Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy: Difference between revisions
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During 1 March, Freddy re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel, the JTWC resumed monitoring and stated the system had the potential to re-develop.<ref name=":Freddy (11)">{{Cite JTWC|date=2 March 2023|type=abio|time=18Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073241/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt}}</ref> Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with low vertical [[wind shear]] and moderate equatorial outflow.<ref name=":Freddy (11)" /> During 2 March, Freddy observed an increase in deep convection in the eastern semicircle, prompting MFR to classify the storm as a tropical disturbance again.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303021315.pdf|title=Tropical Disturbance 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (46/7/20222023)|date=2 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133440/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303021315.pdf}}</ref> Microwave imagery revealed that Freddy convection was gradually wrapping around the southern periphery of the circulation.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=3 March 2023|type=abio|time=03Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303052803/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt}}</ref> Later that next day, Freddy was downgraded to zone of disturbed weather status by the MFR.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf|title=Zone of Disturbed Weather 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (47/7/20222023)|date=3 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083619/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf}}</ref> Multispectral animated satellite imagery partially revealed an exposed [[low-level circulation center]] (LLCC) with deep convection persisting along the eastern periphery of the LLCC.<ref name=":Freddy (12)" /> As a result, the JTWC re-issued a TCFA by 21:00 UTC that day.<ref name=":Freddy (12)">{{cite JTWC|date=3 March 2023|type=tcfa|designation=11S|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1122web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304001142/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123web.txt}}</ref> Freddy showed signs of intensification as it approached the system's estimated center, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf|title=Tropical Depression 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (50/7/20222023)|date=4 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083619/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf}}</ref> Freddy strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as the ASCAT-C pass featured below gale-force winds on its southern quadrant.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303040718.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (51/7/20222023)|date=4 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304083732/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303040718.pdf}}</ref> Six hours later, Freddy gained tropical storm strength yet again with under the influence of a persistent area of convection.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=4 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=45|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304144149/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> The convection continued to decrease, and Freddy was better organized through the LLCC.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303050703.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (55/7/20222023)|date=5 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305073501/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303050703.pdf}}</ref> Freddy gradually improved its convection with improvements in further consolidation.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051310.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (56/7/20222023)|date=5 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305144041/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051310.pdf}}</ref> [[File:Freddy 2023-03-11 1110Z.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Cyclone Freddy nearly stationary while off the coast of Mozambique on 11 March.]]By 18:00 UTC on 5 March, Freddy strengthened to severe tropical storm as it accelerated eastward toward the coast of Madagascar.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051948.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (57/7/20222023)|date=5 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221359/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051948.pdf}}</ref> The convection wrapped around the system's LLCC and the system gradually consolidated.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=7 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=50|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307034725/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Freddy began to show an ill-defined eye that was visible on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303070731.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (63/7/20222023)|date=7 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075949/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303070731.pdf}}</ref> During 7 March, Freddy had become a tropical cyclone status with sustained winds of {{convert|70|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}, while the JTWC estimated that its 1-minute sustained winds reached {{convert|85|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303071314.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (64/7/20222023)|date=7 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307133132/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303071314.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=7 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=51|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2023-03-07-1500-sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> Six hours later, Freddy continued to interact with a mid-troposphere shear.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081302.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (68/7/20222023)|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308153235/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081302.pdf}}</ref> Freddy fell to severe tropical storm status later that next day.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081302.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (69/7/20222023)|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308224942/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081933.pdf}}</ref> The cyclone then rapidly weakened as a result of the presence of higher wind shear as well as dry air intrusion.<ref name=":Freddy (13)" /> Later, the storm weakened to {{convert|60|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref name=":Freddy (13)">{{cite JTWC|date=9 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=54|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309055154/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> Despite the shear, convection intensified near the center as banding features improved.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303090740.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (71/7/20222023)|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309090201/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303090740.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=10 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=56|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310042805/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> The [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak analysis]] indicated that Freddy strengthened into {{convert|65|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303091830.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (73/7/20222023)|date=9 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309233529/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303091830.pdf}}</ref> The cyclone had a well-defined eye within the storm's compact and symmetrical CDO.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303110123.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (78/7/20222023)|date=11 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030639/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303110123.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=11 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=59|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143253/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> During 11 March, Freddy made its third landfall (and second landfall overall) on [[Quelimane]], [[Zambezia Province]], Mozambique with sustained winds of {{convert|80|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mozambique: Severe Tropical Storm Freddy - Flash Update No.8 (as of 11 March 2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-severe-tropical-storm-freddy-flash-update-no8-11-march-2023 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312001047/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-severe-tropical-storm-freddy-flash-update-no8-11-march-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303111941.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (81/7/20222023)|date=11 March 2023|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312003403/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303111941.pdf}}</ref> |
During 1 March, Freddy re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel, the JTWC resumed monitoring and stated the system had the potential to re-develop.<ref name=":Freddy (11)">{{Cite JTWC|date=2 March 2023|type=abio|time=18Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073241/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt}}</ref> Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with low vertical [[wind shear]] and moderate equatorial outflow.<ref name=":Freddy (11)" /> During 2 March, Freddy observed an increase in deep convection in the eastern semicircle, prompting MFR to classify the storm as a tropical disturbance again.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303021315.pdf|title=Tropical Disturbance 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (46/7/20222023)|date=2 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|accessdate=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302133440/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303021315.pdf}}</ref> Microwave imagery revealed that Freddy convection was gradually wrapping around the southern periphery of the circulation.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=3 March 2023|type=abio|time=03Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303052803/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abioweb.txt}}</ref> Later that next day, Freddy was downgraded to zone of disturbed weather status by the MFR.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf|title=Zone of Disturbed Weather 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (47/7/20222023)|date=3 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083619/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf}}</ref> Multispectral animated satellite imagery partially revealed an exposed [[low-level circulation center]] (LLCC) with deep convection persisting along the eastern periphery of the LLCC.<ref name=":Freddy (12)" /> As a result, the JTWC re-issued a TCFA by 21:00 UTC that day.<ref name=":Freddy (12)">{{cite JTWC|date=3 March 2023|type=tcfa|designation=11S|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1122web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304001142/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123web.txt}}</ref> Freddy showed signs of intensification as it approached the system's estimated center, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf|title=Tropical Depression 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (50/7/20222023)|date=4 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083619/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303030729.pdf}}</ref> Freddy strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as the ASCAT-C pass featured below gale-force winds on its southern quadrant.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303040718.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (51/7/20222023)|date=4 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304083732/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303040718.pdf}}</ref> Six hours later, Freddy gained tropical storm strength yet again with under the influence of a persistent area of convection.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=4 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=45|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304144149/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> The convection continued to decrease, and Freddy was better organized through the LLCC.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303050703.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (55/7/20222023)|date=5 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305073501/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303050703.pdf}}</ref> Freddy gradually improved its convection with improvements in further consolidation.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051310.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (56/7/20222023)|date=5 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305144041/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051310.pdf}}</ref> [[File:Freddy 2023-03-11 1110Z.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Cyclone Freddy nearly stationary while off the coast of Mozambique on 11 March.]]By 18:00 UTC on 5 March, Freddy strengthened to severe tropical storm as it accelerated eastward toward the coast of Madagascar.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051948.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (57/7/20222023)|date=5 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2023|archive-date=5 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221359/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303051948.pdf}}</ref> The convection wrapped around the system's LLCC and the system gradually consolidated.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=7 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=50|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307034725/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Freddy began to show an ill-defined eye that was visible on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303070731.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (63/7/20222023)|date=7 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075949/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303070731.pdf}}</ref> During 7 March, Freddy had become a tropical cyclone status with sustained winds of {{convert|70|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}, while the JTWC estimated that its 1-minute sustained winds reached {{convert|85|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303071314.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (64/7/20222023)|date=7 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307133132/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303071314.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=7 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=51|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2023-03-07-1500-sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> Six hours later, Freddy continued to interact with a mid-troposphere shear.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081302.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (68/7/20222023)|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308153235/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081302.pdf}}</ref> Freddy fell to severe tropical storm status later that next day.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081302.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (69/7/20222023)|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308224942/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303081933.pdf}}</ref> The cyclone then rapidly weakened as a result of the presence of higher wind shear as well as dry air intrusion.<ref name=":Freddy (13)" /> Later, the storm weakened to {{convert|60|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref name=":Freddy (13)">{{cite JTWC|date=9 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=54|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309055154/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> Despite the shear, convection intensified near the center as banding features improved.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303090740.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (71/7/20222023)|date=8 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309090201/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303090740.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=10 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=56|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310042805/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> The [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak analysis]] indicated that Freddy strengthened into {{convert|65|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303091830.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (73/7/20222023)|date=9 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309233529/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303091830.pdf}}</ref> The cyclone had a well-defined eye within the storm's compact and symmetrical CDO.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303110123.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (78/7/20222023)|date=11 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030639/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303110123.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=11 March 2023|type=prog|category=TC|designation=11S|no=59|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143253/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123prog.txt}}</ref> During 11 March, Freddy made its third landfall (and second landfall overall) on [[Quelimane]], [[Zambezia Province]], Mozambique with sustained winds of {{convert|80|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mozambique: Severe Tropical Storm Freddy - Flash Update No.8 (as of 11 March 2023) - Mozambique {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-severe-tropical-storm-freddy-flash-update-no8-11-march-2023 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312001047/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-severe-tropical-storm-freddy-flash-update-no8-11-march-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303111941.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (81/7/20222023)|date=11 March 2023|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312003403/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303111941.pdf}}</ref> |
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The JTWC subsequently issued a final warning on the system three hours later.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=12 March 2023|type=warn|category=TC|designation=11S|no=60|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312043229/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123web.txt}}</ref> As the cyclone's eye disappeared from satellite imagery, Freddy |
The JTWC subsequently issued a final warning on the system three hours later.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=12 March 2023|type=warn|category=TC|designation=11S|no=60|name=Freddy|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312043229/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/sh1123web.txt}}</ref> As the cyclone's eye disappeared from satellite imagery, Freddy weakened into a severe tropical storm.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303120643.pdf|title=Severe Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (83/7/20222023)|date=12 March 2023|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312094324/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303120643.pdf}}</ref> Six hours later, Freddy's cloud pattern deteriorated, with the storm weakening back into a moderate tropical storm.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303121210.pdf|title=Moderate Tropical Storm 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (84/7/20222023)|date=12 March 2023|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-date=12 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312140310/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303121210.pdf}}</ref> Freddy weakened to an overland depression with sustained winds of around {{convert|30|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on|order=out|round=5|sortable=on}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303121903.pdf|title=Overland Depression 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (85/7/20222023)|date=12 March 2023|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2023|publisher=[[Météo-France]]|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313053040/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303121903.pdf}}</ref> At 12:00 UTC on 13 March, the MFR issued its last advisory on the storm.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303131342.pdf|title=Overland Depression 07 (Freddy) Warning Number (88/7/20222023)|date=13 March 2023|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314092846/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_202303131342.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Records== |
==Records== |
Revision as of 18:06, 14 March 2023
Very intense tropical cyclone (SWIO scale) | |
---|---|
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
![]() Track of Cyclone Freddy, according to the Saffir-Simpson scale | |
Formed | 4 February 2023 |
Dissipated | Currently active |
Duration | 5 weeks and 3 days |
Highest winds | 10-minute sustained: 220 km/h (140 mph) 1-minute sustained: 270 km/h (165 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 931 hPa (mbar); 27.49 inHg |
Areas affected | |
Part of the 2022–23 Australian region and South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons |
Cyclone Freddy is the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record, beating the previous record of Hurricane John in 1994.[1] It also has the highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) of any tropical cyclone on record worldwide, surpassing Hurricane Ioke in 2006.[1] Additionally, Freddy is the only known tropical cyclone to achieve seven separate rapid intensification cycles.[2] While in the Australian region cyclone basin, the storm quickly intensified and became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, before it moved into the South-West Indian Ocean basin. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated Freddy's peak strength, equivalent to Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale. During 19 February, Météo-France (MFR) upgraded it to a very intense tropical cyclone. Freddy made its first landfall near Mananjary, Madagascar.
Freddy rapidly weakened overland but re-strengthened in the Mozambique Channel. Soon afterward, Freddy made its second landfall just south of Vilankulos, Mozambique. On 2 March, the remnant low of Freddy began to acquire tropical characteristics after re-emerging into the channel. Soon after, Freddy intensified, becoming a tropical cyclone. Then, Freddy made its third landfall in Quelimane, Zambezia Province, Mozambique.
Origins
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Freddy_2023-02-07_0140Z.jpg/162px-Freddy_2023-02-07_0140Z.jpg)
During 30 January, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) began monitoring a developing weak tropical low embedded within a monsoon trough in Timor Sea.[3] The disturbance was assigned the official identifier code 13U.[4] Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis.[5] By 4 February, the BoM reported that the disturbance had developed approximately 770 km (480 mi) north-northwest of Broome in Western Australia.[6][7] During 6 February, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the system.[8] By 09:00 UTC, the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11S.[9] The BoM reported that the tropical low had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Freddy.[10][11]
Later that next day, feeder bands were covering its very broad and central dense overcast (CDO), prompting the JTWC to upgrade the system to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone.[12] The BoM subsequently followed suit and upgraded Freddy into a Category 2 tropical cyclone.[13] Freddy attained Category 3 cyclone.[14] Freddy began showing an eye feature seen in microwave imaging, with Freddy later becoming a Category 2-equivalent cyclone.[15] Freddy weakened slightly due to CDO and a persistent area of cold cloud tops.[16] Weakening occurred as the JTWC assessed that Freddy's winds bottomed out at 150 km/h (90 mph).[17] Freddy weakened back into a tropical storm, and the BoM estimated winds of 100 km/h (65 mph), the weakening resulting from easterly wind shear.[18][19]
Crossover, rapid deepening, and first landfall
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Freddy_2023-02-20_1218Z.jpg/268px-Freddy_2023-02-20_1218Z.jpg)
Continuing to rapidly intensify, Freddy intensified, becoming a Category 3-equivalent cyclone around 15:00 UTC on 11 February.[20] Freddy had further intensified to a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone due to the presence of a well-defined eye surrounded by deep convection.[21] Freddy intensified into a Category 4-equivalent cyclone with a symmetric CDO.[22] According to the JTWC, Freddy gradually became disorganized, with its eye no longer well-defined, and Freddy fell to 185 km/h (115 mph) winds.[23] The BoM also reported that Freddy's winds weakened to 155 km/h (100 mph) of winds.[24] Despite easterly vertical wind shear, Freddy maintained a symmetric convective core.[25] The cyclone's ragged and cloud filled eye appeared on satellite imagery.[26] At 12:00 UTC on 14 February, Freddy crossed 90° E into the South-West Indian Ocean basin, and was immediately classified as a tropical cyclone by Météo-France (MFR)[27][28] The MFR upgraded the system to an intense tropical cyclone.[29]
Freddy exhibited highly symmetrical and annular characteristics around 03:00 UTC on 15 February.[30] Later the next day, the JTWC also assessed Freddy as having 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph), making the storm a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone,[31][32] as the cyclone sustained a symmetric ring around deep convection.[33] During 18 February, Freddy began to rapidly deteriorate as a sudden spike in mid-level shear began impacting the storm.[34] As a result, the cyclone briefly weakened to 1-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) before restrengthening once again.[35] Later that next day, Freddy was upgraded to a very intense tropical cyclone.[36] Shortly afterward, Freddy's cloud pattern slightly deteriorated, causing the cyclone to weaken to an intense tropical cyclone by 00:00 UTC on 20 February.[37] Freddy passed north of Mauritius, Réunion[38] and weakened to a tropical cyclone on 21 February.[39] At about 7 p.m. local time that day, the cyclone made its first landfall near Mananjary, Madagascar.[40] After landfall, Freddy was re-classified as an overland depression, with sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph).[41] The JTWC also reported that Freddy substantially weakened as it traversed the mountainous terrain of Madagascar, and was downgraded to 130 km/h (80 mph).[42]
Re-strengthening, second landfall, and weakening
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Freddy_2023-02-24_1045Z.jpg/184px-Freddy_2023-02-24_1045Z.jpg)
During 22 February, Freddy significantly improved in organization as it moved southwestward across the Mozambique Channel.[43] Later that day, Freddy re-strengthened into a zone of disturbed weather.[43][44] Freddy had re-developed under the deep convection in the northern semicircle of the circulation.[45] Freddy re-strengthened into a moderate tropical storm after the convection began to rapidly increase.[46] The system passed to the north of Europa Island.[47] Freddy re-strengthened further, marking its intensification into a severe tropical storm.[48] Freddy continued to organize with convective bands wrapping into the center.[49]
Six hours later, cloud pattern deteriorated, as it approaching the coast of Mozambique.[50] By 12:00 UTC on 24 February, the MFR reported that Freddy had made second landfall in Mozambique (and first landfall overall) south of Vilankulos, Mozambique with 10-sustained winds of 85 km/h (50 mph).[51] Shortly after the landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system.[52] Freddy rapidly weakened as it moved westward and further inland, weakening to an overland depression by 18:00 UTC that day.[53] The MFR determined that Freddy convective activity was located in the southeast semicircle.[54] Even though the MFR stopped issuing advisories on 25 February, they were still monitoring and predicted that the remnant low would likely re-develop into a tropical system.[55][56]
Re-development and third landfall
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Freddy_2023-03-07_1040Z.jpg/195px-Freddy_2023-03-07_1040Z.jpg)
During 1 March, Freddy re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel, the JTWC resumed monitoring and stated the system had the potential to re-develop.[57] Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with low vertical wind shear and moderate equatorial outflow.[57] During 2 March, Freddy observed an increase in deep convection in the eastern semicircle, prompting MFR to classify the storm as a tropical disturbance again.[58] Microwave imagery revealed that Freddy convection was gradually wrapping around the southern periphery of the circulation.[59] Later that next day, Freddy was downgraded to zone of disturbed weather status by the MFR.[60] Multispectral animated satellite imagery partially revealed an exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC) with deep convection persisting along the eastern periphery of the LLCC.[61] As a result, the JTWC re-issued a TCFA by 21:00 UTC that day.[61] Freddy showed signs of intensification as it approached the system's estimated center, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression.[62] Freddy strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as the ASCAT-C pass featured below gale-force winds on its southern quadrant.[63] Six hours later, Freddy gained tropical storm strength yet again with under the influence of a persistent area of convection.[64] The convection continued to decrease, and Freddy was better organized through the LLCC.[65] Freddy gradually improved its convection with improvements in further consolidation.[66]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Freddy_2023-03-11_1110Z.jpg/178px-Freddy_2023-03-11_1110Z.jpg)
By 18:00 UTC on 5 March, Freddy strengthened to severe tropical storm as it accelerated eastward toward the coast of Madagascar.[67] The convection wrapped around the system's LLCC and the system gradually consolidated.[68] Freddy began to show an ill-defined eye that was visible on satellite imagery.[69] During 7 March, Freddy had become a tropical cyclone status with sustained winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), while the JTWC estimated that its 1-minute sustained winds reached 155 km/h (100 mph).[70][71] Six hours later, Freddy continued to interact with a mid-troposphere shear.[72] Freddy fell to severe tropical storm status later that next day.[73] The cyclone then rapidly weakened as a result of the presence of higher wind shear as well as dry air intrusion.[74] Later, the storm weakened to 110 km/h (70 mph).[74] Despite the shear, convection intensified near the center as banding features improved.[75][76] The Dvorak analysis indicated that Freddy strengthened into 120 km/h (75 mph).[77] The cyclone had a well-defined eye within the storm's compact and symmetrical CDO.[78][79] During 11 March, Freddy made its third landfall (and second landfall overall) on Quelimane, Zambezia Province, Mozambique with sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph).[80][81]
The JTWC subsequently issued a final warning on the system three hours later.[82] As the cyclone's eye disappeared from satellite imagery, Freddy weakened into a severe tropical storm.[83] Six hours later, Freddy's cloud pattern deteriorated, with the storm weakening back into a moderate tropical storm.[84] Freddy weakened to an overland depression with sustained winds of around 55 km/h (35 mph).[85] At 12:00 UTC on 13 March, the MFR issued its last advisory on the storm.[86]
Records
Cyclone Freddy holds the record for the longest-lasting tropical cyclone worldwide in recorded history.[2][1] Freddy also holds the record for the all-time highest accumulated cyclone energy of a tropical cyclone worldwide, with an ACE of 87.01, breaking the former record of 85.26, set by Hurricane Ioke in 2006.[1] Additionally, Freddy was the first tropical cyclone to undergo seven separate rounds of rapid intensification.[1] Prior to Freddy, no storm in the Southern hemisphere had rapidly intensified more than three times.[2][87]
In the Northern Hemisphere, only three storms appear to have experienced four bouts of rapid intensification, including Hurricane Norman in 2018, Hurricane Emily in 2005, and Hurricane John in 1994.[2][88] The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) will conduct a formal investigation to determine whether Freddy tied or surpassed John's record.[89][90] Freddy was one of only four systems—the others being cyclones Litanne in 1994 and Leon–Eline and Hudah in 2000—to travel the entirety of the southern Indian Ocean.[91]
See also
- List of tropical cyclone records
- List of South-West Indian Ocean very intense tropical cyclones
- List of Category 4 Australian region severe tropical cyclones
- Tropical cyclones in the Mascarene Islands
- Hurricane John (1994) – The second longest-lasting and the farthest-traveling tropical cyclone ever observed.
- Hurricane Dora (1999) – One of few tropical cyclones to track across all three north Pacific basins.
- Hurricane Ioke (2006) – The second-highest accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) recorded in history.
- Cyclones Katrina and Victor–Cindy (1998) – An extremely long-lived tropical cyclone in the South Pacific that eventually regenerated into another cyclone in the Indian Ocean
References
- ^ a b c d e Cappucci, Matthew (12 March 2023). "Lashing Mozambique, Freddy has become Earth's most energetic cyclone on record". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d Cappucci, Matthew (7 March 2023). "Deadly cyclone Freddy has become Earth's longest-lived tropical storm". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2:00 pm WST on Monday 30 January 2023 for the period until midnight WST Thursday 2 February 2023 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 30 January 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2:00 pm WST on Wednesday 1 February 2023 for the period until midnight WST Saturday 4 February 2023 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region Issued at 2:00 pm WST on Sunday 5 February 2023 for the period until midnight WST Wednesday 8 February 2023 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 5 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Low (13U) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 6 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 97S) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
{{cite report}}
:|archive-url=
requires|archive-date=
(help) - ^ Tropical Cyclone 11S (Eleven) Warning No. 1 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
{{cite report}}
:|archive-url=
requires|archive-date=
(help) - ^ Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Cyclone Freddy (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 6 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 6 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy) Warning No. 4 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map for Tropical Cyclone Freddy". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
- ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy) Warning No. 6 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
- ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy) Warning No. 8 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy) Warning No. 10 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Western Region)". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 9 February 2023. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
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{{cite report}}
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(help) - ^ Cappucci, Matthew. "Cyclone Freddy teeters on brink of Category 5 strength in Indian Ocean". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
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{{cite report}}
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{{cite report}}
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{{cite report}}
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External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- MFR Track Data of Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy (in French)
- JTWC Operational Track Data of Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy)
- 11S.FREDDY from the United States Naval Research Laboratory