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{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{lt icon}} [[Zenonas Ivinskis]]. Saulės-Šiaulių kautynės 1236 m. ir jų reikšmė, ''Karo archyvas'', 1936, t. 7, p. 5-50 [http://www.epaveldas.lt/vbspi/biRecord.do?biRecordId=4483 Epaveldas.lt]
* {{lt icon}} Kazimieras Paunksnis. Saulės mūšis 1236 m., ''Akademikas'', 1936, nr. 3, p. 73-74 [http://www.epaveldas.lt/vbspi/biRecord.do?biExemplarId=49339&biRecordId=5024 Epaveldas.lt]; nr. 4, p. 94-96 [http://www.epaveldas.lt/vbspi/biRecord.do?biExemplarId=49338&biRecordId=5024 Epaveldas.lt]
* {{lt icon}} Arūnas Gumuliauskas. Saulės mūšis. - Šiauliai: Delta, 1991. 40 p.
* {{lt icon}} Lietuvos pergalė Šiaulių (Saulės) mūšyje 1236 m.: mūšio tarptautinė reikšmė, atminties tradicija, mūšio laukas ir memorialas (sud. [[Romas Batūra]]). - Šiauliai: Saulės delta, 2005. 138 p., {{ISBN|9955-522-54-2}}
* {{lt icon}} Baranauskas T., Zabiela G. Saulės mūšio pėdsakų paieškos. Vilnius: Lietuvos archeologijos draugija, 2016. - 64 p., {{ISBN|978-609-95900-0-4}}
* {{lt icon}} Baranauskas T., Zabiela G. Saulės mūšio pėdsakų paieškos. Vilnius: Lietuvos archeologijos draugija, 2016. - 64 p., {{ISBN|978-609-95900-0-4}}


Revision as of 20:02, 5 May 2019

Battle of Saule
Part of the Livonian Crusade

Supposed site of the battle, near Jauniūnai
Date22 September 1236
Location
Unknown
Result Decisive Samogitian victory
Belligerents
Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Pskov Republic
Livonians
Latgallians		 Samogitians
Commanders and leaders
Volkwin † Vykintas
Strength
3,000 4,000–5,000
Casualties and losses
48–60 knights killed
2,700 total killed		 1,200 total killed
The Livonian Confederation in 1260, showing the Battle of Saule near Šiauliai

The Battle of Saule (Lithuanian: Saulės mūšis or Šiaulių mūšis; German: Schlacht von Schaulen; Latvian: Saules kauja) was fought on 22 September 1236, between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and pagan Samogitians. Between 48 and 60 knights were killed, including the Livonian Master, Volkwin. It was the earliest large-scale defeat suffered by the orders in Baltic lands.[1] The Sword-Brothers, the first Catholic military order established in the Baltic lands, was soundly defeated and its remnants accepted incorporation into the Teutonic Order in 1237. The battle inspired rebellions among the Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians, Oeselians, tribes previously conquered by the Sword-Brothers. Some thirty years' worth of conquests on the left bank of Daugava were lost.[2] To commemorate the battle, in 2000 the Lithuanian and Latvian parliaments declared September 22 to be the Baltic Unity Day.[3][4]

Background

The Sword-Brothers were established in 1202 in Riga to conquer and convert pagan Baltic tribes to Christianity. By the 1230s under the leadership of Master Volkwin, the Order was coping with strained financial resources, decreasing manpower, and ill reputation.[5] The Order was in conflict with the papacy under Pope Gregory IX and the Holy Roman Emperor, two of its biggest supporters, over Estonia.[6] However, on 19 February 1236, Pope Gregory IX issued a papal bull declaring a crusade against Lithuania. Volkwin targeted Samogitia, planning to conquer the coast of the Baltic Sea and connect with the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. The Sword-Brothers wanted to keep expanding along the Daugava River and was somewhat reluctant to march against Samogitia.[7] In fall of 1236 a party of crusaders arrived from Holstein; it demanded to be led into a battle.[6] Volkwin gathered a large war party, which included troops from Pskov Republic,[5] Livonians, Latgallians, Estonians.[7]

Events of the battle

The knights marched southward into Samogitia, raiding and plundering local settlements. The locals had only a few days to gather troops for defense. On the knights' northward return, however, they encountered a determined group of Samogitians at a river crossing. Unwilling to risk losing their horses in the swampland, the Holsteiners refused to fight on foot, forcing the knights to camp for the night.[5] The next morning, on the day of Saint Maurice, the main pagan forces, possibly led by Duke Vykintas, arrived at the camp. The Lithuanian light cavalry flung javelins at short range, which were highly effective against the unwieldy Livonian heavy cavalry. The swampy terrain was advantageous for the lightly armed pagans. The slaughter of the Christian troops, including Volkwin, sowed the seeds of confusion in the Livonian ranks. The lightly armed native forces under the command of the Brothers soon fled from the battle. Those crusaders and knights who tried to flee to Riga were allegedly killed by the Semigallians.[8]

Location

The exact location where the battle took place is unknown. The Chronicum Livoniae by Hermann de Wartberge mentioned that the battle was fought in terram Sauleorum. Traditionally, this was identified with Šiauliai (German: Schaulen, Latvian: Šauļi) in Lithuania or with the small town of Vecsaule near Bauska in what is today southern Latvia.[9] In 1965 the German historian Friedrich Benninghoven proposed Jauniūnai village in Joniškis district, Lithuania as the battle site.[10] The theory gained some academic support and in 2010 the Lithuanian government sponsored construction of the memorial in Jauniūnai – a 29-metre (95 ft) tall sundial, a pond, and a park of oaks.[11] The village of Pamūšis, situated some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of Janiūnai on the Mūša River, also claims to be the location of the battle.[12] Saule/Saulė means "the Sun" in both Latvian and Lithuanian.

References

  1. ^ Baranauskas, Tomas (2006-09-22). "Ar priminsime Europai apie Šiaulių mūšį?" (in Lithuanian). Delfi.lt. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
  2. ^ Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1987). "Saulės mūšis". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 3. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 633.
  3. ^ "Lithuania and Latvia celebrate Baltic Unity Day". Baltic News Network. September 19, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  4. ^ "Latvians, Lithuanians remember victory over crusaders". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
  6. ^ a b Urban, William (2000). The Prussian Crusade (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 142–147. ISBN 0-929700-28-7.
  7. ^ a b Gudavičius, Edvardas (1998). Mindaugas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Žara. pp. 185–188. ISBN 9986-34-020-9.
  8. ^ Dedumietis, D. (2001-11-20). "Saules kaujas 1236.gada 22.septembrī norises rekonstrukcijas mēģinājums" (in Latvian). Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2007-05-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Saulė-Šiauliai, Battle of". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 73–74. LCC 74-114275.
  10. ^ Baranauskas, Tomas (July 2005). "Naujausių Mindaugo vertinimų labirintai". Kernavė (in Lithuanian). 5 (1): 1, 14.
  11. ^ Lithuanian National Radio and Television (2010-02-14). "Saulės mūšio memorialui pabaigti skirs milijoną litų" (in Lithuanian). Delfi.lt.
  12. ^ Baškys, Vytautas (2006-09-23). "Baltų vienybės diena – Saulės mūšio atgarsis". Šiaurės Atėnai (in Lithuanian) (814). ISSN 1392-7760.

Further reading

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