Cetane improver: Difference between revisions
m v2.03b - Bot T20 CW#61 - WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation) |
added required citation for how cetane booster improves engine performance Tags: Reverted Visual edit |
||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
The crudes used by the refineries are more and more difficult to refine. This results in a Diesel fuel of lower ignition quality. |
The crudes used by the refineries are more and more difficult to refine. This results in a Diesel fuel of lower ignition quality. |
||
The use of Cetane Improver additives constitutes both a cost-effective and convenient way to reduce emissions<ref>{{cite web|title=The Effect of Cetane Number Increase Due to Additives on NOx Emissions|url=http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/analysis/r03002.pdf|website=www.epa.gov|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|accessdate=26 July 2014|ref=Air and Radiation, February 2003}}</ref> and improve engine performance.{{ |
The use of Cetane Improver additives constitutes both a cost-effective and convenient way to reduce emissions<ref>{{cite web|title=The Effect of Cetane Number Increase Due to Additives on NOx Emissions|url=http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/analysis/r03002.pdf|website=www.epa.gov|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|accessdate=26 July 2014|ref=Air and Radiation, February 2003}}</ref> and improve engine performance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-09-10|title=Cetane Booster|url=https://www.czokbrand.com/blog/best-cetane-booster/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Czok|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
||
Refiners also use Cetane Improver additives in their Premium Diesel fuel for enhanced performances. |
Refiners also use Cetane Improver additives in their Premium Diesel fuel for enhanced performances. |
||
Revision as of 09:25, 23 November 2020
A Cetane Improver [′sē‚tān im′prüv·ər] is a chemical which has the effect of increasing a diesel fuel's Cetane number. A few examples are nitrates, nitroalkanes, nitrocarbonates and peroxides.
One of the main Cetane Improver additives manufactured today is 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (CAS n°: 27247-96-7)[1] which starts to decompose at 130 °C. 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is the result of the reaction of 2-ethylhexanol and nitric acid.
Workings
Due to its chemical composition, a Cetane Improver additive has the faculty to decompose itself at lower temperature than Diesel fuel. The additive’s exothermic decomposition leads to successive fuel reactions that result in the start of the combustion at low temperature.[2]
The effect of the additive varies with the fuel type, which itself depends on the quality of the crude oil[3] and the way it is refined.
Regulations
Diesel fuel is a fraction of a crude, mixed with several additives,[citation needed] compliant with various environmental constraints, in order to be commercialized and added into engines.[4]
With the rise of environmental concerns, the fuel industry has been driven to lessen emissions and increase performance. Europe, for instance, has implemented a minimum Cetane Index (46) and Cetane Number (51) in its Diesel specification (EN590)[5]
| emission standard | at latest | sulphur content | cetane number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Euro 1 | 1. January 1993 | max. 2000 ppm | min. 49 |
| Euro 2 | 1. January 1996 | max. 500 ppm | min. 49 |
| Euro 3 | 1. January 2001 | max. 350 ppm | min. 51 |
| Euro 4 | 1. January 2006 | max. 50 ppm | min. 51 |
| Euro 5 | 1. January 2009 | max. 10 ppm | min. 51 |
Stringent Government Regulations is impacting the extensive use of Cetane Improver Additives in automobile industry to facilitate better combustion in diesel fuels. There are two national diesel fuel standards in China – GB 19147 for on road vehicles and GB 252 (general diesel fuel) –for other applications including non-road engines. China V Emission standards have been set with an objective to decrease sulfur content down to 10 ppm and increase Cetane levels up to the 51 level. The specifications for China V and China VI fuel, GB 19147-2016, were issued in December 2016. The China VI gasoline and diesel standards are generally more stringent than the Euro V fuel standards currently in force in the European Union, although China’s fuel quality standards otherwise mostly follow European precedents.[6]
Uses
The crudes used by the refineries are more and more difficult to refine. This results in a Diesel fuel of lower ignition quality.
The use of Cetane Improver additives constitutes both a cost-effective and convenient way to reduce emissions[7] and improve engine performance.[8]
Refiners also use Cetane Improver additives in their Premium Diesel fuel for enhanced performances.
While gasoline needs a spark to be ignited, Diesel fuel requires only the combination of the right pressure and temperature to start the combustion, with no outside assistance.[9] The Cetane Number is a key property of Diesel fuel, as it measures its aptitude to self-ignite in the combustion chamber.[10]
The auto ignition temperature of Diesel fuel is around 220 °C at atmospheric pressure. Cetane Improver additives are used to decrease this temperature and lead to quicker combustion, by increasing the Cetane number.[11]
Advantages
By reducing ignition time, Cetane Improver additives affect engine emissions,[12] and guarantee:[13]
- Lower fuel consumption: as the fuel takes longer to burn completely, less fuel needs to be injected for the same performance
- Quicker start-up with less smoke: easier and faster combustion affects smoke emissions, especially on the long term
- Better cold start: fuel ignites more easily
- Less engine knock and noise: as the fuel is quick to ignite, it also burns longer, which allows the pressure to rise more smoothly in the chamber
- Wear reduction: better combustion leads to minimum deposits and lower engine wear
They offer greater flexibility to refiners to improve Diesel fuel quality while maximizing refinery yields.
Test methods
The industry standards for measuring Cetane Number are ASTM D-613 (ISO 5165) for the Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, D-6890 for the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), the D-7170 for the Fuel Ignition Tester (FIT) and D-7668 for the Cetane Ignition Delay (CID 510)[14]
See also
References
- ^ "Calculation Routines Supporting the use of Diesel Fuel Cetane Improver". www.cetane.eu/. Cemeg. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ^ "Cetane Number". VeryOne. EURENCO. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
- ^ "Evaluation of Crude Oil Quality" (PDF). www.vurup.sk/petroleum-coal. Petroleum & Coal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "What is Diesel Fuel "ALGAE"?". criticalfueltech.com. Critical Fuel Technology, Inc. 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "Gazole NF EN 590" (PDF). www.champ-energie.com. Comité Professionnel Du Pétrole. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "Stringent Government Regulations facilitates the extensive use of Cetane Improver Additives in Automobile Industry to facilitate better combustion in diesel fuels". www.industryarc.com. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
- ^ "The Effect of Cetane Number Increase Due to Additives on NOx Emissions" (PDF). www.epa.gov. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Cetane Booster". Czok. 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Brain, Marshall. "Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline Engines". www.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ^ "Diesel fuel characteristics and resources". UFA. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "How do diesel-fuel ignition improvers work?" (PDF). /www.chem.yorku.ca. Chem. Soc. Rev. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
- ^ "Effect of CETANE Improver Additives on Emissions" (PDF). www.ijmer.com. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER). Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ The Lubrizol Corporation, "Lubrizol 8090 Cetane Improver for Diesel Fuel", [en ligne], http://www.lubrizol.com/FuelAdditives/Products/8090CetaneImprover.html Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (Page consultée le 15 septembre 2014)
- ^ ASTM International, "All Oil & Gas Standards", [en ligne], http://www.astm.org/industry/all-oil-and-gas-standards.html (Page consultée le 17 septembre 2014)