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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}} |
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[[File:KITLV 87170 - William Johnson - Bania women in British India - Before 1860.jpeg|thumb|Bania women in [[British India]]. Image taken before 1860]] |
[[File:KITLV 87170 - William Johnson - Bania women in British India - Before 1860.jpeg|thumb|Bania women in [[British India]]. Image taken before 1860]] |
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The '''Bania''' (also spelled as '''Baniya''', '''Banija''', '''Banya''', '''Vaniya''', '''Vani''', '''Vania''' and '''Vanya''') is an occupational community of [[merchant]]s, [[banker]]s, [[money-lender]]s, and (in modern times) owners of [[commercial enterprise]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardiman|first=David|date=1996|title=Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651058|journal=Past & Present|volume=152|issue=152|pages=113–156|doi=10.1093/past/152.1.113|jstor=651058|issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheesman|first=David|date=1982|title='The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312116|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=16|issue=3|pages=445–462|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015262|jstor=312116|issn=0026-749X}}</ref> The community is composed of several sub-castes including the [[Agarwal|Agarwal Banias]], [[Oswal|Oswal Banias]], [[Porwal|Porwal Banias]] and [[Wani (surname)|Wani Banias]], among others.<ref name="Hanks2003">{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dictionary_of_American_Family_Names/FJoDDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dictionary+of+american+family+names+bania&pg=PR96&printsec=frontcover|date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977169-1 |page=xcvi |language=en}}</ref> The term is used in a wider sense in [[Bengal]] than it is elsewhere in India, where it is applied to all money-lenders and indigenously developed bankers, irrespective of caste.<ref name="Schrader1997">{{cite book|last=Schrader|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rf7nIIz8ikC&pg=PA68|title=Changing financial landscapes in India and Indonesia: sociological aspects of monetization and market integration|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=1997|isbn=978-3-8258-2641-3|page=68}}</ref> Most Banias follow [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]] but a few have converted to [[Sikhism]], |
The '''Bania''' (also spelled as '''Baniya''', '''Banija''', '''Banya''', '''Vaniya''', '''Vani''', '''Vania''' and '''Vanya''') is an occupational community of [[merchant]]s, [[banker]]s, [[money-lender]]s, and (in modern times) owners of [[commercial enterprise]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardiman|first=David|date=1996|title=Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651058|journal=Past & Present|volume=152|issue=152|pages=113–156|doi=10.1093/past/152.1.113|jstor=651058|issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheesman|first=David|date=1982|title='The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312116|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=16|issue=3|pages=445–462|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015262|jstor=312116|issn=0026-749X}}</ref> The community is composed of several sub-castes including the [[Agarwal|Agarwal Banias]], [[Oswal|Oswal Banias]], [[Porwal|Porwal Banias]] and [[Wani (surname)|Wani Banias]], among others.<ref name="Hanks2003">{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dictionary_of_American_Family_Names/FJoDDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dictionary+of+american+family+names+bania&pg=PR96&printsec=frontcover|date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977169-1 |page=xcvi |language=en}}</ref> The term is used in a wider sense in [[Bengal]] than it is elsewhere in India, where it is applied to all money-lenders and indigenously developed bankers, irrespective of caste.<ref name="Schrader1997">{{cite book|last=Schrader|first=Heiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rf7nIIz8ikC&pg=PA68|title=Changing financial landscapes in India and Indonesia: sociological aspects of monetization and market integration|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=1997|isbn=978-3-8258-2641-3|page=68}}</ref> Most Banias follow [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]] but a few have converted to [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marenco |first1=Ethne K. |title=The Transformation of Sikh Society |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Transformation_of_Sikh_Society/OeseAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1|date=1974 |publisher=HaPi Press |page=151 |language=en |quote=The Banias were again predominantly Hindu, but there were many Jain Banias and also Sikh banias in lesser numbers, and very few Buddhist Banias. Such was the picture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyler |first1=Stephen A. |title=India: An Anthropolher=Waveland Press |isbn=978-0-88133-245-2 |page=186 |language=en |quote=Some, like the Khojah caste, are Bania groups converted to Islam by Muslim pirs (saints).}}</ref><ref>ra|title=King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745|date=2000|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177|journal=Proress|volume=61|pages=1011–1028|jstor=44148177|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> |
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[[Irfn to lie in the Sanskrit word ''vanik'', and deemlisher=Cambridge U |
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[[Irfan Habib]] believes the etymological origin to lie in the Sanskrit word ''vanik'', and deems them to be India's "pre-eminent" trading community, historically.<ref>{{cite book|last=Habib|first=Irfan|author-link=Irfan Habib |editor-first=James D. |editor-last=Tracy |chapter=Merchant Communities in Precolonial India|title=The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=371–99 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511563089 |isbn=978-0-52145-735-4}}</ref> They are classified as [[Upper Backward Castes|Upper Backward Caste]] in Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHLaAAAAMAAJ|title= Reservation, Action for Social Equality|author=Ishwari Prasad |
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|publisher=Criterion Publications|year=1986|access-date=23 February 2021|quote=Here we are concerned only with upper backwards which have four castes ; Yadav ( 11.0 per cent ) , Koeri ( 4.0 per cent ) , Kurmi ( 3.5 per cent ) and Bania ( 0.6 per cent ) .}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 20:24, 12 March 2021
The Bania (also spelled as Baniya, Banija, Banya, Vaniya, Vani, Vania and Vanya) is an occupational community of merchants, bankers, money-lenders, and (in modern times) owners of commercial enterprises.[1][2] The community is composed of several sub-castes including the Agarwal Banias, Oswal Banias, Porwal Banias and Wani Banias, among others.[3] The term is used in a wider sense in Bengal than it is elsewhere in India, where it is applied to all money-lenders and indigenously developed bankers, irrespective of caste.[4] Most Banias follow Hinduism and Jainism but a few have converted to Sikhism, and Buddhism.[5][6][7]
[[Irfn to lie in the Sanskrit word vanik, and deemlisher=Cambridge U
See also
References
- ^ Hardiman, David (1996). "Usury, Dearth and Famine in Western India". Past & Present. 152 (152): 113–156. doi:10.1093/past/152.1.113. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 651058.
- ^ Cheesman, David (1982). "'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 445–462. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015262. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312116.
- ^ Hanks, Patrick (8 May 2003). Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. p. xcvi. ISBN 978-0-19-977169-1.
- ^ Schrader, Heiko (1997). Changing financial landscapes in India and Indonesia: sociological aspects of monetization and market integration. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-8258-2641-3.
- ^ Marenco, Ethne K. (1974). The Transformation of Sikh Society. HaPi Press. p. 151.
The Banias were again predominantly Hindu, but there were many Jain Banias and also Sikh banias in lesser numbers, and very few Buddhist Banias. Such was the picture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- ^ Tyler, Stephen A. India: An Anthropolher=Waveland Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-88133-245-2.
Some, like the Khojah caste, are Bania groups converted to Islam by Muslim pirs (saints).
- ^ ra|title=King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745|date=2000|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177%7Cjournal=Proress%7Cvolume=61%7Cpages=1011–1028%7Cjstor=44148177%7Cissn=2249-1937}}
Further reading
- Cheesman, David (1982). "'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind". Modern Asian Studies. 16 (3): 445–462. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015262. JSTOR 312116.
- Metcalf, Thomas R. (December 1962). "The British and the Moneylender in Nineteenth-Century India". The Journal of Modern History. 34 (4): 390–397. doi:10.1086/239182. JSTOR 1880056. S2CID 145246030.