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== Investigation == |
== Investigation == |
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'''Investigation of Kennedy Assassination''' |
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The Commission investigated allegations of CIA was involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy, including the presence of Agents E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis in Dallas at the time of the assassination. There were allegations that these Agents fired the [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|"shots from the grassy knoll]]." It also investigated claims of CIA relationships with [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] and [[Jack Ruby]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/uspccia.asp |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov}}</ref> |
The Commission investigated allegations of CIA was involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy, including the presence of Agents E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis in Dallas at the time of the assassination. There were allegations that these Agents fired the [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|"shots from the grassy knoll]]." It also investigated claims of CIA relationships with [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] and [[Jack Ruby]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/uspccia.asp |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov}}</ref> |
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According to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, "The Commission heard testimony, taped interviews, took depositions, consulted experts in forensic pathology and ballistics, examined photographic evidence, and requested documents from various intelligence and law enforcement agencies."<ref name=":3" /> The Commission concluded that the findings of the Warren Commission regarding a lone assassin were correct and that Hunt and Sturgis were not the derelicts. No concrete evidence was presented to link Oswald or Ruby to the CIA; the Commission concluded that the allegations were "farfetched speculation." |
According to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, "The Commission heard testimony, taped interviews, took depositions, consulted experts in forensic pathology and ballistics, examined photographic evidence, and requested documents from various intelligence and law enforcement agencies."<ref name=":3" /> The Commission concluded that the findings of the Warren Commission regarding a lone assassin were correct and that Hunt and Sturgis were not the derelicts. No concrete evidence was presented to link Oswald or Ruby to the CIA; the Commission concluded that the allegations were "farfetched speculation." |
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'''Kennedy Assassination Materials''' |
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Most relate to the allegation that CIA operatives (possibly in the persons of E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis) fired shots from the "grassy knoll" in Dealey Plaza at the time of the Kennedy shooting. Also considered was the allegation that Oswald and/or Jack Ruby had connections with the CIA. Witnesses, many of whom were unsolicited, provided testimony and exhibits supporting or refuting those allegations. The findings of the Warren Commission regarding Oswald as a lone assassin and the single-bullet theory were considered through analysis of photographs and the Zapruder film, examination of Kennedy autopsy materials by a panel of medical consultants, sworn testimony, and examination of documents from the CIA and other agencies. A copy of the Zapruder film, lent by Robert Groden, is in the collection. There are also drafts of Chapter 19 of the Commission report, which deals with this aspect of the investigation. |
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'''Anti-Castro Materials''' |
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They consist primarily of copies of "historical" documents provided to the Commission by the CIA, predominantly, and the State Department, Defense Intelligence Agency, and Justice Department. The documents deal mainly with planning for covert operations in Cuba, 1960-64, including assassination attempts on Fidel Castro. The Cuba documents include some items on the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban missile crisis, but by far the bulk of the material relates to Operation MONGOOSE. Included are minutes of meetings of the various special groups assigned to planning anti-Castro operations, reports on the operations, and memoranda between the individuals involved. |
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Also included in the "Assassination Materials" processed are transcripts of sworn testimony and interviews conducted by Rockefeller Commission staff with former CIA, State Department, and Defense Department officials from the 1960s regarding what they knew about plans to assassinate foreign leaders and about the connection between the Cuba operations and organized crime. |
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'''Related Materials''' (June 1992) |
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The Congressional Files of Gerald R. Ford contain materials related to his service on the Warren Commission (17 cubic feet). The Records of the U.S. Department of the Army, Military District of Washington, Directorate of Ceremonies and Special Events contain approximately two cubic feet of records on the transport of President Kennedy's remains, his funeral ceremony and interment, and administration of the gravesite. These materials are open for research. |
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The Presidential Handwriting File and the files of Presidential counsel Philip Buchen contain materials on the intelligence investigations of the mid-1970s, including the Rockefeller Commission. These collections are open for research. The Ford Presidential Papers may contain additional materials related generally to the Rockefeller Commission or congressional investigations of the intelligence community. Use the PRESNET database to locate them. |
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The neighboring Bentley Historical Library holds papers of John Stiles relating to his collaboration with Gerald Ford on Portrait of the Assassin, a book about Lee Harvey Oswald which grew out of Ford's work on the Warren Commission. |
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Additional materials on the Rockefeller Commission or plots against Fidel Castro are in unprocessed collections or unprocessed series of open collections. |
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These include about 3,000 pages of collected historical documents, which continue to be heavily classified, gathered by the White House on anti-Castro activities. |
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=== '''CIA Cooperation''' === |
=== '''CIA Cooperation''' === |
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Revision as of 14:48, 5 December 2022
| United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States | |
 | |
 Swearing-in of the Rockefeller Commission in 1975: Nelson A. Rockefeller, Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Ronald Reagan, Edgar F. Shannon, Jr., David W. Belin, John T. Connor, C. Douglas Dillon, Erwin N. Griswold, and Lane Kirkland | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Established by | By Gerald Ford on January 4, 1975 |
| Membership | |
| Chairperson | Nelson Rockefeller |
| Other committee members | |
The United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States was ordained by President Gerald Ford in 1975 to investigate the activities of the Central Intelligence Agency
and other intelligence agencies within the United States. The Presidential Commission was led by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, from whom it gained the nickname the Rockefeller Commission.
The commission was created in response to a December 1974 report in The New York Times that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. The commission issued a single report in 1975, touching upon certain CIA abuses including mail opening and surveillance of domestic dissident groups. It also publicized Project MKUltra, a CIA mind control study.
It was ordered weeks before committees were established in the House and Senate for a similar purpose. An edit by White House Personnel, including future Vice President Dick Cheney, resulted in many findings being excluded from the final report. Some of these findings were included in later reports by Congressional Committees.
Before it was even released, the report faced scrutiny from the media, and was deemed a "whitewash." The investigation was intended to be independent from Presidential interference, but the findings and recommendations included in the final report were highly altered from what was chosen by the Commission itself.
Background
In 1974, a New York Times article was published that accused the C.I.A of illegal operations committed against U.S citizens. Authored by Seymour M. Hersh, it documented an intelligence operation against the anti-war movement, as well as "break‐ins, wiretapping and the surreptitious inspection of mail" conducted since the 1950s.[1]
Monitoring of Anti-war movement
The article alleged that C.I.A. agents had followed and photographed participants in the antiwar movement, as well as other demonstrations. It also reported that the C.I.A "set up a network of informants who were ordered to penetrate antiwar groups", and even placed an avowedly anti-war congressperson under surveillance while putting other lawmakers in a dossier on dissident Americans.
MKUltra
Main Article: MKUltra
Throughout the 1950s and 60s, the CIA conducted Project MKUltra, consisting of illegal experiments on unwitting subjects, largely American but including Canadian and Danish citizens, as well as CIA detainees at foreign sites. The purpose of these experiments was to develop new interrogation techniques based on mind control, particularly through a "truth drug." Subjects were administered high doses of LSD, as well as more extreme forms of torture overseas such as "electroshock, extremes of temperature, [and] sensory isolation."[2]
Assassinations
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy Had originally been investigated by the Warren Commission. Some of its elements, specifically the backward head snap seen in the Zapruder film and the possible presence of CIA operatives in Dallas, were addressed in the Rockefeller Commission.[3] The Commission also found evidence of CIA plans to assassinate Cuban President Fidel Castro, Dominican Republic President Rafael Trujillo, and mentions of Congolese President Patrice Lumumba and Indonesia's President Sukarno.[4]
Investigation
Investigation of Kennedy Assassination
The Commission investigated allegations of CIA was involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy, including the presence of Agents E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis in Dallas at the time of the assassination. There were allegations that these Agents fired the "shots from the grassy knoll." It also investigated claims of CIA relationships with Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby.[5]
According to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, "The Commission heard testimony, taped interviews, took depositions, consulted experts in forensic pathology and ballistics, examined photographic evidence, and requested documents from various intelligence and law enforcement agencies."[5] The Commission concluded that the findings of the Warren Commission regarding a lone assassin were correct and that Hunt and Sturgis were not the derelicts. No concrete evidence was presented to link Oswald or Ruby to the CIA; the Commission concluded that the allegations were "farfetched speculation."
CIA Cooperation
The investigators sought CIA documents on assassination plots conducted in its history and information on administrative routines and questioned key witnesses. One of these witnesses, CIA lawyer John S. Warner, admitted that "the agency had 'no specific authorization' to conduct assassinations." He added that he was "'not clear' that a president had the constitutional authority to order an assassination, though that 'might' lie within his powers."[6]
Peter Clapper, director of public affairs for the Commission, in a message to David Belin, "criticized the CIA for the many holes in its written records" and asserted that "the Agency did not in every case cooperate fully with the Commission.'" He ultimately dismissed the Agency as less than trustworthy. However, he did admit that the Commission had "largely a public relations job," as opposed to the reform it ostensibly pursued.[7]
Despite misgivings, Clapper laid extensive potential reforms to the CIA. This included legislation that prevented it from "withholding intelligence", as well as destroying records. In the realm of civil rights, he also asserted that Agents should be required to report any harassment of American citizens to the President, that only essential mail and files should be seized, and that "the civil rights of foreign citizens who defect to the United States" should be protected.
His final proposition was that of an "Anti-Murder Amendment," in reference to the contentious issue of CIA-sponsored assassinations of foreign, and potentially even American, politicians and leaders. The Amendment would ensure "that no agency of the U.S. Government will assassinate or plot to assassinate foreign leaders in time of peace ... The statute should prohibit employees and contractors of all agencies involved in gathering foreign intelligence from consideration of murder in peacetime."
White House Interference and Final Report
Internal White House and Commission documents later showed that the Ford White House significantly altered the final report. Future Vice President Richard Cheney edited it, and an 86-page section on CIA Assassination Plots was removed. Both the White House and leaders of the commission itself significantly hampered the investigation over objections by senior lawyers and Commission staff.[6]
According to the National Security Archive, the original report determined illegal and explicitly called many intelligence agency actions “unlawful,” but the edit instead mentioned actions that only exceeded agencies’ statutory authority. The one exception to this was in the case of drug experiments, which changed statements that these were outside of CIA authority to say they had been “illegal.”
It also contained a blanket finding that CIA dossiers on American citizens and infiltration of anti-war groups were “improper.” This was edited by the White House to indicate that the “standards applied” to “many” records gathered about the antiwar movement had resulted in materials “not needed for legitimate intelligence or security purposes.”
A recommendation that applicants for agency positions and foreign nationals acting on behalf of the CIA be informed more clearly that they could be subjects of U.S. security investigations was eliminated by the White House.
The also added recommendations the Rockefeller panel had not voted. These included a recommendation for formation of new civilian agency committee to be formed to resolve concerns about “the use of CIA-developed intelligence collection mechanisms for domestic purposes.”[8]
The White House sought to increase public trust by instructing intelligence agencies to periodically review their holdings of secret documents and attempt to dedeclassifys much material as possible.[9]
White House editors eliminated a commentary by former solicitor general Erwin N. Griswold:
A detailed footnote quoted Griswold as saying that an underlying cause of the problems confronting the CIA was its pervasive atmosphere of secrecy, and recommending Congress consider making public the CIA budget. White House editors converted Griswold’s statement into part of the main text which the entire Rockefeller panel had supposedly agreed upon, and used it to buttress a recommendation to create a joint committee of the Congress to oversee the CIA and other intelligence agencies and went on to Recommendation 4 — that Congress consider making the CIA budget, to some degree, public.[6]
According to historians John Prados and Arturo Jimenez Bacardi,
The White House edit both put words into Rockefeller Commissioners’ mouths and dispensed with concerns they had expressed. Apart from the substantive issues raised thereby these actions amounted to direct political interference with a presidential advisory panel. Ford may have been comfortable with his subordinates’ maneuvers, but they helped drain credibility from the Commission’s investigation, as the panel’s own staff had warned in discussions of whether to include its assassinations report... In the end, in a complete reversal of the actual inquiry, the only assassination material to make it into the report concerned whether the CIA had conspired to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.[6]
A 1977 Senate Document report stated that, following an internal CIA investigation into the death of Dr. Frank Olson, "DCI Allen Dulles sent a personal letter to the Chief of Technical Operations of the Technical Services Staff who had approved the experiment criticizing him for 'poor judgment.'"[10] He also sent a letter to Dr. Gottleib. The Senate noted that the Rockefeller report incorrectly characterized these as "reprimands," when in reality they were explicitly not, and had no negative impact on the career advancement of their recipients in the following years.[10]
Legacy
In a May 27, 1975 memo to then-Deputy National Security Advisor General Brent Scowcroft, Senior National Security Council Staff Member Les Janka wrote that "Much of the press has already come to the conclusion that the Rockefeller Commission on the CIA will produce a 'white wash.' He argued that the President should act on, and even exceed, any recommendations by the Commission in order to restore in it the public's trust and thereby prevent "a thorough and possibly shattering restructuring of the CIA's charter and organization" by the Church Commission:
We cannot tolerate a situation where the White House simply "studies" the recommendations of the Rockefeller Commission, lets charges of "white wash" build even further, and gives by default a mandate to Senator Church to come up with a "final solution" to the CIA problem.[11]
Most evidence of how the investigation was internally hindered was not accessed until the 1990s. According to a National Security Archive Report, "Much of the work of securing release of the records was done by the John F. Kennedy Assassinations Records Board in the 1990s, and the documents were located at the National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Maryland; or at the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan."[6]
President Ford issued an executive order on intelligence agencies and operations which included a prohibition on assassinations. This was followed by President Carter with executive orders on intelligence in May 1977 and January 1978. These widened the scope of the assassination prohibition by expanding it to ban "political assassinations" on government employees to assassinations of anyone working for or on behalf of the United States. This ban was repeated verbatim in President Reagan’s 1981 E. O. 12333. The Reagan E.O. remains in force, with every subsequent president continuing the ban.[6]
Church Committee
Main Article: Church Committee
Under media pressure, Ford publicly turned over assassinations material to the Church Committee, which completed its report in October 1975. Historians John Prados and Arturo Jimenez Bacardi wrote:
President Ford passed investigative materials concerning assassinations along to the Church Committee of the United States Senate and then attempted—but failed—to suppress the Church Committee’s report as well... The committee recommended that a prohibition on assassinations be written into law, even supplying language that could be used in such a statute. Their prohibition would have covered not only foreign officials but members of an “insurgent force, an unrecognized government, or a political party.[6]
On October 31 President Ford wrote Senator Church to ask that the Church Committee's report on CIA Assassinations be kept secret, fearing "grievous harm to the national interest."[12] The committee voted to reject this demand, and Church answered his on November 4, writing, “in my view the national interest is better served by letting the American people know the true and complete story . . . . We believe that foreign peoples will, upon sober reflection, admire our nation more for keeping faith with our democratic ideals than they will condemn us for the misconduct itself.”[13] Nonetheless, on November 20 the Senate convened in a secret session to debate releasing the Church assassinations report,but took no vote on whether to hold its release.[6]
Senator Church objected to President Fords executive order, arguing that "anything a president set by fiat could be changed by fiat as well, by means of a future executive action."[6] However, the executive order has been upheld by all subsequent presidents.
- ^ Times, Seymour M. Hersh; Special to The New York (1974-12-22). "HUGE C.I.A. OPERATION REPORTED IN U.S. AGAINST ANTIWAR FORCES, OTHER DISSIDENTS IN NIXON YEARS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
- ^ "Assassination Archive and Research Center". ASSASSINATION ARCHIVES. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
- ^ "The United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (Rockefeller Commission), "Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders," June 5, 1975. | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ a b "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum". www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
- ^ "Rockefeller Commission, Peter Clapper to David Belin, "Public Affairs Considerations in Report," May 2, 1975. | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
- ^ United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (1975). Rockefeller Commission Report (CIA Activities).
- ^ United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (1975). Rockefeller Commission Report (CIA Activities).
- ^ a b "95mkultra" (PDF). 10/30/22.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "PUBLIC AFFAIRS HANDLING OF ROCKEFELLER COMMISSION REPORT ON CIA | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- ^ "Letter, President Gerald R. Ford to Senator Frank Church, October 31, 1975. | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ "Letter, Senator Frank Church to President Gerald R. Ford, November 4, 1975. | National Security Archive". nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-21.