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* 100 attoseconds: fastest-ever view of molecular motion<ref>{{cite web|title=Fastest view of molecular motion|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4766842.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=S.|last2=Robinson|first2=J. S.|last3=Haworth|first3=C. A.|last4=Teng|first4=H.|last5=Smith|first5=R. A.|last6=Chirila|first6=C. C.|last7=Lein|first7=M.|last8=Tisch|first8=J. W. G.|last9=Marangos|first9=J. P.|title=Probing Proton Dynamics in Molecules on an Attosecond Time Scale|journal=Science|date=2 March 2006|volume=312|issue=5772|pages=424–427|doi=10.1126/science.1123904|display-authors=2|pmid=16513942|bibcode=2006Sci...312..424B |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* 100 attoseconds: fastest-ever view of molecular motion<ref>{{cite web|title=Fastest view of molecular motion|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4766842.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=S.|last2=Robinson|first2=J. S.|last3=Haworth|first3=C. A.|last4=Teng|first4=H.|last5=Smith|first5=R. A.|last6=Chirila|first6=C. C.|last7=Lein|first7=M.|last8=Tisch|first8=J. W. G.|last9=Marangos|first9=J. P.|title=Probing Proton Dynamics in Molecules on an Attosecond Time Scale|journal=Science|date=2 March 2006|volume=312|issue=5772|pages=424–427|doi=10.1126/science.1123904|display-authors=2|pmid=16513942|bibcode=2006Sci...312..424B |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* 320 attoseconds: estimated time it takes [[electron]]s to transfer between atoms<ref>{{cite web|last1=Merali|first1=Zeeya|title=Electron timed hopping between atoms|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7700|website=New Scientist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511205529/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7700-electron-timed-hopping-between-atoms/|archive-date=2016-05-11|date=20 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Föhlisch|first1=A.|last2=Feulner|first2=P.|last3=Hennies|first3=F.|last4=Fink|first4=A.|last5=Menzel|first5=D.|last6=Sanchez-Portal|first6=D.|last7=Echenique|first7=P. M.|last8=Wurth|first8=W.|title=Direct observation of electron dynamics in the attosecond domain|journal=Nature|date=21 July 2005|volume=436|issue=7049|pages=373–376|doi=10.1038/nature03833|pmid=16034414|bibcode=2005Natur.436..373F |s2cid=4411563|display-authors=2}}</ref>
* 320 attoseconds: estimated time it takes [[electron]]s to transfer between atoms<ref>{{cite web|last1=Merali|first1=Zeeya|title=Electron timed hopping between atoms|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7700|website=New Scientist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511205529/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7700-electron-timed-hopping-between-atoms/|archive-date=2016-05-11|date=20 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Föhlisch|first1=A.|last2=Feulner|first2=P.|last3=Hennies|first3=F.|last4=Fink|first4=A.|last5=Menzel|first5=D.|last6=Sanchez-Portal|first6=D.|last7=Echenique|first7=P. M.|last8=Wurth|first8=W.|title=Direct observation of electron dynamics in the attosecond domain|journal=Nature|date=21 July 2005|volume=436|issue=7049|pages=373–376|doi=10.1038/nature03833|pmid=16034414|bibcode=2005Natur.436..373F |s2cid=4411563|display-authors=2}}</ref>


Recently, in 2023, three physicist won the Nobel prize in physics for creating the attosecond pulses of light - useful for study of electron dynamics in matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Attosecond spectroscopy wins 2023's Nobel Prize in Physics |url=https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/attosecond-spectroscopy-nobel-prize/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 16:26, 3 October 2023

An attosecond (symbol as) is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 1×10−18 of a second (one quintillionth of a second).[1] For comparison, an attosecond is to a second what a second is to about 31.71 billion years.[2][3]

The word "attosecond" is formed by the prefix atto and the unit second. Atto- was derived from the Danish word for eighteen (atten).[4] Its symbol is as.

An attosecond is equal to 1000 zeptoseconds, or 1⁄1000 of a femtosecond. Because the next higher SI unit for time is the femtosecond (10−15 seconds), durations of 10−17 s and 10−16 s will typically be expressed as tens or hundreds of attoseconds:

Times which can be expressed in attoseconds:

  • 0.247 attoseconds: travel time of a photon across "the average bond length of molecular hydrogen"[5]
  • 24 attoseconds: the atomic unit of time[6]
  • 43 attoseconds: the shortest pulses of laser light yet created[7]
  • 53 attoseconds: the second-shortest pulses of laser light created[8][9]
  • 82 attoseconds (approximately): half-life of beryllium-8, maximum time available for the triple-alpha process for the synthesis of carbon and heavier elements in stars
  • 84 attoseconds: the approximate half-life of a neutral pion[10]
  • 100 attoseconds: fastest-ever view of molecular motion[11][12]
  • 320 attoseconds: estimated time it takes electrons to transfer between atoms[13][14]


Recently, in 2023, three physicist won the Nobel prize in physics for creating the attosecond pulses of light - useful for study of electron dynamics in matter.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "attosecond". Memidex/WordNet Dictionary/Thesaurus. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  2. ^ Electron Motion Filmed, 28 February 2008
  3. ^ Exploring "Attosecond" Time. Visualising an Attosecond... How short is an attosecond?
  4. ^ atto- [A toh] (Danish or Norwegian: eighteen; a decimal prefix used in the international metric system for measurements). Wordinfo.info (5 April 2007). Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  5. ^ Grundmann, Sven; Trabert, Daniel; et al. (16 October 2020). "Zeptosecond birth time delay in molecular photoionization". Science. 370 (6514): 339–341. arXiv:2010.08298. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..339G. doi:10.1126/science.abb9318. PMID 33060359. S2CID 222412229. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  6. ^ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic unit of time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  7. ^ Gaumnitz, Thomas; Jain, Arohi; Pertot, Yoann; Huppert, Martin; Jordan, Inga; Ardana-Lamas, Fernando; Wörner, Hans Jakob (30 October 2017). "Streaking of 43-attosecond soft-X-ray pulses generated by a passively CEP-stable mid-infrared driver". Optics Express. 25 (22): 27506–27518. Bibcode:2017OExpr..2527506G. doi:10.1364/OE.25.027506. hdl:20.500.11850/211882. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 29092222.
  8. ^ Li, Jie; Ren, Xaoming; et al. (4 August 2017). "53-attosecond X-ray pulses reach the carbon K-edge". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 186. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..186L. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00321-0. PMC 5543167. PMID 28775272.
  9. ^ Watching Quantum Mechanics in Action: Researchers Create World Record Laser Pulse – 4 September 2012 – ScienceDaily. www.ScienceDaily.com. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
  10. ^ C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group), PL B667, 1 (2008). http://pdg.lbl.gov/2008/listings/s009.pdf
  11. ^ "Fastest view of molecular motion". BBC. 2006.
  12. ^ Baker, S.; Robinson, J. S.; et al. (2 March 2006). "Probing Proton Dynamics in Molecules on an Attosecond Time Scale". Science. 312 (5772): 424–427. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..424B. doi:10.1126/science.1123904. PMID 16513942.
  13. ^ Merali, Zeeya (20 July 2005). "Electron timed hopping between atoms". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016.
  14. ^ Föhlisch, A.; Feulner, P.; et al. (21 July 2005). "Direct observation of electron dynamics in the attosecond domain". Nature. 436 (7049): 373–376. Bibcode:2005Natur.436..373F. doi:10.1038/nature03833. PMID 16034414. S2CID 4411563.
  15. ^ "Attosecond spectroscopy wins 2023's Nobel Prize in Physics". Big Think. 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
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