Mutilation: Difference between revisions
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An example from a non-western culture is [[Nebahne Yohannes]], an unsuccessful claimant to the Ethiopian imperial throne, who had ears and nose cut off but was then released. |
An example from a non-western culture is [[Nebahne Yohannes]], an unsuccessful claimant to the Ethiopian imperial throne, who had ears and nose cut off but was then released. |
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==Accepted Mutilation== |
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Male and female circumcisions, for cultural and religious purposes, are forms of mutilation. |
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[[Surgery]] is the medical specialty that treats diseses or injury by operative manual or instrumental treatment. Since routine circumcision removes healthy tissue, not diseased or injured tissue, it can not be defined as surgery, even if it is performed in a hostpital by a surgeon. It is mutilation. That is why such practices are referred to as male and female genital mutilation. |
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==Sources and External links== |
==Sources and External links== |
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Revision as of 12:25, 14 February 2007
Mutilation or maiming is an act or physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of the (human) body, usually without causing death.
The term is usually used to describe the victims of accidents, torture, physical assault, or certain premodern forms of punishment. Acts of mutilation may include amputation, burning, flagellation or wheeling. In some cases, the term may apply to treatment of dead bodies, such as soldiers mutilated after they have been killed by an enemy. The traditional Chinese practices of língchí and foot binding are forms of mutilation that have captured the imagination of Westerners, as well as the now tourist centered "long-neck" people, a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung where women wear brass rings on their neck.[1] The act of tattooing is also considered a form of self-mutilation according to some cultural traditions, such as within the Muslim religion.[2] [3]
Some tribes practice ritual mutilation as part of an initiation ritual.
Maiming, or mutilation which involves the loss of, or incapacity to use, a bodily member, is and has been practised by many races with various ethnical and religious significances, and was a customary form of physical punishment, especially applied on the principle of an eye for an eye.
In law maiming is a criminal offence; the old law term for a special case of maiming of persons was mayhem, an Anglo-French variant form of the word. Maiming of animals by others than their owners is a particular form of the offence generally grouped as malicious damage. For the purpose of the law as to this offence animals are divided into cattle, which includes horses, pigs and asses, and other animals which are either subjects of larceny at common law or are usually kept in confinement or for domestic purposes.
In Britain under the Malicious Damage Act 1861 the punishment for maiming of cattle was three to fourteen years penal servitude; malicious injury to other animals is a misdemeanour punishable on summary conviction. For a second offence the penalty is imprisonment with hard labor for over twelve months. Maiming of animals by their owner falls under the Cruelty to Animals Acts.
Docking as human punishment
In times when even judicial physical punishment was still commonly allowed to cause not only intense pain and public humiliation during the administration but also to inflict permanent physical damage, or even deliberately intended to mark the criminal for life by docking or branding, one of the common anatomical target areas not normally under permanent cover of clothing (so particularly merciless in the long term) were the ears.
In England, for example, various pamphleteers attacking the religious views of the Anglican epsicopacy under William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had their ears cut off for those writings, e.g. in 1630 Dr. Alexander Leighton and in 1637 still other Puritans, John Bastwick, Henry Burton and William Prynne.
In Scotland one of the Covenanters, James Gavin of Douglas, Lanarkshire, had his ears cut off for refusing to renounce his religious faith.
Especially in various jurisdictions of colonial British North America, even relatively minor crimes, such as hog stealing, were punishable by having the ears nailed to the pillory and slit loose, or even completely cropped; a counterfeiter would be branded on top (for that crime, considered lèse majesté, the older mirror punishment was boiling in oil).
Independence did not as such render American justice any less bloody. For example in future Tennessee, an example of harsh 'frontier law' under the 1780 Cumberland Compact was 1793 in when Judge John McNairy sentenced Nashville's first horse thief, John McKain, Jr., to be fastened to a wooden stock one hour for 39 lashes, and have his ears cut off and cheeks branded with the letter "H" and "T".
An example from a non-western culture is Nebahne Yohannes, an unsuccessful claimant to the Ethiopian imperial throne, who had ears and nose cut off but was then released.
Accepted Mutilation
Male and female circumcisions, for cultural and religious purposes, are forms of mutilation.
Surgery is the medical specialty that treats diseses or injury by operative manual or instrumental treatment. Since routine circumcision removes healthy tissue, not diseased or injured tissue, it can not be defined as surgery, even if it is performed in a hostpital by a surgeon. It is mutilation. That is why such practices are referred to as male and female genital mutilation.
Sources and External links
(incomplete)
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) [] - getchwood Curious punishments- Branding & maiming
