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}}</ref>. People with [[ADD]] or [[ADHD]] may have many of the same symptoms as clutterers, including being inattentive, restless, short tempered, and impatient.
}}</ref>. People with [[ADD]] or [[ADHD]] may have many of the same symptoms as clutterers, including being inattentive, restless, short tempered, and impatient.

==Cluttering versus Stuttering==
Cluttering and stuttering are related, but two distinct disorders. While they are both fluency disorders, they manifest themselves differently. While a person who stutters usually knows exactly what they want to say but are temporarily unable to say it, cluttering involves breaks in speech flow that stem from a disorganized speech planning or rate, or being unsure of exactly what one wants to say. <ref>{{cite web|last=St. Louis|first=Kenneth|title=Cluttering: Some Guidelines|url=http://www.stutteringhelp.org/Default.aspx?tabid=82|publisher=The Stuttering Foundation}}</ref> While stuttering is sometimes described as struggling, cluttering is effortless, and most clutterers seem uninhibited even while their speech is unintelligible. Also, a person who stutters lacks the ability to smoothly transition from one sound or syllable to the next, whereas in the case of cluttering, the person lacks the ability to transition from one syntactical unit to the next. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Meyers|first=F. L.|coauthors=St. Louis, K. O.|title=Clinical Management of Cluttering|journal=Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools|year=1995|volume=26|issue=2|pages=187-195}}</ref>
While they are separate disorders, stuttering and cluttering are related, and research has shown that more individuals suffer from both stuttering and cluttering simultaneously than from “pure” cluttering, without any signs of stuttering. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Meyers|first=F. L.|coauthors=St. Louis, K. O.|title=Clinical Management of Cluttering|journal=Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools|year=1995|volume=26|issue=2|pages=187-195}}</ref> When both disorders are present, it is often difficult to observe the cluttering until after the stuttering has remitted. <ref>{{cite web|last=St. Louis|first=Kenneth|title=Cluttering Updated|url=http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2003/031118/f031118a.htm|publisher=ASHA}}</ref>


==Treatment==
==Treatment==

Revision as of 04:55, 8 May 2012

This article is about the speech disorder. For other uses, see Cluttering (disambiguation).
Cluttering
SpecialtyPsychiatry Edit this on Wikidata

Cluttering (also called tachyphemia) is a speech disorder and a communication disorder characterized by speech that is difficult for listeners to understand due to rapid speaking rate, erratic rhythm, poor syntax or grammar, and words or groups of words unrelated to the sentence. Cluttering has in the past been viewed as a fluency disorder[1].

Definition

There is not currently a definition of cluttering which is generally accepted by the research or clinical community. The list of suggested characteristics is so broad that it becomes difficult to distinguish it from separate communication disorders. [2] However, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association uses the following working definition: Cluttering is a syndrome characterized by a speech delivery rate, which is either abnormally fast, irregular, or both. In cluttered speech, the person’s speech is affected by one or more of the following: (1) failure to maintain normally expected sound, syllable, phrase, and pausing patterns; (2) evidence of greater than expected incidents of disfluency, the majority of which are unlike those typical of people who stutter. [3]

Characteristics

Contributing to the ambiguity of its definition, when reviewing previously written texts on cluttering, researchers noted sixty-five different associated symptoms.[4] However, researchers have been working to narrow down the most common characteristics and currently believe that problems concerning rate of speech are central to cluttering. An example would be trying to talk so fast that speech intermittently breaks down. Clutterers also tend to slur or omit syllables of longer words, which compromises intelligibility during spurts of rapid speech. Other symptoms include:

  • lack of awareness of the problem
  • family history of fluency disorders
  • confusing, disorganized language or conversational skills
  • temporary improvement when asked to "slow down" or "pay attention" to speech
  • misarticulations
  • poor intelligibility
  • social or vocational problems
  • distractibility
  • hyperactivity
  • auditory perceptual difficulties
  • learning disabilities
  • apraxia.[5]

Clutterers often have reading disorders and writing disorders as well. This additional disorders include symptoms such as sprawling and disorderly handwriting, which poorly integrate ideas and space.[6]

Related disorders

Cluttering can often be confused with language delay, language disorder, learning disabilities, and attention deficit disorder[7]. People with ADD or ADHD may have many of the same symptoms as clutterers, including being inattentive, restless, short tempered, and impatient.

Cluttering versus Stuttering

Cluttering and stuttering are related, but two distinct disorders. While they are both fluency disorders, they manifest themselves differently. While a person who stutters usually knows exactly what they want to say but are temporarily unable to say it, cluttering involves breaks in speech flow that stem from a disorganized speech planning or rate, or being unsure of exactly what one wants to say. [8] While stuttering is sometimes described as struggling, cluttering is effortless, and most clutterers seem uninhibited even while their speech is unintelligible. Also, a person who stutters lacks the ability to smoothly transition from one sound or syllable to the next, whereas in the case of cluttering, the person lacks the ability to transition from one syntactical unit to the next. [9] While they are separate disorders, stuttering and cluttering are related, and research has shown that more individuals suffer from both stuttering and cluttering simultaneously than from “pure” cluttering, without any signs of stuttering. [10] When both disorders are present, it is often difficult to observe the cluttering until after the stuttering has remitted. [11]

Treatment

Because clutterers have poor awareness of their disorder, they may be indifferent or even hostile to speech-language pathologists. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is usually used to produce a more deliberate, exaggerated oral-motor response pattern. Other treatment components include improving narrative structure with story-telling picture books, turn-taking practice, pausing practice, and language therapy.

History

Battaros was a legendary Libyan king who spoke quickly and in a disorderly fashion. Others who spoke as he did were said to suffer from battarismus.[12] This is the earliest record of the speech disorder of cluttering.

In the 1960s, cluttering was called tachyphemia, a word derived from the Greek for "fast speech." This word is currently not used to describe cluttering because fast speech is not a required element of cluttering.

Deso Weiss described cluttering as the outward manifestation of a "central language imbalance." In Weiss's book on cluttering, he used Central Language Imbalance or CLI as synonymous with what cluttering is described as today.[13]

Over the past twenty years, Kenneth O. St. Louis, Lawrence J. Raphael, Florence L. Myers, and Klaas Bakker have been working to standardize a definition of cluttering. Judith Kuster maintains a robust section of cluttering resources and articles in her Stuttering Homepage[14].

The first conference held specifically on cluttering was held in May 2007[15] in Razlog, Bulgaria. It was called, "The First World Conference on Cluttering," and had over 60 participants from across North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia[16]. It was held in Bulgaria partly because of cluttering research efforts by Professors Dobrinka Georgieva and Katya Dionissieva of Neofit Rilski[17]. Part of the conference was awarding the first Deso Weiss Award for Excellence in Cluttering, which went to Kenneth St. Louis for his contributions for understanding and knowledge about cluttering[18].

Cluttering researchers

Cluttering research is still in its infancy. Cluttering research peaked and faded away in the 1960s, but interest in cluttering research has drastically increased and there are numerous books on cluttering that are currently being written. Because of this renewed interest in cluttering, the current cluttering researchers are pioneers in this speech disorder. Most of the cluttering researchers were stuttering researchers who studied cluttering as a secondary behavior, however there are a few dedicated cluttering researchers. The most notable of the cluttering researchers are:

Famous clutterers

Weiss claimed that Battaros, Demosthenes, Pericles, Justinian, Otto von Bismarck, and Winston Churchill were clutterers. He says about these people, "Each of these contributors to world history viewed his world holistically, and was not deflected by exaggerated attention to small details. Perhaps then, they excelled because of, rather than in spite of, their [cluttering]." [19] The animated character Porky Pig, who has often been described as a stutterer, has a style of speech similar to cluttering in some ways.

See also

References

  1. ^ Daly, David A. (1999). Curlee, Richard F. (ed.). Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 222. ISBN 0-86577-764-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Myers, F. L. (1992). Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective. Leicester: Far Communications. pp. 27–51.
  3. ^ St. Louis, Kenneth. "Cluttering Updated". ASHA.
  4. ^ Myers, F. L. (1995). "Clinical Management of Cluttering". Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools. 26 (2): 187–195. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ St. Louis, Kenneth. "Cluttering Updated". ASHA.
  6. ^ Fluency Disorders: Stuttering vs Cluttering
  7. ^ Daly, David A. (1999). Curlee, Richard F. (ed.). Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 233. ISBN 0-86577-764-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ St. Louis, Kenneth. "Cluttering: Some Guidelines". The Stuttering Foundation.
  9. ^ Meyers, F. L. (1995). "Clinical Management of Cluttering". Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools. 26 (2): 187–195. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Meyers, F. L. (1995). "Clinical Management of Cluttering". Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools. 26 (2): 187–195. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ St. Louis, Kenneth. "Cluttering Updated". ASHA.
  12. ^ Weiss, Deso (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 1. LC 64-25326. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Weiss, Deso (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 20. LC 64-25326. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Judith Kuster. "Other related fluency disorders". Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  15. ^ "First World Conference on Cluttering". Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  16. ^ News and Information Services - WVU Today » Press Release
  17. ^ myers
  18. ^ Office Hours
  19. ^ Weiss, Deso (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 58. OL 2931. LC 64-25326. {{cite book}}: Check |ol= value (help); Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)

Sources

  • St. Louis, K. O., Raphael, L. J., Myers, F. L., & Bakker, K. (2003, Nov. 18). Cluttering updated. The ASHA Leader, pp. 4–5, 20-22.
  • Studies in Tachyphemia, An Investigation of Cluttering and General Language Disability. Speech Rehabilitation Institute. New York, 1963.
  • Daly, D. A. (1996). The source for stuttering and cluttering. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.
  • Myers, F. and K. St. Louis, (1992) Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective, Leicester, England: Far Communications

External links


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