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The '''Colombian chachalaca''' (''Ortalis columbiana'') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Cracidae]]. It is endemic to the forests and woodlands in the inter-[[Andean]] valleys in [[Colombia]].
The '''Colombian chachalaca''' (''Ortalis columbiana'') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Cracidae]]. It is endemic to the forests and woodlands in the inter-[[Andean]] valleys in [[Colombia]].
Colombian Chachalacas are [[Frugivore|frugivorous]]. The large seeds they disperse support the maintenance of diverse tropical forests.
Colombian Chachalacas are [[Frugivore|frugivorous]] and lead an arboreal lifestyle. The large seeds they disperse through defecation support the maintenance of diverse tropical forests.




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The species is endemic to the [[Cauca River|Cauca]] and [[Magdalena River Valley|Magdalena]] valleys of Colombia. It was once a fairly widespread species, but after many years of hunting pressure and habitat loss it has been extirpated from many former range areas. Its current distribution is highly fragmented, with small, localized populations remaining the upper river valleys: in the Magdalena from [[Huila Department]] to [[Santander Department|Santander]], and in the Cauca valley from [[Cauca Department]] to [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]].<ref name="Restall" /><ref name="Hilty" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Species Map: Colombian Chachalaca |url=https://ebird.org/home |website=eBird (account required) |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref>
The species is endemic to the [[Cauca River|Cauca]] and [[Magdalena River Valley|Magdalena]] valleys of Colombia. It was once a fairly widespread species, but after many years of hunting pressure and habitat loss it has been extirpated from many former range areas. Its current distribution is highly fragmented, with small, localized populations remaining the upper river valleys: in the Magdalena from [[Huila Department]] to [[Santander Department|Santander]], and in the Cauca valley from [[Cauca Department]] to [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]].<ref name="Restall" /><ref name="Hilty" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Species Map: Colombian Chachalaca |url=https://ebird.org/home |website=eBird (account required) |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref>


The Colombian chachalaca is a bird of the upper tropical zone, typically found on the edges of dry to humid forests and mature [[Secondary forest|second growth]]. It can survive in degraded habitat - areas of scrub and thickets – and is relatively tolerant of human habitation in areas where it is not persecuted.<ref name="Restall" /><ref name="Hilty" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agudelo-Rendón |first1=D. |last2=Rendón-Gutiérrez |first2=N. |last3=Cadavid-Ramírez |first3=A.C. |last4=Choperena-Palencia |first4=M.C. |last5=Arias-Monsalve |first5=C.S. |last6=Gómez-R |first6=D.A. |title=Composición del ensamblaje de aves en una zona periurbana de Medellín, Colombia |journal=Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal |date=2020 |volume=12(2) |issue=782 |page=4-5}}</ref>
The Colombian chachalaca is a bird of the upper tropical zone, typically found on the edges of dry to humid forests and mature [[Secondary forest|second growth]]. It can survive in degraded habitat - areas of scrub and thickets – and is relatively tolerant of human habitation in areas where it is not persecuted. However, research indicates that it is more likely to prosper in mature forests, where it can use fallen tree trunks for foraging, shelter, and nesting between tree roots.<ref name="Restall" /><ref name="Hilty" /><ref name=Agudelo>{{cite journal |last1=Agudelo-Rendón |first1=D. |last2=Rendón-Gutiérrez |first2=N. |last3=Cadavid-Ramírez |first3=A.C. |last4=Choperena-Palencia |first4=M.C. |last5=Arias-Monsalve |first5=C.S. |last6=Gómez-R |first6=D.A. |title=Composición del ensamblaje de aves en una zona periurbana de Medellín, Colombia |journal=Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal |date=2020 |volume=12(2) |issue=782 |page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salas-Correa |first1=Angel-David |last2=Mancera-Rodríguez |first2=Néstor Javier |title=RELACIONES ENTRE LA DIVERSIDAD DE AVES Y LA ESTRUCTURA DE VEGETACIÓN EN CUATRO ETAPAS SUCESIONALES DE BOSQUE SECUNDARIO, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA |journal=Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica |date=2018 |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=524 |url=https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/ruadc/article/view/970/1383 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref>


==Behaviour and ecology==
==Behaviour and ecology==
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'''Food and feeding'''
'''Food and feeding'''


Colombian chachalacas, and [[Cracidae|Cracids]] in general, are highly [[Frugivore|frugivorous]]. Large frugivores play a key role in maintaining the diversity of tropical forests by dispersing large seeds – if they are not present in an area it will become dominated by fast-growing species with smaller fruits and seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kattan |first1=Gustavo H. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Camilo E. |last3=Vélez |first3=Catalina |last4=Ramírez |first4=Laura |last5=Celis |first5=Marcela |title=Beta diversity and knowledge gaps of Colombia’s dry forests: implications for their conservation |journal=Caldasia |date=2019 |volume=41-1 |page=8}}</ref>
Colombian chachalacas, and [[Cracidae|Cracids]] in general, are highly [[Frugivore|frugivorous]]. Large frugivores play a key role in maintaining the diversity of tropical forests as the defecation of indigestible large seeds helps to dispersing the parent plant species – if large frugivores are not present in an area it will become dominated by fast-growing species with smaller fruits and seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kattan |first1=Gustavo H. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Camilo E. |last3=Vélez |first3=Catalina |last4=Ramírez |first4=Laura |last5=Celis |first5=Marcela |title=Beta diversity and knowledge gaps of Colombia’s dry forests: implications for their conservation |journal=Caldasia |date=2019 |volume=41-1 |page=8}}</ref>


This species typically forages in pairs and small groups. In the Cauca valley their diet was found to comprise 26 species of plants, including fruits (77.2%), leaves (16.2%), and flowers (3.6%). They also occasionally ate soil, dead leaves, and stones (3%). Many of the seeds defecated by Colombian chachalacas were shown to germinate at a higher rate than those extracted directly from fruit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acosta-Rojas |first1=Diana Carolina |last2=Muñoz |first2=Marcia C. |last3=Torres G. |first3=Alba Marina |last4=Corredor |first4=Germán |title=DIETA Y DISPERSIÓN DE SEMILLAS: ¿AFECTA LA GUACHARACA COLOMBIANA (ORTALIS COLUMBIANA) LA GERMINACIÓN DE LAS SEMILLAS CONSUMIDAS? |journal=Ornitologia Neotropical |date=2012 |volume=23 |page=439}}</ref><ref name="Restall" />
This species typically forages in pairs and small groups. In the Cauca valley their diet was found to comprise 26 species of plants, including fruits (77.2%), leaves (16.2%), and flowers (3.6%). They also occasionally ate soil, dead leaves, and stones (3%). Many of the seeds defecated by Colombian chachalacas were shown to germinate at a higher rate than those extracted directly from fruit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acosta-Rojas |first1=Diana Carolina |last2=Muñoz |first2=Marcia C. |last3=Torres G. |first3=Alba Marina |last4=Corredor |first4=Germán |title=DIETA Y DISPERSIÓN DE SEMILLAS: ¿AFECTA LA GUACHARACA COLOMBIANA (ORTALIS COLUMBIANA) LA GERMINACIÓN DE LAS SEMILLAS CONSUMIDAS? |journal=Ornitologia Neotropical |date=2012 |volume=23 |page=439}}</ref><ref name="Restall" />

==Status==

This species is rated as [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. While noting that the range and numbers of this species are declining, the decline is not considered to meet the threshold of a 30% decline over ten years that would trigger a rating of [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]. Similarly, though the population size has not been quantified, it does not appear meet the Vulnerable criteria of under 10 000 individuals with a continuing decline of 10% per ten years. The species also appears to be somewhat tolerant of sub-optimal habitat and proximity to human habitation.<ref name=iucn>{{cite web |title=Ortalis columbiana |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22728519/94989120#assessment-information |website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 |publisher=Birdlife International |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Agudelo" />

'''Threats'''

While the Colombian chachalaca can suffer predation from large raptors such as the [[Ornate hawk-eagle]], hunting by humans appears to be the primary threat, followed by habitat loss and fragmentation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villegas Retana |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Araya-H. |first2=David |last3=García |first3=Ralph |title=First Record of Spizaetus ornatus Preying On Nyctibius grandis in the La Selva Biological Station, Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica |journal=Spizaetus |date=2016 |issue=22 |page=14 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Araya-4/publication/313553526_First_Record_of_Spizaetus_ornatus_Preying_On_Nyctibius_grandis_in_the_La_Selva_Biological_Station_Sarapiqui_Heredia_Costa_Rica/links/589de56f92851c7fb4bb1694/First-Record-of-Spizaetus-ornatus-Preying-On-Nyctibius-grandis-in-the-La-Selva-Biological-Station-Sarapiqui-Heredia-Costa-Rica.pdf#page=16 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kattan |first1=Gustavo H. |last2=Muñoz |first2=Marcia C. |last3=Kikuchi |first3=David W. |title=Population densities of curassows, guans, and chachalacas (Cracidae): Effects of body size, habitat, season, and hunting |journal=The Condor |date=2016 |volume=118 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tamayo-Quintero |first1=Juliana |last2=Cruz |first2=Lorena |title=COMPOSICIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA AVIAR EN DOS PARCHES DE BOSQUE SECO EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA |journal=Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural |date=1 June 2015 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=125–146 |doi=10.17151/bccm.2015.19.1.9}}</ref>

'''Conservation efforts'''

No conservation activities specific to this species are in effect.<ref name="iucn" />





Revision as of 16:58, 30 August 2021

Colombian chachalaca
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Cracidae
Genus: Ortalis
Species:
O. columbiana
Binomial name
Ortalis columbiana
(Hellmayr, 1906)

The Colombian chachalaca (Ortalis columbiana) is a species of bird in the family Cracidae. It is endemic to the forests and woodlands in the inter-Andean valleys in Colombia. Colombian Chachalacas are frugivorous and lead an arboreal lifestyle. The large seeds they disperse through defecation support the maintenance of diverse tropical forests.


Taxonomy and systematics

The species was first formally described in 1906 by the Austrian ornithologist Carl Eduard Hellmayr. He based his observations on specimens in the Bavarian State Museum that had been obtained during Johann Baptist von Spix’s 1817-1820 expedition to South America. Hellmayr noted significant differences in the plumage of two specimens that separated them from the Speckled chachalaca that von Spix had previously described.[2]

All four taxonomic authorities recognize the Colombian chachalaca as a distinct species. It is generally considered to be monotypic, but some authorities recognize two subspecies: the nominate O. c. columbiana, native to the upper Magdalena River basin, and O. c. caucae, which is found in the Cauca River valley.[3][4]

Description

The Colombian chachalaca is a typical Ortalis species – a large, plump forest bird with a long slender neck, small head, long and robust legs (tarsi) and a long tail.

Size. Adults of this species have a length of 50-60cm. The average wing length is 22.5cm (males)/ 19.6cm (females), and the average tail length is 25 and 24cm respectively. Tarsi average 6cm (males) and 5.8cm (females). Adult bird have a typical mass of 600g (male), and 500g (female).[5][6]

Appearance. Similar/identical for both sexes. The upperparts are mostly brown, shading to greyish-brown on the primaries and secondaries. The outer feathers of the tail are rufous-brown. The head and neck are grey, with a red dewlap on the neck. The breast feathers are grey with prominent white scalloping, a distinguishing characteristic compared to the similar-looking speckled chachalaca. The belly is buffy with rufous shading on the thighs and flanks and rufous undertail coverts.

The legs and feet are pinkish. The bill is dark grey at the base shading to white at the tip. The iris is dark brown, and a patch of grey bare skin encircles the eye.[7][8][9][10]

Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to the Cauca and Magdalena valleys of Colombia. It was once a fairly widespread species, but after many years of hunting pressure and habitat loss it has been extirpated from many former range areas. Its current distribution is highly fragmented, with small, localized populations remaining the upper river valleys: in the Magdalena from Huila Department to Santander, and in the Cauca valley from Cauca Department to Antioquia.[7][10][11]

The Colombian chachalaca is a bird of the upper tropical zone, typically found on the edges of dry to humid forests and mature second growth. It can survive in degraded habitat - areas of scrub and thickets – and is relatively tolerant of human habitation in areas where it is not persecuted. However, research indicates that it is more likely to prosper in mature forests, where it can use fallen tree trunks for foraging, shelter, and nesting between tree roots.[7][10][12][13]

Behaviour and ecology

Colombian chachalacas are arboreal, spending most of their time in forests where they typically forage from the mid-level to the canopy. They prefers trees with good food supplies, primarily Ficus or Cecropia species. They will fly within and between trees but do not usually undertake long flights.

These birds are social, and groups of up to 20 individuals have been seen. They can be noisy, engaging in choruses of the chac-a-lac call that gives them their name.[7][9]

Breeding

Little is known about the breeding habits of this species. Colombian chachalacas are presumed to be monogamous and possibly to hold territories during breeding. Records from the Magdalena valley of a female with an swollen brood patch, a male with extended testes and a half-grown young bird, were recorded in the month of February, indicating the time of the breeding season in that area.[6]

Food and feeding

Colombian chachalacas, and Cracids in general, are highly frugivorous. Large frugivores play a key role in maintaining the diversity of tropical forests as the defecation of indigestible large seeds helps to dispersing the parent plant species – if large frugivores are not present in an area it will become dominated by fast-growing species with smaller fruits and seeds.[14]

This species typically forages in pairs and small groups. In the Cauca valley their diet was found to comprise 26 species of plants, including fruits (77.2%), leaves (16.2%), and flowers (3.6%). They also occasionally ate soil, dead leaves, and stones (3%). Many of the seeds defecated by Colombian chachalacas were shown to germinate at a higher rate than those extracted directly from fruit.[15][7]

Status

This species is rated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. While noting that the range and numbers of this species are declining, the decline is not considered to meet the threshold of a 30% decline over ten years that would trigger a rating of Vulnerable. Similarly, though the population size has not been quantified, it does not appear meet the Vulnerable criteria of under 10 000 individuals with a continuing decline of 10% per ten years. The species also appears to be somewhat tolerant of sub-optimal habitat and proximity to human habitation.[16][12]

Threats

While the Colombian chachalaca can suffer predation from large raptors such as the Ornate hawk-eagle, hunting by humans appears to be the primary threat, followed by habitat loss and fragmentation.[17][18][19]

Conservation efforts

No conservation activities specific to this species are in effect.[16]


References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Ortalis columbiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ^ Hellmayr, Carl Eduard (1906). "Revision der Spix'schen Typen brasilianischer Vögel". ABHANDLUNGEN DER MATHEMATISCH - PHYSIKALISCHEN KLASSE DER KÖNIGLICH BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE der WISSENSCHAFTEN. XXII: 561. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  3. ^ del Hoyo (ed), Josep (2020). All the birds of the world. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 44. ISBN 978-84-16728-37-4. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Chapman, Frank M. (1914). "DIAGNOSES OF APPARENTLY NEW COLOMBIAN BIRDS, II". Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. XXXIII: 168.
  5. ^ Vaurie, Charles (1965). "Systematic Notes on the Bird Family Cracidae. No. 3 Ortalis guttata, Ortalis superciliaris, and Ortalis motmot" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2232): 2-3.
  6. ^ a b Miller, Alden H. (1952). "SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ON THE TROPICAL AVIFAUNA OF THE ARID UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEYOF COLOMBIA". Auk. 69: 452.
  7. ^ a b c d e Restall, Robin; Rodner, Clemencia; Lentino, Miguel (2007). Birds of Northern South America: an Identification Guide Vol 1. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 43-44. ISBN 978-0-300-10862-0.
  8. ^ Quiñones, Fernando Ayerbe (2018). Guía ilustrada de la Avifauna colombiana. Bogotá: Puntoaparte. p. Pl 07. ISBN 978-958-5461-03-1.
  9. ^ a b Acosta-Rojas, D. C.; Barragán Barrera, D. C. "Colombian Chachalaca (Ortalis columbiana) version 1.0". Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor) subscription required. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Hilty, Steven L. (2021). Birds of Colombia. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 32. ISBN 978-84-16728-24-4.
  11. ^ "Species Map: Colombian Chachalaca". eBird (account required). Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  12. ^ a b Agudelo-Rendón, D.; Rendón-Gutiérrez, N.; Cadavid-Ramírez, A.C.; Choperena-Palencia, M.C.; Arias-Monsalve, C.S.; Gómez-R, D.A. (2020). "Composición del ensamblaje de aves en una zona periurbana de Medellín, Colombia". Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal. 12(2) (782): 4-5.
  13. ^ Salas-Correa, Angel-David; Mancera-Rodríguez, Néstor Javier (2018). "RELACIONES ENTRE LA DIVERSIDAD DE AVES Y LA ESTRUCTURA DE VEGETACIÓN EN CUATRO ETAPAS SUCESIONALES DE BOSQUE SECUNDARIO, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA". Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica. 21 (2): 524. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  14. ^ Kattan, Gustavo H.; Sánchez, Camilo E.; Vélez, Catalina; Ramírez, Laura; Celis, Marcela (2019). "Beta diversity and knowledge gaps of Colombia's dry forests: implications for their conservation". Caldasia. 41–1: 8.
  15. ^ Acosta-Rojas, Diana Carolina; Muñoz, Marcia C.; Torres G., Alba Marina; Corredor, Germán (2012). "DIETA Y DISPERSIÓN DE SEMILLAS: ¿AFECTA LA GUACHARACA COLOMBIANA (ORTALIS COLUMBIANA) LA GERMINACIÓN DE LAS SEMILLAS CONSUMIDAS?". Ornitologia Neotropical. 23: 439.
  16. ^ a b "Ortalis columbiana". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. Birdlife International. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  17. ^ Villegas Retana, Sergio A.; Araya-H., David; García, Ralph (2016). "First Record of Spizaetus ornatus Preying On Nyctibius grandis in the La Selva Biological Station, Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica" (PDF). Spizaetus (22): 14. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  18. ^ Kattan, Gustavo H.; Muñoz, Marcia C.; Kikuchi, David W. (2016). "Population densities of curassows, guans, and chachalacas (Cracidae): Effects of body size, habitat, season, and hunting". The Condor. 118: 29.
  19. ^ Tamayo-Quintero, Juliana; Cruz, Lorena (1 June 2015). "COMPOSICIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA AVIAR EN DOS PARCHES DE BOSQUE SECO EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA". Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural. 19 (1): 125–146. doi:10.17151/bccm.2015.19.1.9.
  • Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2011. IOC World Bird Names (version 2.9). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ Accessed 8/4/2011.
  • Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, J. Pérez-Emán, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version [date]. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. [1]
  • Acosta-Rojas, DC 2012. ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC, USGS PATUXENT WILDLIFE RESEAUNIV GEORGIA, WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES, ATHENS


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