Problem with Nature Therapy|last=MacKinnon|first=J. B.|date=2016-01-21|website=Nautilus|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> |
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* a therapeutic combination of exercise (physical) and working with conservation efforts |
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* characterized by providing care and protection for natural habitats and other locations<ref name=":0" /> |
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''[[wikt:shinrinyoku|Shinrin-yoku]]'' ({{lang|ja|森林浴}}), which literally means forest bathing, originated in Japan in the early 1980s and may be regarded as a form of nature therapy.<ref name=Hansen2017/> |
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==== Green Exercise Therapy ==== |
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Investigations on the physiological effects that result from being in a forest began in Japan in 1990 and continue today.<ref name=Song2016>{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Chorong |title=Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan |journal=International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health |date=Aug 2016 |volume=13 |issue=8 |doi=10.3390/ijerph13080781}}</ref> |
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* characterized by partaking in activities in an outdoor space |
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* examples would include walking, running, outdoor yoga, hiking, etc. and can be done at varying paces<ref name=":0" /> |
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Howard Clinebell coined the term "ecotherapy" in 1996.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/features/nature-therapy-ecotherapy|title=Nature Therapy (Ecotherapy) Medical Benefits|last=Sorgen|first=Carol|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> |
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==== Nature Arts and Crafts ==== |
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In April 2018, Qing Li, a doctor at Nippon Medical School in Japan published a book on the topic, after his 25 years of research on the matter. The book was published in English and plans include translation of the book into multiple languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2018/05/02/our-lives/stressed-bathing-woods-just-doctor-ordered/|title=Stressed out? Bathing in the woods is just what the doctor ordered|first=J. J.|last=O'Donoghue|date=2 May 2018|website=The Japan Times}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=JT is not even a reliable source of information for basic facts about Japanese cultural history, and so should definitely not be used as a MEDRS. See https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Nature_therapy&diff=892064457&oldid=892032802|date=April 2019}} |
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* characterized by using nature in several artistic capacities, including, but not limited to: |
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** using nature-based materials for pieces, such as soil, wood, rocks, leaves, etc. |
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** using nature as an inspiration to complete pieces |
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** using nature as an artistic space in which to complete pieces<ref name=":0" /> |
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There has been an increasing interest in the study of nature therapy and its forms over the past few decades, as there is an important exploration of how a person's overall quality of life can be improved through their interaction with nature and a decrease in factors like stress or depression.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==== Social and Therapeutic Horticulture (STH) ==== |
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== The Process of Nature Therapy == |
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* working individually or in small groups to garden or grow food |
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* can occur in many places, and may be instructed by an experienced tutor or horticulturist<ref name=":0" /> |
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# Stressed State: A person is in a state of physical or emotional stress. |
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==== Wilderness Therapy ==== |
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# Restorative Effects of Nature: The person spends time in nature, resulting in improvements in physiological relaxation and the immune function recovery response. |
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# Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): Nature directly increases the parasympathetic nervous system and heightens awareness, causing relaxation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Song|first=Chorong|date=August 2016|title=Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in |
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Japan|url=|journal=International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health|volume=vol. 13|pages=|via=EBSCO}}</ref> |
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== Health Effects (Physical and Psychological) == |
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* different from being in a typical and more well-known outdoor space, as patients are directly in the wilderness |
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A 2012 systematic review study showed inconclusive results related to methodological issues across the literature.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamioka|first1=H|last2=Tsutani|first2=K|last3=Mutoh|first3=Y|last4=Honda|first4=T|last5=Shiozawa|first5=N|last6=Okada|first6=S|last7=Park|first7=SJ|last8=Kitayuguchi|first8=J|last9=Kamada|first9=M|date=2012|title=A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on curative and health enhancement effects of forest therapy.|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=5|pages=85–95|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S32402|pmc=3414249|pmid=22888281|last10=Okuizumi|first10=H|last11=Handa|first11=S}}</ref> Subsequently, a 2017 systematic review of the benefits of spending time in forests demonstrated positive health effects, but not enough to generate clinical practice guidelines or demonstrate [[causality]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oh|first1=B|last2=Lee|first2=KJ|last3=Zaslawski|first3=C|last4=Yeung|first4=A|last5=Rosenthal|first5=D|last6=Larkey|first6=L|last7=Back|first7=M|date=18 October 2017|title=Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: systematic review.|journal=Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=71|doi=10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9|pmc=5664422|pmid=29165173}}</ref> Additionally, there are concerns from researchers expressing that time spent in nature as a form of regenerative therapy is highly personal and entirely unpredictable; in fact, the nature can be harmed in the process of human interaction.<ref name=":5" /> |
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* completed in a group, with activities like group hikes, team-building exercises, assembling outdoor shelters with limited materials, etc.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Spending time in nature improves a person’s immune system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory systems. Nature therapy can provide emotional healing, decrease blood pressure, improve a person’s general [[Circadian rhythm|sleep-wake cycle]], improve relationship skills, reduces stress,<ref name=Hansen2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K | title = Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review | language = en | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 851 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28788101 | pmc = 5580555 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph14080851 }}</ref>and reduce aggression.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Lindsey |title=Using Nature as a Therapeutic Partner |journal=Counseling Today |date=May 2018 |volume=vol. 60 |issue=no. 11 |pages=pp. 26-33 |url=proxy.oc.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=129506539&site=ehost-live}}</ref> |
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== Reasons for the Success of the Practice == |
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While there are other forms of therapy that can be successful in helping with issues related to mental health, nature therapy is thought to be helpful to patients due to four main principles: natural and social connectivity, stimulation of the senses, activities (or exercise), and an escape from reality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mind.org.uk/media/211255/Ecotherapy_The_green_agenda_for_mental_health.pdf|title=Ecotherapy: The Green Agenda for Mental Health|last=|first=|date=|website=Mind|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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Horticulture therapy, a notable form of nature therapy, has been linked to physiological changes within patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program; the patients experienced an overall diminishing effect of disturbance to their mood and a noticeable decrease in their measured heart rates, respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cutillo|first=A.|last2=Rathore|first2=N.|last3=Reynolds|first3=N.|last4=Hilliard|first4=L.|last5=Haines|first5=H.|last6=Whelan|first6=K.|last7=Madan-Swain|first7=A.|date=|title=A Literature Review of Nature-Based Therapy and its |
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Nature is considered a complex system of outdoor elements that will persist without a designated amount of intervention.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crchealth.com/find-a-treatment-center/struggling-youth-programs/help/nature-is-therapeutic/|website=www.crchealth.com|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> Humans, as they realize that they are part of this larger system of natural order, gain a reformed sense of belonging and contribution, and this could perpetuate their participation in the practice.<ref name=":2" /> Practitioners of nature therapy are able to connect with a form of himself/herself that is considered more genuine or legitimate, as well as primordial.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Application in Cancer Care|url=http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=de3e6d57-a793-45dd-bd17-ec7621d94435%40sessionmgr120|journal=Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture|volume=|pages=|via=EBSCO}}</ref> Horticulture therapy has also been linked to supporting a person's general well-being by boosting their positive mood and providing a viable escape from stressors occurring in daily life, as can be seen in a studied population that possessed professional diagnoses in both physical and psychological capacities.<ref name=":0" /> Although there is a heavy amount of anecdotal evidence supporting the psycho-social benefits of nature therapy, cancer patients provided positive feedback after participating in the Healing Gardens Program at Cancer Lifeline in Seattle; the program has been recommended for therapeutic purposes for adult cancer patients.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The effects of nature therapy can be connected to two theories, known as the Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) and the Attention Restoration Theory (ART).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bratman|first=Gregory|last2=Hamilton|first2=J.|last3=Daily|first3=Gretchen|date=|title=The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive |
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== Limitations == |
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function and mental health|url=http://willsull.net/resources/270-Readings/BratmanHamiltonDaily2012.pdf|journal=ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES|volume=The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology|pages=|via=}}</ref> |
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A 2012 systematic review study showed inconclusive results related to methodological issues across the literature.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamioka|first1=H|last2=Tsutani|first2=K|last3=Mutoh|first3=Y|last4=Honda|first4=T|last5=Shiozawa|first5=N|last6=Okada|first6=S|last7=Park|first7=SJ|last8=Kitayuguchi|first8=J|last9=Kamada|first9=M|date=2012|title=A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on curative and health enhancement effects of forest therapy.|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=5|pages=85–95|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S32402|pmc=3414249|pmid=22888281|last10=Okuizumi|first10=H|last11=Handa|first11=S}}</ref> Subsequently, a 2017 systematic review of the benefits of spending time in forests demonstrated positive health effects, but not enough to generate clinical practice guidelines or demonstrate [[causality]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oh|first1=B|last2=Lee|first2=KJ|last3=Zaslawski|first3=C|last4=Yeung|first4=A|last5=Rosenthal|first5=D|last6=Larkey|first6=L|last7=Back|first7=M|date=18 October 2017|title=Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: systematic review.|journal=Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=71|doi=10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9|pmc=5664422|pmid=29165173}}</ref> Additionally, there are concerns from researchers expressing that time spent in nature as a form of regenerative therapy is highly personal and entirely unpredictable; in fact, the nature can be harmed in the process of human interaction.<ref name=":5" /> |
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== Future Directions == |
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==See also== |
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While there exists a limited amount of available studies to reference for the definitive conclusion regarding the success of nature therapy as a common practice, forms of nature therapy have been deemed sufficient in serving as complementary therapy for adult medical usage.<ref name=":0" /> There are signs of this field being a notable practice among children or within pediatric studies in the future.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*[[Outdoor education]] - sometimes referred to 'wilderness education' is organized learning that takes place in the outdoors. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 16:24, 17 April 2019
 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (April 2019) |  |
Nature therapy, sometimes referred to as ecotherapy, describes a broad group of techniques or treatments with the intention of improving an individual's mental or physical health, specifically with an individual's presence within nature or outdoor surroundings. One example of a nature therapy is forest bathing or shinrin-yoku, a practice that combines a range of exercises and tasks in an outdoor environment. Garden therapy, horticultural therapy, Kneipp therapy or even ocean therapy may also be viewed as forms of nature therapy.
History and Background
In a crowded urban capital of Persia 2500 years ago, Cyrus the Great recognized the need to increase human health and create a feeling of "calm". In response, he planted a garden in the middle of the city.[1]
Researching scientists during the 1950s decided to look into the reasoning behind why so many people chose to spend time in nature, with special reference to notorious locations like national parks.[2]
Shinrin-yoku (森林浴), which literally means forest bathing, originated in Japan in the early 1980s and may be regarded as a form of nature therapy.[1]
Investigations on the physiological effects that result from being in a forest began in Japan in 1990 and continue today.[3]
Howard Clinebell coined the term "ecotherapy" in 1996.[4]
In April 2018, Qing Li, a doctor at Nippon Medical School in Japan published a book on the topic, after his 25 years of research on the matter. The book was published in English and plans include translation of the book into multiple languages.[5][better source needed]
There has been an increasing interest in the study of nature therapy and its forms over the past few decades, as there is an important exploration of how a person's overall quality of life can be improved through their interaction with nature and a decrease in factors like stress or depression.[6]
The Process of Nature Therapy
- Stressed State: A person is in a state of physical or emotional stress.
- Restorative Effects of Nature: The person spends time in nature, resulting in improvements in physiological relaxation and the immune function recovery response.
- Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): Nature directly increases the parasympathetic nervous system and heightens awareness, causing relaxation.[7]
Health Effects (Physical and Psychological)
A 2012 systematic review study showed inconclusive results related to methodological issues across the literature.[8] Subsequently, a 2017 systematic review of the benefits of spending time in forests demonstrated positive health effects, but not enough to generate clinical practice guidelines or demonstrate causality.[9] Additionally, there are concerns from researchers expressing that time spent in nature as a form of regenerative therapy is highly personal and entirely unpredictable; in fact, the nature can be harmed in the process of human interaction.[2]
Spending time in nature improves a person’s immune system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory systems. Nature therapy can provide emotional healing, decrease blood pressure, improve a person’s general sleep-wake cycle, improve relationship skills, reduces stress,[1]and reduce aggression.[10]
Horticulture therapy, a notable form of nature therapy, has been linked to physiological changes within patients participating in an inpatient cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program; the patients experienced an overall diminishing effect of disturbance to their mood and a noticeable decrease in their measured heart rates, respectively.[6] Horticulture therapy has also been linked to supporting a person's general well-being by boosting their positive mood and providing a viable escape from stressors occurring in daily life, as can be seen in a studied population that possessed professional diagnoses in both physical and psychological capacities.[6] Although there is a heavy amount of anecdotal evidence supporting the psycho-social benefits of nature therapy, cancer patients provided positive feedback after participating in the Healing Gardens Program at Cancer Lifeline in Seattle; the program has been recommended for therapeutic purposes for adult cancer patients.[6]
The effects of nature therapy can be connected to two theories, known as the Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) and the Attention Restoration Theory (ART).[11]
Future Directions
While there exists a limited amount of available studies to reference for the definitive conclusion regarding the success of nature therapy as a common practice, forms of nature therapy have been deemed sufficient in serving as complementary therapy for adult medical usage.[6] There are signs of this field being a notable practice among children or within pediatric studies in the future.[6]
References
- ^ a b c Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K (July 2017). "Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (8): 851. doi:10.3390/ijerph14080851. PMC 5580555. PMID 28788101.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b MacKinnon, J. B. (2016-01-21). "The Problem with Nature Therapy". Nautilus. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
- ^ Song, Chorong (Aug 2016). "Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan". International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health. 13 (8). doi:10.3390/ijerph13080781.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sorgen, Carol. "Nature Therapy (Ecotherapy) Medical Benefits". WebMD. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
- ^ O'Donoghue, J. J. (2 May 2018). "Stressed out? Bathing in the woods is just what the doctor ordered". The Japan Times.
- ^ a b c d e f Cutillo, A.; Rathore, N.; Reynolds, N.; Hilliard, L.; Haines, H.; Whelan, K.; Madan-Swain, A. "A Literature Review of Nature-Based Therapy and its Application in Cancer Care". Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture – via EBSCO.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 52 (help) - ^ Song, Chorong (August 2016). "Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in
Japan". International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health. vol. 13 – via EBSCO.
{{cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text (help); line feed character in|title=at position 70 (help) - ^ Kamioka, H; Tsutani, K; Mutoh, Y; Honda, T; Shiozawa, N; Okada, S; Park, SJ; Kitayuguchi, J; Kamada, M; Okuizumi, H; Handa, S (2012). "A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on curative and health enhancement effects of forest therapy". Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 5: 85–95. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S32402. PMC 3414249. PMID 22888281.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Oh, B; Lee, KJ; Zaslawski, C; Yeung, A; Rosenthal, D; Larkey, L; Back, M (18 October 2017). "Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: systematic review". Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 22 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9. PMC 5664422. PMID 29165173.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Phillips, Lindsey (May 2018). [proxy.oc.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=129506539&site=ehost-live "Using Nature as a Therapeutic Partner"]. Counseling Today. vol. 60 (no. 11): pp. 26-33.
{{cite journal}}:|issue=has extra text (help);|pages=has extra text (help);|volume=has extra text (help); Check|url=value (help) - ^ Bratman, Gregory; Hamilton, J.; Daily, Gretchen. "The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health" (PDF). ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology.
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