User:Zackc28/sandbox: Difference between revisions
←Replaced content with '{{short description|French anthropologist and ethnologist }} {{about|the anthropologist|the clothing manufacturer|Levi Strauss}} {{Infobox philosopher | name = James Brewton Berry | image = Levi-strauss_260.jpg | caption = Lévi-Strauss in 2005 | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1901|08|09}} | birth_place = Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States | death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1993|03|04|1901|08|09|df=yes}}}} |...' Tag: Replaced |
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{{short description| |
{{short description|Native American tribe in South Carolina}} |
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{{about|the anthropologist|the clothing manufacturer|Levi Strauss}} |
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|group=Black River Indian Nation |
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|image_caption= |
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| name = James Brewton Berry |
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|popplace={{USA}} ({{Flag|South Carolina}}) |
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| image = Levi-strauss_260.jpg |
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|rels=[[Christianity]] |
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| caption = Lévi-Strauss in 2005 |
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|langs=English, formerly [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1901|08|09}} |
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|related= |
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| birth_place = [[Orangeburg, South Carolina]], [[United States]] |
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|population=100 (enrolled members)}} |
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| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1993|03|04|1901|08|09|df=yes}}}} |
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The '''Black River Indian Nation,''' (in [[Catawban languages|Catawban]], '''yeni''' or '''ye iswa yeni''') are a small unrecognized tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American people]] descended from various historic tribes of the Carolinas, located near [[Greeleyville, South Carolina]]. In 1971, the people became the subject of study by renowned ethnohistorian Wes Taukchiray, who recognized the community, then referred to as the Goins Indian Community, as a surviving remnant population of American Indians whose ancestors originated as part of the Privateer Indian Community of [[Sumter County, South Carolina]] in the mid-nineteenth century. |
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| death_place = [[Dublin, Ohio]], [[United States]] |
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| nationality = [[Americans|American]] |
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| spouse = {{Plainlist | |
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* {{marriage| Margaret Foley Woods |1926|}} |
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}} |
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<!--| era = | region = --> |
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| education = Orangeburg High School |
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| alma_mater = [[Wofford College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]], 1922) <br> [[Yale Divinity School]] ([[Bachelor of Divinity|BD]], 1925) <br> [[University of Edinburgh]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], 1930) |
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| main_interests = {{hlist |[[Anthropology]] |[[Sociology]] |[[Ethnology]] |[[Theology]]}} |
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| signature = Claude Levi-Strauss signature.svg |
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}} |
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{{Anthropology}} |
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The Black River Indians are descended from the [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawba]], [[Hatteras Indians|Hatteras]], [[Winyaw|Winyah]], [[Cape Fear Indians|Dawhee]], and the Stono (a subtribe of the [[Cusabo]]). Under pressure from [[European colonization of the Americas|colonialism]], and population losses due to [[infectious diseases]] and the [[Yamassee War|Yemassee War]] of the 18th century, surviving members of the various tribes intermarried with each other and formed their own communities near European settlements to avoid slave raids by stronger tribes. Europeans referred to members of these communities as Parched Corn Indians. As time went on and various families intermarried with each other, communities like the Privateer Indian Community came to exist. |
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'''James Brewton Berry''' (9 August 1901 – 4 March 1993) was an American professor, sociologist, and anthropologist, who was regarded in his time as one of the foremost authorities on American Indians and the only authority on mestizos in the eastern United States. He served as chairman of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Ohio State University in 1964 and was author of many academic articles and several books relating to American Indians and racial studies. Berry searched for and visited mixed American communities in the eastern United States for twenty-five years in order to study and document surviving descendants of tribes long said to have gone extinct. |
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The tribe is one of nine that were recognized in the early 21st century by South Carolina, including [[The Waccamaw Indian People]], the [[Beaver Creek Indians]], the [[Edisto Natchez Kusso Tribe of South Carolina]], the [[Pee Dee Indian Nation of Upper South Carolina]], the [[Pee Dee Indian Tribe]], the [[Lower Eastern Cherokee Nation of South Carolina]], the [[Santee Indian Organization]], the [[Sumter Tribe of Cheraw Indians]], and recognized as a Group, the [[Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People]], the [[Natchez Tribe of South Carolina]], the [[Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquois, and United Tribes of South Carolina]] and the [[Pee Dee Indian Tribe of Beaver Creek]]. The [[Catawba Indian Nation]] is the only one in South Carolina that is federally recognized by the U.S. Government.<ref>[http://cma.sc.gov/native-american-affairs/sc-native-american-recognized-entities/ "SOUTH CAROLINA NATIVE AMERICAN RECOGNIZED ENTITIES"], South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs, accessed 16 June 2018</ref> |
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Wassamasaw was a [[swamp]] located between [[Summerville, South Carolina|Summerville]] and [[Moncks Corner, South Carolina]] in the area of Varnertown, where the tribe of that name has lived. Like other tribes in the area, the Wassamasaw ended their name with "aw" or "o" to refer to their connection with coastal water. The name, with several variant spellings during the colonial era, may have meant "connecting water", and the '''Wassamassaw''' variant is one of only a few place names in the United States that is a [[List of palindromic places|palindrome]].<ref name="Bo1"/> |
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The tribe's current population is 1,500. In South Carolina 27,000 people self-identify as Native American. To be recognized by the state, the Wassamasaw had to show that they had lived as a community for at least a century. Records from the 19th century showed that "Indian Mary", an Edisto recognized as an Indian in her court challenge of taxes required of [[free people of color]], married a [[Varnertown, South Carolina|Varnertown]] resident. As the reporter Bo Petersen has noted, the Wassamasaw may be "the last living link to the Edisto", a people who are extinct as an organized tribe.<ref name="Bo1"/> |
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The Wassamasaw are descended from the [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawba]], Edisto (a subtribe of the [[Cusabo]]), Etiwan (a subtribe of the [[Cusabo]]) and [[Cherokee]], as well as [[European American]] and [[African American]] ancestors. Under pressure from [[European colonization of the Americas|white settlement]], and population losses due to [[infectious diseases]] and the [[Yamassee War|Yemassee War]] of the 18th century, surviving members of the various tribes intermarried with each other. Soon few of the smaller groups of people identified with just one tribe. They called themselves Wassammassaw and over the decades intermarried with neighbors of other ethnicities. In the 1930s, [[Filipino people|Filipino]] immigrants also intermarried with members of the tribe.<ref name="Bo1"/> |
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In 1938, the [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] photographer [[Marion Post Wolcott]] took a photo of Geneva Varner Clark of Varnertown, the only area resident who at the time identified as Native American, and her three children. Theirs is the only photo of [[Lowcountry]] Indians in the [[Library of Congress]]. Its caption is "Indian (mixed breed -- '[[Brass Ankles|brass ankles]]') family near [[Summerville, South Carolina]]."<blockquote>She stands, her arms wrapped around her [holding a dog] in the cold, with three children and [another] dog in the [swept] dirt and rocks in front of a [hard] pine-board house with [lace curtains at the windows,] a roof of [somewhat] tattered wooden shingles and thin stick porch columns that lean [ever so sightly] in on each other holding it up.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa2000031011/PP/ Marion Post Wolcott, "Indian (mixed breed - brass ankle) family near Summerville, South Carolina"], Library of Congress</ref></blockquote> All appear to be well fed and warmly dressed including the mother with a fur collared full length wool coat. |
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The Wassamasaw lost touch with their crafts and culture, but since the 1960s have been working to revive and preserve them. The effects of the [[civil rights movement]] and the [[Indian rights movement]] led some of the younger members to recover their heritage, and descendants increasingly identify as Wassamasaw. Since the late twentieth century, the Tribal Administrator, Lisa Leach, led the effort toward state recognition.<ref name="Bo1"/> |
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Revision as of 07:13, 27 December 2021
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 100 (enrolled members) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( South Carolina) | |
| Languages | |
| English, formerly Siouan | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity |
The Black River Indian Nation, (in Catawban, yeni or ye iswa yeni) are a small unrecognized tribe of Native American people descended from various historic tribes of the Carolinas, located near Greeleyville, South Carolina. In 1971, the people became the subject of study by renowned ethnohistorian Wes Taukchiray, who recognized the community, then referred to as the Goins Indian Community, as a surviving remnant population of American Indians whose ancestors originated as part of the Privateer Indian Community of Sumter County, South Carolina in the mid-nineteenth century.
The Black River Indians are descended from the Catawba, Hatteras, Winyah, Dawhee, and the Stono (a subtribe of the Cusabo). Under pressure from colonialism, and population losses due to infectious diseases and the Yemassee War of the 18th century, surviving members of the various tribes intermarried with each other and formed their own communities near European settlements to avoid slave raids by stronger tribes. Europeans referred to members of these communities as Parched Corn Indians. As time went on and various families intermarried with each other, communities like the Privateer Indian Community came to exist.
The tribe is one of nine that were recognized in the early 21st century by South Carolina, including The Waccamaw Indian People, the Beaver Creek Indians, the Edisto Natchez Kusso Tribe of South Carolina, the Pee Dee Indian Nation of Upper South Carolina, the Pee Dee Indian Tribe, the Lower Eastern Cherokee Nation of South Carolina, the Santee Indian Organization, the Sumter Tribe of Cheraw Indians, and recognized as a Group, the Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People, the Natchez Tribe of South Carolina, the Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquois, and United Tribes of South Carolina and the Pee Dee Indian Tribe of Beaver Creek. The Catawba Indian Nation is the only one in South Carolina that is federally recognized by the U.S. Government.[1]
Wassamasaw was a swamp located between Summerville and Moncks Corner, South Carolina in the area of Varnertown, where the tribe of that name has lived. Like other tribes in the area, the Wassamasaw ended their name with "aw" or "o" to refer to their connection with coastal water. The name, with several variant spellings during the colonial era, may have meant "connecting water", and the Wassamassaw variant is one of only a few place names in the United States that is a palindrome.[2]
The tribe's current population is 1,500. In South Carolina 27,000 people self-identify as Native American. To be recognized by the state, the Wassamasaw had to show that they had lived as a community for at least a century. Records from the 19th century showed that "Indian Mary", an Edisto recognized as an Indian in her court challenge of taxes required of free people of color, married a Varnertown resident. As the reporter Bo Petersen has noted, the Wassamasaw may be "the last living link to the Edisto", a people who are extinct as an organized tribe.[2]
The Wassamasaw are descended from the Catawba, Edisto (a subtribe of the Cusabo), Etiwan (a subtribe of the Cusabo) and Cherokee, as well as European American and African American ancestors. Under pressure from white settlement, and population losses due to infectious diseases and the Yemassee War of the 18th century, surviving members of the various tribes intermarried with each other. Soon few of the smaller groups of people identified with just one tribe. They called themselves Wassammassaw and over the decades intermarried with neighbors of other ethnicities. In the 1930s, Filipino immigrants also intermarried with members of the tribe.[2]
In 1938, the WPA photographer Marion Post Wolcott took a photo of Geneva Varner Clark of Varnertown, the only area resident who at the time identified as Native American, and her three children. Theirs is the only photo of Lowcountry Indians in the Library of Congress. Its caption is "Indian (mixed breed -- 'brass ankles') family near Summerville, South Carolina."
She stands, her arms wrapped around her [holding a dog] in the cold, with three children and [another] dog in the [swept] dirt and rocks in front of a [hard] pine-board house with [lace curtains at the windows,] a roof of [somewhat] tattered wooden shingles and thin stick porch columns that lean [ever so sightly] in on each other holding it up.[3]
All appear to be well fed and warmly dressed including the mother with a fur collared full length wool coat.
The Wassamasaw lost touch with their crafts and culture, but since the 1960s have been working to revive and preserve them. The effects of the civil rights movement and the Indian rights movement led some of the younger members to recover their heritage, and descendants increasingly identify as Wassamasaw. Since the late twentieth century, the Tribal Administrator, Lisa Leach, led the effort toward state recognition.[2]
- ^ "SOUTH CAROLINA NATIVE AMERICAN RECOGNIZED ENTITIES", South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs, accessed 16 June 2018
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
Bo1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Marion Post Wolcott, "Indian (mixed breed - brass ankle) family near Summerville, South Carolina", Library of Congress