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== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Scientific misconduct#Photo manipulation]]
* [[Scientific misconduct#Photo manipulation]]
*[[:ja:11jigen|11jigen (Juuichi Jigen)]] — Japanese YouTuber<ref>{{Citation|title=Alleged image fraud by Shigeaki Kato lab at the University of Tokyo (Alleged research misconduct)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXaOqwanWnU|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> and blogger<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.goo.ne.jp/11jigen|title=アニリール・セルカンの研究不正・詐欺事件|website=アニリール・セルカンの研究不正・詐欺事件|language=ja|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>, alleging numerous scientific misconducts.
*[[Clare Francis (science critic)|Clare Francis]]
*Joerg Zwirner — Professor at [[Georg-August University|Georg-August-University]], who reported on alleged data problems in his site<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114072326/http://abnormalscienceblog.wordpress.com/|title=Abnormal Science Blog {{!}} a German blog on bad behaviour in science|date=2012-11-14|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>, which was closed in 2012 due to personal issues.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Brookes|first=Paul S.|date=2014-04-03|title=Internet publicity of data problems in the bioscience literature correlates with enhanced corrective action|url=https://peerj.com/articles/313|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=2|pages=e313|doi=10.7717/peerj.313|issn=2167-8359}}</ref>
*[https://twitter.com/psbrookes Paul Brookes] — Professor at the [[University of Rochester Medical Center]], who reported on alleged data problems in his site<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108081737/http://www.science-fraud.org:80/|title=Science Fraud {{!}} Highlighting Misconduct in Life Sciences Research|date=2012-11-08|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>, which was closed in Jan 2013 due to legal threats.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2014/03/paul-brookes-surviving-outed-whistleblower|title=Paul Brookes: Surviving as an Outed Whistleblower|last=Pain|first=Elisabeth|last2=|date=2014-03-07|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26|last3=|first3=}}</ref>
* [[:ja:匿名Aによる論文大量不正疑義事件|匿名Aによる論文大量不正疑義事件]] (''Allegations of mass journal article fraud by 'Anonymous A''') — A list of nearly 80 medical journal articles by Japanese authors showing possible image manipulation was anonymously uploaded in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012940/https://infotomb.com/r3hso.pdf|title=r3hso.pdf (8MB)|last=|first=|date=2015-01-06|website=web.archive.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> Bik referred to the correction of one of them in ''Nature''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15532?draft=collection&proof=true&platform=oscar|title=Corrigendum: Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis {{!}} Nature|website=www.nature.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> on Twitter in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MicrobiomDigest/status/659442488025853952|title="lanes 1 & 5 ..and lanes 6 & 10 appear to be duplicated. It is unclear how this happened"|last=Bik|first=Elisabeth|date=2015-10-28|website=Twitter|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
* [[:ja:匿名Aによる論文大量不正疑義事件|匿名Aによる論文大量不正疑義事件]] (''Allegations of mass journal article fraud by 'Anonymous A''') — A list of nearly 80 medical journal articles by Japanese authors showing possible image manipulation was anonymously uploaded in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012940/https://infotomb.com/r3hso.pdf|title=r3hso.pdf (8MB)|last=|first=|date=2015-01-06|website=web.archive.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> Bik referred to the correction of one of them in ''Nature''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15532?draft=collection&proof=true&platform=oscar|title=Corrigendum: Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis {{!}} Nature|website=www.nature.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> on Twitter in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MicrobiomDigest/status/659442488025853952|title="lanes 1 & 5 ..and lanes 6 & 10 appear to be duplicated. It is unclear how this happened"|last=Bik|first=Elisabeth|date=2015-10-28|website=Twitter|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
*[[:ja:Ordinary_researchers|Ordinary_researchers]] — Anonymous individual or group detailed questions about data and graphs from 22 papers in more than 100 pages delivered to the [[University of Tokyo]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/university-tokyo-investigate-data-manipulation-charges-against-six-prominent-research|title=University of Tokyo to investigate data manipulation charges against six prominent research groups|last=Normile|first=Dennis|last2=|date=2016-09-20|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26|last3=|first3=}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 13:13, 26 November 2019

Elisabeth Bik
Born1966
Alma materUtrecht University
Scientific career
InstitutionsStanford University
uBiome
Thesis Cholera: vaccine development and evolution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains[1]

Elisabeth Margaretha Harbers-Bik (born 1966) is a microbiologist and scientific integrity consultant. Bik has gained widespread recognition, for detecting photo manipulation in scientific publications.[2]

Early life and education

Bik was born in Netherlands. She attended Utrecht University, majoring in biology and then went on to receive a doctorate; her thesis was about novel classes of Vibrio cholerae involved in epidemics across India and Bangladesh.[1][3][4][5]

After receiving her PhD, Bik worked for the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment and St. Antonius Hospital in Nieuwegein, where she organized the development of new molecular techniques for identifying infectious agents.[6][7]

Career

Academia

In 2001, Bik moved to California to work at Stanford University in the laboratory of David Relman; her work focused on human microbiomes.[8][9] While at Stanford, Bik also worked on the microbiome of dolphins and sea lions, in a project funded by the Office of Naval Research; she found that their microbiome was distinct from other mammals, and influenced by the sea they lived in.[10]

In 2016. Bik left Stanford to work for uBiome, a biotech company involved in the sequencing of human microbiomes, before leaving the company in 2018 to work full-time on analyzing scientific papers for image duplication and other malpractices.[5]

Science integrity

In 2014 she had started the blog Microbiome Digest, where she provided easy-to-understand commentaries on recent scientific papers.[11] The blog soon became a success, and Bik enlisted help from her colleagues on Twitter to manage the content.[11] She is also an active contributor to Retraction Watch and PubPeer, highlighting scientific papers that present falsified, duplicated, and questionable data, with special focus on Western Blots.[12][13]

Together with Arturo Cassadevall and Ferric Fang, Bik published an mBio paper investigating the prevalence of these questionable practices within published scientific papers, where they found nearly 400 papers with intentional figure manipulation (i.e. about 800 duplicate images).[14] She estimates half of these were created with the intention to mislead. Bik is active on Twitter (@MicrobiomDigest), where she posts potentially duplicated figures for her more than 40,000 Twitter followers to investigate. Her investigations have exposed significant levels of scientific misconduct in several journals.[5] Also in 2018, Bik was featured on the pop science podcast "Everything Hertz."[15]

In 2019 Bik announced via Twitter that she was taking a year off paid work to investigate scientific misconduct,[11][16] the subject on which she coauthored a preregistered test suggesting that "academic culture, peer control, cash-based publication incentives and national misconduct policies," but not pressure to publish, may affect scientific integrity, with nationality being a stronger predictor than individual attributes.[17] Her analysis of 960 recent papers published in Molecular and Cellular Biology found that 6.1% contained inappropriately duplicated images, about 10% of which were retracted, and lead to a pilot image screening program at the journal identifying problems with 14.5% of subsequent submissions.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bik, Elisabeth M (1996). Cholera: vaccine development and evolution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains (Dissertation). Utrecht University. ISBN 90-90091-73-4.
  2. ^ "The Last Word On Nothing | The Fraud Finder: A conversation with Elisabeth Bik". www.lastwordonnothing.com. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  3. ^ Bik, Elisabeth M.; Mooi, Frits R. (1997-04-01). "The evolution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains". Trends in Microbiology. 5 (4): 161–165. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(96)10086-X. ISSN 0966-842X. PMID 9141191.
  4. ^ Mooi, F. R.; Gouw, R. D.; Bunschoten, A. E.; Bik, E. M. (1995-01-01). "Genesis of the novel epidemic Vibrio cholerae O139 strain: evidence for horizontal transfer of genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis". The EMBO Journal. 14 (2): 209–216. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb06993.x. ISSN 1460-2075.
  5. ^ a b c "Eye for Manipulation: A Profile of Elisabeth Bik". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  6. ^ "Elisabeth Bik". Microbiome Digest - Bik's Picks. 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  7. ^ "Profile - Elisabeth Bik". peerj.com. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  8. ^ Relman, David A.; Nelson, Karen E.; Gill, Steven R.; Sargent, Michael; Dethlefsen, Les; Purdom, Elizabeth; Bernstein, Charles N.; Bik, Elisabeth M.; Eckburg, Paul B. (2005-06-10). "Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora". Science. 308 (5728): 1635–1638. doi:10.1126/science.1110591. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15831718.
  9. ^ Relman, David A.; Blaser, Martin J.; Perez-Perez, Guillermo; Francois, Fritz; Purdom, Elizabeth A.; Nelson, Karen E.; Gill, Steven R.; Eckburg, Paul B.; Bik, Elisabeth M. (2006-01-17). "Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (3): 732–737. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506655103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16407106.
  10. ^ Bik, Elisabeth M.; Costello, Elizabeth K.; Switzer, Alexandra D.; Callahan, Benjamin J.; Holmes, Susan P.; Wells, Randall S.; Carlin, Kevin P.; Jensen, Eric D.; Venn-Watson, Stephanie; Relman, David A. (2016-02-03). "Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1038/ncomms10516. ISSN 2041-1723.
  11. ^ a b c "I have found about 2,000 problematic papers, says Dr. Elisabeth Bik". Editage Insights. 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  12. ^ Oransky, Author Ivan (2019-05-07). "Meet Elisabeth Bik, who finds problematic images in scientific papers for free". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2019-09-07. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ "PubPeer - Search publications and join the conversation". pubpeer.com. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  14. ^ Fang, Ferric C.; Casadevall, Arturo; Bik, Elisabeth M. (2016-07-06). "The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications". mBio. 7 (3): e00809–16. doi:10.1128/mBio.00809-16. ISSN 2150-7511. PMID 27273827.
  15. ^ "Everything Hertz - Elisabeth Bik". everythinghertz.com. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  16. ^ "About the Participants". FotoFocus Cincinnati. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  17. ^ Fanelli, Daniele; Costas, Rodrigo; Fang, Ferric C.; Casadevall, Arturo; Bik, Elisabeth M. (1 June 2019). "Testing Hypotheses on Risk Factors for Scientific Misconduct via Matched-Control Analysis of Papers Containing Problematic Image Duplications". Science and Engineering Ethics. 25 (3): 771–789. doi:10.1007/s11948-018-0023-7. ISSN 1471-5546. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  18. ^ Bik, Elisabeth M.; Fang, Ferric C.; Kullas, Amy L.; Davis, Roger J.; Casadevall, Arturo (15 October 2018). "Analysis and Correction of Inappropriate Image Duplication: the Molecular and Cellular Biology Experience". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 38 (20). doi:10.1128/MCB.00309-18. ISSN 0270-7306. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  19. ^ Alleged image fraud by Shigeaki Kato lab at the University of Tokyo (Alleged research misconduct), retrieved 2019-11-26
  20. ^ "アニリール・セルカンの研究不正・詐欺事件". アニリール・セルカンの研究不正・詐欺事件 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-11-26.
  21. ^ "Abnormal Science Blog | a German blog on bad behaviour in science". web.archive.org. 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
  22. ^ a b Brookes, Paul S. (2014-04-03). "Internet publicity of data problems in the bioscience literature correlates with enhanced corrective action". PeerJ. 2: e313. doi:10.7717/peerj.313. ISSN 2167-8359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ "Science Fraud | Highlighting Misconduct in Life Sciences Research". web.archive.org. 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
  24. ^ Pain, Elisabeth (2014-03-07). "Paul Brookes: Surviving as an Outed Whistleblower". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2019-11-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "r3hso.pdf (8MB)" (PDF). web.archive.org. 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2019-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "Corrigendum: Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis | Nature". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  27. ^ Bik, Elisabeth (2015-10-28). ""lanes 1 & 5 ..and lanes 6 & 10 appear to be duplicated. It is unclear how this happened"". Twitter. Retrieved 2019-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ Normile, Dennis (2016-09-20). "University of Tokyo to investigate data manipulation charges against six prominent research groups". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2019-11-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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