Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute: Difference between revisions

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Yes, both of Schiff's statements can be placed together--we do not have to choose between them.
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==Arguments==
==Arguments==
A 2006 article by Allison Stevens for [[Women's eNews]] said "a scholarly disagreement&nbsp;...is growing into a heated skirmish over the famous suffragist's position on reproductive rights."<ref name=Stevens2006>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Allison |title=Susan B. Anthony's Abortion Position Spurs Scuffle |publisher=Women's eNews |date=2006-10-06 |url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/abortion/061006/susan-b-anthonys-abortion-position-spurs-scuffle |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Stevens said pro-choice activists were "outraged over what they say is an unproven claim and concerned that their heroine is being appropriated by a community led by the very people Anthony battled during her lifetime: [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]]."<ref name=Stevens2006/> Nora Bredes, the director of the Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership at the [[University of Rochester]] in New York and a pro-choice [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician, said that she wished to "reclaim" Anthony's legacy.<ref name=Stevens2006/> Author and columnist [[Stacy Schiff]] said "there is no question that [Anthony] deplored the practice of abortion, as did every one of her colleagues in the suffrage movement."<ref name=Schiff/> However, Schiff says, "The bottom line is that we cannot possibly know what Anthony would make of today’s debate" over the abortion issue.<ref name=Schiff/>
A 2006 article by Allison Stevens for [[Women's eNews]] said "a scholarly disagreement&nbsp;...is growing into a heated skirmish over the famous suffragist's position on reproductive rights."<ref name=Stevens2006>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Allison |title=Susan B. Anthony's Abortion Position Spurs Scuffle |publisher=Women's eNews |date=2006-10-06 |url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/abortion/061006/susan-b-anthonys-abortion-position-spurs-scuffle |accessdate=2009-11-21}}</ref> Stevens said pro-choice activists were "outraged over what they say is an unproven claim and concerned that their heroine is being appropriated by a community led by the very people Anthony battled during her lifetime: [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]]."<ref name=Stevens2006/> Nora Bredes, the director of the Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership at the [[University of Rochester]] in New York and a pro-choice [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician, said that she wished to "reclaim" Anthony's legacy.<ref name=Stevens2006/> Author and columnist [[Stacy Schiff]] said "there is no question that [Anthony] deplored the practice of abortion, as did every one of her colleagues in the suffrage movement."<ref name=Schiff/> Schiff amplified her own opinions on the issue, pointing out that abortion in the 19th century was a far different issue than it is now, with abortion a very dangerous and unpredictable procedure—she said "the terms do not translate".<ref name=Schiff/> She concluded, "The bottom line is that we cannot possibly know what Anthony would make of today’s debate" over the abortion issue.<ref name=Schiff/>


The modern sense of "pro-life" is defined as the political and ethical opposition to elective abortion, and support for its legal prohibition or restriction.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rudy|first=Kathy|title=Beyond pro-life and pro-choice: moral diversity in the abortion debate|year=1997|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=0807004278|pages=112, 138–139}}</ref> In answer to the assertion that Anthony was pro-life, Gordon wrote that "she never voiced an opinion about the sanctity of fetal life&nbsp;... and she never voiced an opinion about using the power of the state to require that pregnancies be brought to term."<ref name="Clark-Flory 2006"/><ref name=Stevens2006/> Gloria Feldt, a former head of [[Planned Parenthood]], said of Anthony that "there's absolutely nothing in anything that she ever said or did that would indicate she was anti-abortion."<ref name=Stevens2006/> Gordon said that the issue of abortion was "a political hot potato", one to avoid; it distracted from Anthony's main goal of gaining women the vote.<ref name=Stevens2006/> Gordon said the suffrage movement in the 19th century held political and social views—"[[secularism]], the [[separation of church and state]], and women's self-ownership" (women's autonomy)—that do not fit with modern pro-life concerns.<ref name="Clark-Flory 2006"/><ref name=Stevens2006/>
The modern sense of "pro-life" is defined as the political and ethical opposition to elective abortion, and support for its legal prohibition or restriction.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rudy|first=Kathy|title=Beyond pro-life and pro-choice: moral diversity in the abortion debate|year=1997|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=0807004278|pages=112, 138–139}}</ref> In answer to the assertion that Anthony was pro-life, Gordon wrote that "she never voiced an opinion about the sanctity of fetal life&nbsp;... and she never voiced an opinion about using the power of the state to require that pregnancies be brought to term."<ref name="Clark-Flory 2006"/><ref name=Stevens2006/> Gloria Feldt, a former head of [[Planned Parenthood]], said of Anthony that "there's absolutely nothing in anything that she ever said or did that would indicate she was anti-abortion."<ref name=Stevens2006/> Gordon said that the issue of abortion was "a political hot potato", one to avoid; it distracted from Anthony's main goal of gaining women the vote.<ref name=Stevens2006/> Gordon said the suffrage movement in the 19th century held political and social views—"[[secularism]], the [[separation of church and state]], and women's self-ownership" (women's autonomy)—that do not fit with modern pro-life concerns.<ref name="Clark-Flory 2006"/><ref name=Stevens2006/>

Revision as of 17:30, 7 April 2011

Susan B. Anthony image and quoted text, used by Feminists for Life to portray her as "anti-choice". The quote deals with child custody law rather than abortion.[1]

American suffragist Susan B. Anthony's position on abortion has been the subject of a modern-day dispute over her views on the issue.

Though Anthony is best known for being one of America's most dedicated activists for women's right to vote,[2][3][4][5][6] pro-life political groups have used her words and image in support of their cause. They assert that Anthony opposed abortion, and that she "was passionate and logical in her arguments against abortion."[7] Those scholars of 19th century American feminism who have spoken up in the debate, as well as pro-choice activists, have argued that Anthony did not actively work against abortion, advocate a ban on it, or express an opinion on fetal rights; that the 19th-century cultural milieu is different from the present-day; that pro-life groups have taken some of Anthony's words out of context; and that they falsely attribute other quotes to her.

Background

Susan B. Anthony and her signature

Anthony is widely known for her dedication to three issues: abolition, temperance and women's suffrage. She was born in 1820 and raised by abolitionist Quaker parents, and she fought against the wrongs of slavery from an early age. In her mid-20s, she began to fight against alcohol abuse, and in her late 20s to work toward getting women the right to vote. This last effort became her primary occupation until her death in 1906.[8] In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, giving American women the right to vote. This achievement was the final form of the so-called "Anthony Amendment"[9] first submitted to Congress by Anthony in 1878, and resubmitted every year until it finally passed.[10] In 1979 Anthony was honored as the first American woman represented on circulating U.S. currency, the Susan B. Anthony dollar,[11] a memorial of her legacy as the tireless champion of women's suffrage.[12]

Pro-life feminism separated from the mainstream U.S. feminist movement in the early 1970s.[13] The split was based on disagreement about abortion: The majority of second-wave feminists such as Betty Friedan said that open access to elective abortion was part of the political platform of feminism, but some Catholic and other feminists held that a belief in non-violence meant not killing the unborn child.[13] They believed that the availability of abortion contributed to the devaluing of motherhood.[13] Mainstream feminism's insistence on gender equality and abortion rights was seen by the pro-life feminists as having an undesirable masculinizing influence on womanhood, forcing women to be like men in order to succeed in a society dominated by men.[13]

Several pro-life feminist organizations such as Feminists for Life (FFL) (founded in the early 1970s)[13] and Concerned Women for America (founded in 1979) have used Anthony's words and image extensively to promote the pro-life cause, saying that Anthony was pro-life.[14] Ann Dexter Gordon, a 30-year scholar of Anthony and the leader of the Rutgers University "Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony Papers Project", says "I've watched the anti-abortion movement make these assertions since 1989."[15] In 1992, the Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) was founded; a political group with the ultimate goal of ending abortion in the United States by supporting pro-life politicians, especially women.[16] The organization was named based on its founders' belief that Anthony was "passionately pro-life",[7] and it, too, used Anthony's words and images for promotion.

Arguments

A 2006 article by Allison Stevens for Women's eNews said "a scholarly disagreement ...is growing into a heated skirmish over the famous suffragist's position on reproductive rights."[17] Stevens said pro-choice activists were "outraged over what they say is an unproven claim and concerned that their heroine is being appropriated by a community led by the very people Anthony battled during her lifetime: social conservatives."[17] Nora Bredes, the director of the Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership at the University of Rochester in New York and a pro-choice Democratic politician, said that she wished to "reclaim" Anthony's legacy.[17] Author and columnist Stacy Schiff said "there is no question that [Anthony] deplored the practice of abortion, as did every one of her colleagues in the suffrage movement."[18] Schiff amplified her own opinions on the issue, pointing out that abortion in the 19th century was a far different issue than it is now, with abortion a very dangerous and unpredictable procedure—she said "the terms do not translate".[18] She concluded, "The bottom line is that we cannot possibly know what Anthony would make of today’s debate" over the abortion issue.[18]

The modern sense of "pro-life" is defined as the political and ethical opposition to elective abortion, and support for its legal prohibition or restriction.[19] In answer to the assertion that Anthony was pro-life, Gordon wrote that "she never voiced an opinion about the sanctity of fetal life ... and she never voiced an opinion about using the power of the state to require that pregnancies be brought to term."[14][17] Gloria Feldt, a former head of Planned Parenthood, said of Anthony that "there's absolutely nothing in anything that she ever said or did that would indicate she was anti-abortion."[17] Gordon said that the issue of abortion was "a political hot potato", one to avoid; it distracted from Anthony's main goal of gaining women the vote.[17] Gordon said the suffrage movement in the 19th century held political and social views—"secularism, the separation of church and state, and women's self-ownership" (women's autonomy)—that do not fit with modern pro-life concerns.[14][17]

In early 2007, Cat Clark, an editor of FFL's quarterly magazine, acknowledged that Anthony spent little time on the subject of abortion, but cited FFL researcher Mary Krane Derr who said Anthony's "stance on abortion" was integral to "her commitment to undo gender oppression".[20]

In May 2010, Sarah Palin addressed the SBA List, saying Anthony was one of her heroes, and that Palin's own opposition to abortion rights was influenced by her "feminist foremothers".[21] She said "Organizations like the Susan B. Anthony List are returning the woman's movement back to its original roots, back to what it was all about in the beginning. You remind us of the earliest leaders of the woman's rights movement: They were pro-life."[21] In response to this, journalist Lynn Sherr, author of Failure is Impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words, joined with Gordon to write an opinion piece for The Washington Post. They said: "We have read every single word that this very voluble—and endlessly political—woman left behind. Our conclusion: Anthony spent no time on the politics of abortion. It was of no interest to her, despite living in a society (and a family) where women aborted unwanted pregnancies."[21] Sherr and Gordon said that their argument "is not over abortion rights. Rather it is about the erosion of accuracy in history and journalism."[21]

Women's rights activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton (seated) and Susan B. Anthony

SBA List president Marjorie Dannenfelser published her response to Sherr and Gordon, saying that their conclusion "that abortion was nowhere on [Anthony's] radar" was "unfounded on many levels".[7] She said that in Anthony's day, "abortion wasn't even a hot political issue ...Abortion simply wasn't up for debate at a time when society itself was firmly against the practice."[7] She noted that Anthony's business partner, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, referred to abortion as "infanticide" and said, "When we consider that women are treated as property, it is degrading to women that we should treat our children as property to be disposed of as we see fit."[7] She said that while the pro-life cause was not "the issue that earned Susan B. Anthony her stripes in American history books, historians would be wrong to conclude that Anthony was agnostic on the issue of abortion."[7]

Quotes

Anthony wrote very little about abortion.[20] The few existing quotes that are cited by pro-life organizations have been disputed by Anthony scholars and abortion rights activists who say that the quotes are misleading, taken out of context, or misattributed.[17]

"Guilty?"

Pro-lifers cite as Anthony's own words an anonymous[21] essay entitled "Marriage and Maternity" published in 1869 in The Revolution, a newspaper owned for two years by Anthony and edited by fellow women's rights activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury.[7] The essay is against abortion, against the societal problems which cause it, but it is against a proposed law banning abortion. The cited text includes this admonition against abortion:

"Guilty? Yes, no matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; but oh! thrice guilty is he who, for selfish gratification, heedless of her prayers, indifferent to her fate, drove her to the desperation which impelled her to the crime."[22]

The piece was signed simply "A." Because it was published in The Revolution, Dannenfelser wrote that "most logical people would agree, then, that writings signed by 'A.' in a paper that Anthony funded and published were a reflection of her own opinions."[7] Responding to the equating of Anthony's beliefs with those voiced in The Revolution, Gordon said that people "have a hard time wrapping their minds around the fact that The Revolution was a paper of debate—presenting both sides of an issue."[15] Gordon, whose project at Rutgers has examined 14,000 documents related to Stanton and Anthony,[23] wrote in 2010 that there is no proof that Anthony wrote the cited essay since she was not known to sign "A.".[21] Derr notes Anthony was known to sign "S.B.A." and was affectionately referred to as "Miss A." by others.[24] Schiff says "what is generally not mentioned [by pro-life organizations] is that the essay argues against an anti-abortion law; its author did not believe legislation would resolve the issue of unwanted pregnancy."[18] Gordon, referring to the article's many scriptural quotes and appeals to God, notes that its style does not fit with Anthony's "known beliefs".[17]

"Sweeter even"

A letter that Anthony wrote to Frances Willard in 1889 has been presented by both the SBA List and FFL to indicate her stance on abortion:

"Sweeter even than to have had the joy of caring for children of my own has it been to me to help bring about a better state of things for mothers generally, so that their unborn little ones could not be willed away from them."[1][25]

Journalist Tracy Clark-Flory wrote in Salon.com that the quote was "a statement that can conveniently be taken to mean any number of things."[14] Dannenfelser of SBA List connected the quote to abortion in 2010: "in case there's still lingering doubt about where Susan B. Anthony's convictions lie, her words to Frances Willard in 1889 speak for themselves".[7] However, in the 1990s, Derr determined the context of Anthony's words to be referring not to abortion but rather to her victory in overturning a law which extended past death a father's absolute control of his children, through the means of his last will, resulting in a baby's fate determined by the father's legal estate if it was born after his death; a newborn baby could be taken from its mother if so stipulated in the will.[1] After these findings were published by Derr in a 1995 book[26] and in FFL's journal in 1998, the quote was used in 2000 by FFL in a promotional poster, one of eight produced for college campuses, alongside an assertion that Anthony was "another anti-choice fanatic", leading the reader to an abortion-related interpretation of the quote.[13]

Social Purity

Susan B. Anthony

Derr describes "Social Purity", an anti-alcohol, anti-prostitution and pro-suffrage speech given repeatedly by Anthony in the 1870s, as one that is "more explicit" about abortion.[20] Derr says that "this speech clearly represents abortion as a symptom of the problems faced by women, especially when subjected 'to the tyranny of men's appetites and passions.'"[20]

In her speech, after naming alcohol abuse as a major social evil and estimating that there are 600,000 American men who are drunkards, Anthony describes how liquor traffic extends "deep and wide into the financial structure of the government" and that it must be fought with "one earnest, energetic, persistent force."[27] She continues:

"The prosecutions on our courts for breach of promise, divorce, adultery, bigamy, seduction, rape; the newspaper reports every day of every year of scandals and outrages, of wife murders and paramour shooting, of abortions and infanticides, are perpetual reminders of men's incapacity to cope successfully with this monster evil of society."[27]

Later in the speech, Anthony mentions abortion again:

"The true relation of the sexes never can be attained until woman is free and equal with man. Neither in the making nor executing of the laws regulating these relations has woman ever had the slightest voice. The statutes for marriage and divorce, for adultery, breach of promise, seduction, rape, bigamy, abortion, infanticide—all were made by men."[27]

Historian and journalist Marvin Olasky writes that the social purity movement began in the late 1860s with British feminist Josephine Butler working to improve the welfare of prostitutes; the American feminist version of the movement intended to abolish prostitution, and Anthony sided with this cause in 1872,[28] at which time she assembled her "Social Purity" speech from portions of her other tracts and speeches, augmented by new material. Anthony's earlier sources included a speech known as "Social Evil" delivered in her West Coast tour in 1871, and her "Relations of Women to the Temperance Cause" delivered in 1874.[29] After she gave "Social Purity" beginning in 1875, later versions were reworked and called "Moral Influence vs. Political Power" and "Why Temperance Women Should Vote".[29]

Gordon describes the contemporary public reaction to "Social Purity" as one of "sharp criticism" for its plain treatment of objectionable subject matter.[29] A newspaper editor in St. Louis, Missouri, said the speech demonstrated Anthony's advocacy of free love and divorce such as were being then discussed in the Beecher-Tilton scandal.[29] Estelle B. Freedman, Professor of History and a founder of the Program in Feminist Studies at Stanford University, writes that Anthony's "Social Purity" speech "linked drunkenness to the sexual abuse of women" and that women's occupational and wage discrimination, leading desperately poor women to prostitution, was described by her as depending "on the denial of equal suffrage".[30] In her analysis of the speech, Freedman does not discuss the two instances of the word "abortion".[30]

"She will rue the day"

According to Gordon and Sherr, the only clear reference to abortion in writings known to be Anthony's came in her diary.[21] Anthony wrote in 1876 that she visited her brother and learned that her sister-in-law had had an abortion.[20] "Things did not go well", say Gordon and Sherr, and her sister-in-law was bedridden. Anthony wrote, "She will rue the day she forces nature."[21]

Gordon and Sherr wrote, "Clearly Anthony did not applaud her sister-in-law's action, but the notation is ambiguous. Is it the act of abortion that will be regretted? Or is it being bedridden, the risk taken with one's own life?" Moreover, Gordon notes, there is no indication at all in the quote that Anthony considered abortion a social or political issue rather than a personal one, that she passionately hated it, or that she was active against it.[21]

Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum

File:Susan B Anthony Birthplace.jpg
Susan B. Anthony birthplace in Adams, Massachusetts

In August 2006, Carol Crossed, a pro-life feminist and advisory board member of the SBA List, purchased the house in Adams, Massachusetts, where Anthony was born.[31] The house was to be managed by Feminists for Life of America.[31] Crossed transformed the house into the Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum which opened by appointment in February 2010, with a permanent opening in May.[32] The museum's mission includes "raising public awareness" of Anthony's "wide-ranging legacy" including her being "a pioneering feminist and suffragist as well as a noteworthy figure in the abolitionist, pro-life and temperance movements of the 19th century"[33] (emphasis added.)

A local newspaper noted that none of the disputed quotes were displayed in the museum, but a diary entry that Anthony wrote about a sister-in-law's difficult abortion is presented.[34] Among the exhibits is one on 19th century activism against Restellism, a euphemism for abortion, in reference to Madame Restell, one of many who sold abortifacients in the 19th century.[34] According to the local reporter, the display implies that the rejection by The Revolution of any advertisements for abortifacients frames Anthony's personal views about abortion, though she "never specifically states her position."[34]

At its opening, the museum was leafleted by protesters who criticized the museum leadership's action of "inferring upon [Anthony] an unproven historical stance."[35] The protesters said that the directors were using the museum to put forward a pro-life agenda.[34] Answering this accusation, Crossed replied, "the pro-life views expressed in Anthony's newspaper, The Revolution, will not be excluded from the exhibition. This vision represented a very small part of Anthony's life, and while it will be presented, it will not be an overwhelming theme of the birthplace. Anthony's own anti-abortion stance is mentioned in just one of the museum's ten exhibits."[32]

References

  1. ^ a b c Derr, Mary Krane (1998). "herstory Worth Repeating" (PDF). The American Feminist. 5 (1). Feminists For Life: 19. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "Susan B. Anthony resolution". Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. Michigan Legislature. Senate.: 130 1975. A resolution honoring Susan B. Anthony, one of America's most outstanding advocates of equality for women ...struggled with unbelievable persistence for fifty-five years of her life for the enfranchisement of women...
  3. ^ Cott, Nancy F. (2004). No Small Courage: A History of Women in the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 245. ISBN 0195173236. One of the most dedicated and courageous activists was Susan B. Anthony.
  4. ^ Marlow, Joan (1991). The great women. Galahad Books. p. 74. ISBN 0883655292. ...the movement's most single-minded general and most dedicated soldier.
  5. ^ Gottheimer, Josh (2004). Ripples of Hope: Great American Civil Rights Speeches. Basic Civitas Books. p. 98. ISBN 0465027539. Soon after, Anthony dedicated her life entirely to the cause of women's suffrage.
  6. ^ Horton, Ros; Simmons, Sally (2007). Women Who Changed the World. Quercus. p. 66. ISBN 1847240267. Susan B. Anthony ...was ... above all, a dedicated activist for women's suffrage.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dannenfelser, Marjorie (May 21, 2010). "Susan B. Anthony: Pro-life feminist". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  8. ^ Harper, Ida Husted (1899). The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony: including public addresses, her own letters and many from her contemporaries during fifty years. Vol. 1. Indianapolis & Kansas City: The Bowen-Merrill Company. pp. 21–22. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  9. ^ Vile, John R. (2010). A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments (5 ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 199. ISBN 0313380082.
  10. ^ North, Simon Newton Dexter; Wickware, Francis Graham; Hart, Albert Bushnell (1915). "II. Popular Government and Current Politics". The American year book. Vol. 5. T. Nelson & Sons. p. 60.
  11. ^ "Susan B. Anthony Dollar". Susan B. Anthony House. 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  12. ^ Finkelman, Paul (2006). Encyclopedia of American civil liberties. Vol. 1. CRC Press. p. 65. ISBN 0415943426.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Oaks, Laury (2009). "What Are Pro-Life Feminists Doing on Campus?". NWSA Journal. 21 (1): 178–203. ISSN 1040-0656. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Clark-Flory, Tracy (October 6, 2006). "Susan B. Anthony, against abortion?". Salon.com. Salon Media Group.
  15. ^ a b Huberdeau, Jennifer (February 17, 2010). "Local group at odds with museum over question of Anthony's stance on abortion". North Adams Transcript. Adams, Massachusetts.
  16. ^ "SBA List Mission: Advancing, Mobilizing and Representing Pro-Life Women". Susan B. Anthony List. 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2010. To accomplish our ultimate goal of ending abortion in this country...
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stevens, Allison (2006-10-06). "Susan B. Anthony's Abortion Position Spurs Scuffle". Women's eNews. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  18. ^ a b c d Schiff, Stacy (2006-10-13). "Desperately Seeking Susan". New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  19. ^ Rudy, Kathy (1997). Beyond pro-life and pro-choice: moral diversity in the abortion debate. Beacon Press. pp. 112, 138–139. ISBN 0807004278.
  20. ^ a b c d e Clark, Cat (Spring 2007). "The Truth About Susan B. Anthony: Did One of America's First Feminists Oppose Abortion?" (PDF). The American Feminist. Feminists for Life: 1–5. ISSN 1532-6861. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sherr, Lynn; Gordon, Ann D. (May 21, 2010). "Sarah Palin is no Susan B. Anthony". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  22. ^ "Marriage and Maternity". The Revolution. July 8, 1869. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  23. ^ "Documentary Editing: What Is It and Why Is It Needed?". The Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers Project. Rutgers University. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  24. ^ Derr, Mary Krane (2005). Pro-Life Feminism: Yesterday and Today. Feminism & Nonviolence Studies Association. p. 413. ISBN 1413495761.
  25. ^ Woman's Christian Temperance Union, President (1907). "President's annual address". National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 37th. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
  26. ^ Derr, Mary Krane; Macnair, Rachel; Naranjo-Huebl, Linda (1995). ProLife Feminism: Yesterday and Today. pp. 42–43.
  27. ^ a b c "Social Purity". Public Broadcasting Service. April 3, 2005. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  28. ^ Olasky, Marvin N. (1992). Abortion rites: a social history of abortion in America. Good News Publishers. p. 127. ISBN 0891076875.
  29. ^ a b c d Gordon, Ann Dexter (2003). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: National protection for national citizens, 1873 to 1880. The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Vol. 3. Rutgers University Press. p. 155. ISBN 0813523192.
  30. ^ a b Freedman, Estelle B. (2007). The essential feminist reader. Modern Library Paperbacks Series. Random House. p. 85. ISBN 0812974603.
  31. ^ a b "Pro-Life Feminist Purchases Birthplace of Susan B. Anthony". Feminists for Life. August 5, 2006. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  32. ^ a b McLaughlin, Peter (February 11, 2010). "Susan B. Anthony (Birthplace) House opens". The Eagle. Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  33. ^ "Mission". Adams, Massachusetts: The Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  34. ^ a b c d Daniels, Tammy (February 15, 2010). "Anthony Museum Opening Sparks Debate on Abortion". iBerkshires.com. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  35. ^ "Home Page: Our Story". Susan B. Anthony Museum. 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
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