Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics: Difference between revisions
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Improving article structure, so that "Jane" and "January 10" appear in the body. Better explaining how this letter came about and why such misrepresentations might have later occurred. It's unfair to say that the letter itself "suffered" from anything. The number of citations was compared to that of letters from nine different issues, not just that same issue. Replacing partial quotes, to better reflect the whole of what was said. Tags: Manual revert Reverted |
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{{Short description|1980 letter published in The New England Journal of Medicine}} |
{{Short description|1980 letter published in The New England Journal of Medicine}} |
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"'''Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics'''" is the title of a [[letter to the editor]] |
"'''Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics'''" is the title of a [[letter to the editor]] published in ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]''. Having examined records of patients treated with [[narcotic]]s in a hospital setting, the authors concluded that this rarely led to addiction. This letter has since been frequently misrepresented to claim that [[opioid]]s are not addictive when prescribed for use at home, which has been blamed for contributing to the [[opioid epidemic in the United States]]. |
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==Origin== |
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Fearing addiction, doctors had often been hesitant to prescribe narcotics for pain.<ref name=nyt/> Wondering how often hospitalized patients became addicted to painkillers, Boston University doctor [[Hershel Jick]] examined records in a database he had built. Graduate student Jane Porter helped with the calculations, and was credited as co-author of the letter which reported their findings.<ref name="Quinones2015">{{cite book|author=Quinones, Sam|author-link=Sam Quinones|title=Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpfKBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|date=21 April 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-62040-250-4|pages=15-16}}</ref> The five-sentence letter was published in the January 10, 1980, issue of ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. Its text read, in its entirety: {{blockquote|Recently, we examined our current files to determine the incidence of narcotic addiction in 39,946 hospitalized medical patients who were monitored consecutively. Although there were 11,882 patients who received at least one narcotic preparation, there were only four cases of reasonably well documented addiction in patients who had no history of addiction. The addiction was considered major in only one instance. The drugs implicated were meperidine in two patients, Percodan in one, and hydromorphone in one. We conclude that despite widespread use of narcotic drugs in hospitals, the development of addiction is rare in medical patients with no history of addiction.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=10 January 1980|volume=302|issue=2|pages=123|doi=10.1056/NEJM198001103020221|pmid=7350425|last1=Porter|first1=J.|last2=Jick|first2=H.|doi-access=free}}</ref>}} |
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==Influence== |
==Influence== |
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The |
'''Porter and Jick''', as the letter came to be known,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/06/02/how-the-opioid-crisis-traces-back-to-a-five-sentence-scholarly-letter-from-1980/ | title=How a short letter in a prestigious journal contributed to the opioid crisis | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2 June 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Hawkins, Derek}}</ref> was later cited frequently as evidence that prescription painkiller addiction was very rare.<ref name=business>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/porter-and-jick-letter-launched-the-opioid-epidemic-2016-5 | title=This one-paragraph letter may have launched the opioid epidemic | work=Business Insider | date=26 May 2016 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Jacobs, Harrison}}</ref><ref name=cnn>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/health/opioid-epidemic-1980-letter-origins-study/index.html | title=One short letter's huge impact on the opioid epidemic | work=CNN | date=1 June 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Kounang, Nadia}}</ref> Until full journal archives were placed online in 2010, the letter itself could only be found in a physical copy of the journal issue in which it appeared, so many of those who cited it may not have actually read it.<ref name=atlantic/> It was thus perhaps overlooked that the patients in question were all given opioids in small doses in a hospital, not as long-term prescriptions to take on their own.<ref name=business/><ref name=cnn/> Additionally, in 2003, Jick told ''[[The New York Times]]'' that the study did not follow patients after they left the hospital.<ref name=nyt>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/25/science/the-delicate-balance-of-pain-and-addiction.html | title=The Delicate Balance Of Pain and Addiction | work=The New York Times | date=25 November 2003 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Meier, Barry}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In 2017, ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' published a bibliographic analysis of the letter showing that it had been cited 608 times since it was published.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-opioid-addiction-letter-20170531-story.html | title=How a 5-sentence letter helped fuel the opioid addiction crisis | work=Los Angeles Times | date=31 May 2017 | accessdate=25 June 2017 | author=Kaplan, Karen}}</ref> Of these 608 citations, it was found that 72.2% cited it in support of the claim that patients treated with opioids rarely developed addiction, and 80.8% did not mention that the data only concerned patients who were hospitalized at the time opioids were prescribed to them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leung|first1=Pamela T.M.|last2=Macdonald|first2=Erin M.|last3=Stanbrook|first3=Matthew B.|last4=Dhalla|first4=Irfan A.|last5=Juurlink|first5=David N.|title=A 1980 Letter on the Risk of Opioid Addiction|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=June 2017|volume=376|issue=22|pages=2194–2195|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1700150|pmid=28564561|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was also misrepresented in the popular media; a 1990 ''[[Scientific American]]'' article described it as an "extensive study," and a 2001 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' story dubbed it a "landmark study" showing that concerns about opioid addiction were "basically unwarranted."<ref name=atlantic>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/06/nejm-letter-opioids/528840/ | title=The One-Paragraph Letter From 1980 That Fueled the Opioid Crisis | work=The Atlantic | date=2 June 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Zhang, Sarah}}</ref> In addition, [[Purdue Pharma]], the manufacturer of [[OxyContin]], trained its sales representatives to say that the risk of addiction among patients using the drug was less than one percent, citing Porter and Jick's letter as a source.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van Zee|first1=Art|title=The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=February 2009|volume=99|issue=2|pages=221–227|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.131714|pmid=18799767|pmc=2622774}}</ref> |
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===Methodological limitations=== |
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Methodological limitations from which the letter suffered included that the patients it reported on were all given opioids in small doses in a hospital.<ref name=business/><ref name=cnn/> Additionally, in 2003, Jick told ''[[The New York Times]]'' that the study did not follow patients after they left the hospital.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/25/science/the-delicate-balance-of-pain-and-addiction.html | title=The Delicate Balance Of Pain and Addiction | work=The New York Times | date=25 November 2003 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Meier, Barry}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Such misrepresentations have been blamed for contributing to the opioid epidemic.<ref name=cnn/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2017/06/how_bad_footnotes_helped_cause_the_opioid_crisis.html | title=Bad Footnotes Can Be Deadly | work=Slate | date=11 June 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Engber, Daniel}}</ref> [[David Juurlink]], a co-author of the 2017 bibliographic analysis, has stated that he thinks the letter's appearance in a prestigious journal helped convince doctors that opioids were safe, saying, "I don't think it mattered that it didn't say much, what mattered was its title and its publication, and those two things went a long way."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40136881 | title=Opioid crisis: The letter that started it all | work=BBC News | date=3 June 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2017}}</ref> Hershel Jick, who co-wrote the letter, said that it was of little consequence at the time, and drug companies later misused it to market new pain drugs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/16/533060031/doctor-who-wrote-1980-letter-on-painkillers-regrets-that-it-fed-the-opioid-crisi | title=Doctor Who Wrote 1980 Letter On Painkillers Regrets That It Fed The Opioid Crisis | work=NPR | date=16 June 2017 | accessdate=24 June 2017 | author=Haney, Taylor}}</ref> |
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===Misrepresentation=== |
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| ⚫ | In 2017, |
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==See also== |
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===Role in the opioid epidemic=== |
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*[[Woozle effect]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 00:22, 23 February 2024
"Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics" is the title of a letter to the editor published in The New England Journal of Medicine. Having examined records of patients treated with narcotics in a hospital setting, the authors concluded that this rarely led to addiction. This letter has since been frequently misrepresented to claim that opioids are not addictive when prescribed for use at home, which has been blamed for contributing to the opioid epidemic in the United States.
Origin
Fearing addiction, doctors had often been hesitant to prescribe narcotics for pain.[1] Wondering how often hospitalized patients became addicted to painkillers, Boston University doctor Hershel Jick examined records in a database he had built. Graduate student Jane Porter helped with the calculations, and was credited as co-author of the letter which reported their findings.[2] The five-sentence letter was published in the January 10, 1980, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine. Its text read, in its entirety:
Recently, we examined our current files to determine the incidence of narcotic addiction in 39,946 hospitalized medical patients who were monitored consecutively. Although there were 11,882 patients who received at least one narcotic preparation, there were only four cases of reasonably well documented addiction in patients who had no history of addiction. The addiction was considered major in only one instance. The drugs implicated were meperidine in two patients, Percodan in one, and hydromorphone in one. We conclude that despite widespread use of narcotic drugs in hospitals, the development of addiction is rare in medical patients with no history of addiction.[3]
Influence
Porter and Jick, as the letter came to be known,[4] was later cited frequently as evidence that prescription painkiller addiction was very rare.[5][6] Until full journal archives were placed online in 2010, the letter itself could only be found in a physical copy of the journal issue in which it appeared, so many of those who cited it may not have actually read it.[7] It was thus perhaps overlooked that the patients in question were all given opioids in small doses in a hospital, not as long-term prescriptions to take on their own.[5][6] Additionally, in 2003, Jick told The New York Times that the study did not follow patients after they left the hospital.[1]
In 2017, The New England Journal of Medicine published a bibliographic analysis of the letter showing that it had been cited 608 times since it was published.[8] Of these 608 citations, it was found that 72.2% cited it in support of the claim that patients treated with opioids rarely developed addiction, and 80.8% did not mention that the data only concerned patients who were hospitalized at the time opioids were prescribed to them.[9] It was also misrepresented in the popular media; a 1990 Scientific American article described it as an "extensive study," and a 2001 Time story dubbed it a "landmark study" showing that concerns about opioid addiction were "basically unwarranted."[7] In addition, Purdue Pharma, the manufacturer of OxyContin, trained its sales representatives to say that the risk of addiction among patients using the drug was less than one percent, citing Porter and Jick's letter as a source.[10]
Such misrepresentations have been blamed for contributing to the opioid epidemic.[6][11] David Juurlink, a co-author of the 2017 bibliographic analysis, has stated that he thinks the letter's appearance in a prestigious journal helped convince doctors that opioids were safe, saying, "I don't think it mattered that it didn't say much, what mattered was its title and its publication, and those two things went a long way."[12] Hershel Jick, who co-wrote the letter, said that it was of little consequence at the time, and drug companies later misused it to market new pain drugs.[13]
See also
References
- ^ a b Meier, Barry (25 November 2003). "The Delicate Balance Of Pain and Addiction". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ Quinones, Sam (21 April 2015). Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-1-62040-250-4.
- ^ Porter, J.; Jick, H. (10 January 1980). "Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics". New England Journal of Medicine. 302 (2): 123. doi:10.1056/NEJM198001103020221. PMID 7350425.
- ^ Hawkins, Derek (2 June 2017). "How a short letter in a prestigious journal contributed to the opioid crisis". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ a b Jacobs, Harrison (26 May 2016). "This one-paragraph letter may have launched the opioid epidemic". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ a b c Kounang, Nadia (1 June 2017). "One short letter's huge impact on the opioid epidemic". CNN. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ a b Zhang, Sarah (2 June 2017). "The One-Paragraph Letter From 1980 That Fueled the Opioid Crisis". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ Kaplan, Karen (31 May 2017). "How a 5-sentence letter helped fuel the opioid addiction crisis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ^ Leung, Pamela T.M.; Macdonald, Erin M.; Stanbrook, Matthew B.; Dhalla, Irfan A.; Juurlink, David N. (June 2017). "A 1980 Letter on the Risk of Opioid Addiction". New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (22): 2194–2195. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1700150. PMID 28564561.
- ^ Van Zee, Art (February 2009). "The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy". American Journal of Public Health. 99 (2): 221–227. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131714. PMC 2622774. PMID 18799767.
- ^ Engber, Daniel (11 June 2017). "Bad Footnotes Can Be Deadly". Slate. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ "Opioid crisis: The letter that started it all". BBC News. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ Haney, Taylor (16 June 2017). "Doctor Who Wrote 1980 Letter On Painkillers Regrets That It Fed The Opioid Crisis". NPR. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
