Battle of Qbaada: Difference between revisions

Battle of Qbaada
	Part of Russo-Circassian War
	; Franz Roubaud. Reading the manifesto on the end of the Caucasian War by Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich
Date	1864
Location	Qbaada (Krasnaya Polyana)43°40′43″N 40°12′19″E / 43.67861°N 40.20528°E
Result	Russian victory End of the Russo-Circassian War; Annexation of Circassia; Circassian Genocide;
Belligerents
Russian Empire	Circassia
Commanders and leaders
Michael Nikolaevich; Dimitri Ivanovich; Pavel Khristoforovich Grabbe; Pavel Shatilov; Vasily Alexandrovich	Tribal leaders
Units involved
Russian Imperial Army Russian artillery units; Russian cavalry units; Russian infantry units; Caucasus-Cossack cavalry units; Caucasus-Cossack infantry units;	Circassian resistance Abreks; Local villagers;
Strength
100,000-250,000	20,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown but heavy	20,000
	During the Circassian Genocide, about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were expelled mainly to the Ottoman Empire, and a much smaller number to Persia. An unknown number of those expelled died during deportation.

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Revision as of 18:52, 11 November 2023

The Battle of Qbaada (Adyghe: Ӏаткъуадж зауэ, romanized: 'atqwadj zawə; Abkhaz: Гәбаадәы аибашьра, romanized: Gubaadu aibashra; Russian: Кра́снополя́нская битва) was a battle in 1864 fought between the last remains of the Circassians and the Russian imperial forces during the Russo-Circassian War.^[6]^[2]^[7]^[8]^[3]^[9]^[4]^[10] It is widely accepted as the last battle of the war as no other significant battles, other than scattered rebellions, occurred thereafter.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[4]^[14]

History

The battle took place in Qbaada in 1864 between the Circassian army of 20,000 men and women, consisting of local villagers and militia as well as tribal horsemen, and a Russian army of 100,000 men, consisting of Cossack and Russian horsemen, infantry, and artillery. The Russian forces advanced from four sides. Circassian forces tried to break the line, but many were hit by Russian artillery and infantry before they managed to reach the front. The remaining fighters were soon defeated. The Russian army began celebrating victory on the corpses, and a military-religious parade was held, as 100 Circassian warriors were publicly executed.^[15] The Russian army then continued raiding and burning Circassian villages, destroying fields to prevent return, cutting down trees, and driving the people to the Black Sea coast.^[14]

References

^ Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. back cover. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
^ ^a ^b "Çerkes Soykırımı nedir? 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Sürgünü tarihçesi". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
^ ^a ^b Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi, Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33
^ McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45
^ Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.
^ Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2
^ T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258
^ Nıbe Anzor, 'Çerkes Meclisi 150 Yaşında', (In Turkish)
^ "Çerkesler olimpiyat meşalesini söndürdü". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-13.
^ Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.
^ Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2
^ T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258
^ ^a ^b Weismann, Ein Blick auf die Circassianer
^ Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864

[1] Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. back cover. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.

[:0-2] "Çerkes Soykırımı nedir? 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Sürgünü tarihçesi". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2021-01-13.

[:1-3] Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.

[:2-4] Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi, Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33

[McCarthy_1995:53-5] McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45

[6] Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.

[7] Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2

[8] T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258

[9] Nıbe Anzor, 'Çerkes Meclisi 150 Yaşında', (In Turkish)

[10] "Çerkesler olimpiyat meşalesini söndürdü". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-13.

[11] Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.

[12] Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2

[13] T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258

[:3-14] Weismann, Ein Blick auf die Circassianer

[15] Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 *[[Circassian Genocide]]
 | combatant1        = {{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Russian Empire]]
-| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Adygea.svg}} [[Circassia|Circassian remnants]]
+| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Circassia.svg}} [[Parliament of Independence (Circassia)|Circassia]]
 | commander1        = {{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia|Michael Nikolaevich]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Dmitry Ivanovich (commander)|Dimitri Ivanovich]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Pavel Khristoforovich Grabbe]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Pavel Shatilov]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Vasily Alexandrovich]]
 | commander2        = Tribal leaders
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *{{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} Caucasus-Cossack cavalry units
 *{{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} Caucasus-Cossack infantry units
-| units2            = {{flagicon image|Flag of Adygea.svg}} Circassian resistance
+| units2            = {{flagicon image|Flag of Circassia.svg}} Circassian resistance
 *[[Abrek|Abreks]]
 *Local villagers