Ballaban Badera: Difference between revisions
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{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2012}} |
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2012}} |
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{{Infobox military person |
{{Infobox military person |
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| name |
| name = Ballaban Badera |
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| image |
| image = <!-- Add an image if available --> |
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| caption |
| caption = <!-- Image caption if available --> |
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| birth_date |
| birth_date = <!-- Birth date --> |
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| birth_place |
| birth_place = Badera, [[Mat District|Mat]], [[Albania]] |
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| death_date |
| death_date = <!-- Death date --> |
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| death_place |
| death_place = Near [[Krujë]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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| placeofburial |
| placeofburial = <!-- Place of burial --> |
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| allegiance |
| allegiance = [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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| branch |
| branch = [[Ottoman classical army|Ottoman Army]] |
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| serviceyears |
| serviceyears = <!-- Years of service --> |
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| rank |
| rank = [[Pasha]] |
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| commands |
| commands = [[Sanjakbey]] of the [[Sanjak of Ohrid]] |
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| unit |
| unit = <!-- Military unit or division --> |
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| battles |
| battles = * [[Battle of Vaikal]] <br /> |
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* [[Second Siege of Krujë (1466)]] |
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| awards |
| awards = <!-- Military awards or honors --> |
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| spouse |
| spouse = <!-- Spouse's name --> |
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| children |
| children = <!-- Children's names, if applicable --> |
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| relations |
| relations = <!-- Other notable family relations --> |
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| laterwork |
| laterwork = <!-- Later career or notable activities --> |
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| signature |
| signature = <!-- Signature image if available --> |
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| signature_size = <!-- Size of the signature image if available --> |
| signature_size = <!-- Size of the signature image if available --> |
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| signature_alt |
| signature_alt = <!-- Alt text for the signature image --> |
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| website |
| website = <!-- Official website, if applicable --> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Ballaban Badera''' (also known as '''Ballaban Pasha''' or '''Ballaban Badheri''')<ref name="Elsie2015">{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|title=Albanian Folktales and Legends: Selected and Translated from the Albanian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9D3rQEACAAJ|date=20 January 2015|publisher=Createspace Independent Pub|isbn=978-1-5076-3130-0|page=210}}</ref> was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] military officer from Albania. A conscript of the [[Devshirme]] system, he became a [[Pasha]]. Ballaban Badera was said to be the first |
'''Ballaban Badera''' (also known as '''Ballaban Pasha''' or '''Ballaban Badheri''')<ref name="Elsie2015">{{cite book|last=Elsie|first=Robert|title=Albanian Folktales and Legends: Selected and Translated from the Albanian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9D3rQEACAAJ|date=20 January 2015|publisher=Createspace Independent Pub|isbn=978-1-5076-3130-0|page=210}}</ref> was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] military officer from Albania. A conscript of the [[Devshirme]] child soldier system, he became a [[Pasha]]. Ballaban Badera was said to be the first one who climbrf the walls of [[Constantinople]] during its [[Fall of Constantinople|siege]].<ref name="Ludlow">James M. Ludlow: The Captain of the Janizaries</ref> He held the position of [[sanjakbey]] of the [[Sanjak of Ohrid]] in 1464 and 1465.<ref>{{Citation |author=Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=4 |page=140 |year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22breaking+of+faith%22 |access-date=24 December 2011 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14448-4 |oclc=399624 |quote=Tursun p.125, cf Critoboulos, 147; emphasize Iskender's "breaking of faith" as the reason for the Ottoman operations against him from 868/1464 onwards. By permitting Venetian troops to garrison Kruje, he created a real threat to the Ottoman forces in Albania. In 1464 and 1465 the neighbouring sanjak begis and especially the governor of Ohrid, Ballaban, launched the swift attacks. |author2=Johannes Hendrik Kramers |author3=Bernard Lewis |author4=Charles Pellat |author5=Joseph Schacht}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=İnalcık |first=Halil |author-link=Halil İnalcık |title=From empire to republic : essays on Ottoman and Turkish social history |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIhpAAAAMAAJ&q=balaban+ohrid |access-date= 4 January 2012 |publisher= Isis Press |location= Istanbul |isbn=978-975-428-080-7 |oclc=34985150 |page=88 |quote=Balaban Aga, qui a accordé des timar à ses propres soldats dans la Basse- Dibra et dans la Çermeniça, ainsi qu'à son neveu à Mati, doit être ce même Balaban Aga, sancakbeyi d'Ohrid, connu pour ses batailles sanglantes contre Skanderbeg. }}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Ballaban Badera was born in Badera, a village in the [[Mat District|Mat]] area, [[Albania]] as a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] with the name Michael, the son of Mark and Helena. Conscripted through the Devshirme system he rose to the rank of Pasha in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman |
Ballaban Badera was born in Badera, a village in the [[Mat District|Mat]] area, [[Albania]] as a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] with the name Michael, the son of Mark and Helena. Conscripted through the Devshirme system, he rose to the rank of Pasha in the [[Army of the classical Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] under [[Sultan]] [[Mehmed II]].<ref name="Canco">{{cite book | last=Canco | first=D. | title=Epiri: vështrim historik dhe etnografik | publisher=Botimet Toena | series=Mendimi shqiptar | year=1999 | page=40}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Ballaban's father, Mark, had served in the army of the [[List of princes of Wallachia|Wallachian]] Prince [[Mircea I]],<ref name="Ludlow" /> fighting against the Ottoman Turks. Michael, the son of Mark and Helena, was kidnaped during the Ottoman Turkish raidsand renamed Ballaban.<ref name="Ludlow" /> His mother, Helena, was killed during the Turkish raids.<ref name="Ludlow" /> Mark, his father, and Constantine, his brother, escaped and survived the raids. Michael was raised as a [[Janissary]]<ref name="Ludlow" /> and named Ballaban Badera,<ref name="Ludlow" /> or Ballaban Pasha; he was a product of the [[Devshirme]] system, as all [[Janissaries]] were. Ballaban was one of the best generals of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Army under [[Sultan]] [[Mehmed II]]. [[George Kastriota|Gjergj Kastrioti]] ([[Skanderbeg]]), whom Ballaban Badera would encounter in battlefields frequently, was raised as a [[Janissary]] as well, under the same Devshirme<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.asp |title=Islamic History Sourcebook: James M. Ludlow: The Tribute of Children, 1493 |publisher=Fordham University |access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> system as Ballaban. |
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Ballaban fought Skanderbeg in April 1465 close to Ohrid. The Albanians were victorious, but many officers were captured, including [[Moisi Arianit Golemi]] of [[Dibra]]. They were sent to Constantinople, where they were executed in Istanbul for treason. |
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==Two Janissaries== |
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| ⚫ | Mark had served in the army of the Wallachian Prince [[Mircea I]],<ref name="Ludlow" /> fighting against the Ottoman Turks. Michael, son of Mark and Helena, was kidnaped during the Ottoman Turkish |
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==Ballaban and Skanderbeg== |
==Ballaban and Skanderbeg== |
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Ballaban fought [[Skanderbeg|Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg]] in April 1465 |
Ballaban fought [[Skanderbeg|Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg]] in April 1465 near the city of [[Ohrid]]. The Albanians were victorious, but at a terrible cost: Ballaban Pasha showed his military prowess and thirteen highest ranking generals of [[George Kastriota|Gjergj Kastrioti]] were captured; among them was [[Moisi Arianit Golemi]] of [[Dibra]], Gjergj Kastrioti's, (Skanderbeg's), second in command. Moisi Arianit Golemi was the organizer of Skanderbeg's desertion from the [[Ottoman Court]] and subsequent return to [[Albania]].<ref name="Ludlow" /> Moisi Golemi was also the main political organizer and a central figure of the Albanian Rebellion.<ref name="Ludlow" /> Moisi Arianit Golemi, two of Gjergj Kastrioti's nephews, and the other captured generals were sent to [[Constantinople]], modern day [[Istanbul]]. Gjergj Kastrioti offered a great many captured Ottoman Pashas and Prisoners, and enormous amounts of treasure in exchange for Moisi Golemi and the other generals, but Mehmet II refused: Moisi Golemi and the other captured Albanian Generals were all an invaluable prize to the Ottomans.<ref name="Ludlow" /> Ballaban Badera had dealt a terrible blow to the Albanian resistance by capturing Moisi Golemi and the other high ranking generals of Gjergj Kastrioti, and the effect of that terrible blow was to be felt with time, after the death of Gjergj Kastrioti. |
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==Ballaban and Moisi Arianit Golemi== |
==Ballaban and Moisi Arianit Golemi== |
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As usual, Mehmet II made attempts to |
As usual, Mehmet II made attempts to form alliances against Skanderbeg with the captured Albanian Generals, but such attempts failed. Moisi Arianit Golemi was not presented with such an offer: He had previously approached the Sultan, had betrayed Skanderbeg, and had led an Ottoman Army against [[George Kastriota|Gjergj Kastrioti]]. In doing so, Moisi Golemi had hoped to save his people, and his country of [[Albania]], from the utter devastation and the disastrous burden of the war against the Ottomans. Moisi Golemi calculated that it was better to accept Ottoman rule for a period in which the country could regain life and survive, so he decided to submit to the Ottomans and betray his Prince, Gjergj Kastrioti. Under Ottoman command, Moisi Golemi, who was a very astute strategist, a man of great wisdom and a visionary, saw, experienced, and perfectly understood the futility of his submission to the Ottomans for the benefit of his people and his country. He deserted the Ottomans and returned to Gjergj Kastrioti. Eventually, Gjergj Kastrioti pardoned [[Moisi Golemi]]. But there was no clemency expected from Mehmet II, who was an astute strategist himself and understood what Moisi Golemi strived for. [[Mehmet II]] would seek searing vengeance for Moisi Golemi's apostasy. The stage is set and [[Moisi Arianit Golemi]] suffered an ignominious death, and so did all the other twelve captured Albanian Generals: They were all skinned alive publicly in [[Istanbul]].<ref name="Ludlow" /> |
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==Ballaban's campaign (1465)== |
==Ballaban's campaign (1465)== |
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Ballaban received further help from the Sultan and was sent leading Ottoman Armies against Skanderbeg once more, alongside an Albanian Pasha called [[Jakub Bej Arnauti]], this time near Upper Dibra, in the [[Battle of Vaikal|Valley of Vaikal]], but Ballaban, Jakub Bej Arnauti, and Ottoman Armies were again defeated. Jakub Bej Arnauti perished in that [[Battle of Vaikal|battle]]. |
Ballaban received further help from the Sultan and was sent leading Ottoman Armies against Skanderbeg once more, alongside an Albanian Pasha called [[Jakub Bej Arnauti]], this time near Upper Dibra, in the [[Battle of Vaikal|Valley of Vaikal]], but Ballaban, Jakub Bej Arnauti, and Ottoman Armies were again defeated. Jakub Bej Arnauti perished in that [[Battle of Vaikal|battle]]. |
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During all these historical endeavors, Constantine, son of Mark and Helena, brother of the boy Michael who had become Ballaban Badera, was a soldier under the command of [[George Kastriota|Gjergj Kastrioti]] fighting against the Ottoman Armies led by his brother.<ref name="Ludlow" /> Mark, father of the kidnapped boy Michael, was also a soldier under Gjergj Kastrioti's command. Mark identified with |
During all these historical endeavors, Constantine, the son of Mark and Helena, and the brother of the boy Michael who had become Ballaban Badera, was a soldier under the command of [[George Kastriota|Gjergj Kastrioti]] fighting against the Ottoman Armies led by his brother.<ref name="Ludlow" /> Mark, the father of the kidnapped boy Michael, was also a soldier under Gjergj Kastrioti's command. Mark identified with Skanderbeg's cause and he became sworn brothers ("vllam", a widespread practice among Albanians at the time)<ref>M. Edith Durham: High Albania, James M. Ludlow:The Captain of the Janizaries</ref> with [[ Muzaka family|Muzak Stresi]], the Lord of [[Shkodër]].<ref name="Ludlow" /> Mark would go ahead and foster Morsinia, the Albanian Heiress of Muzak's realm, daughter of Muzak Stresi and Mara Cernoviche who were murdered by [[Hamza Kastrioti]],<ref name="Ludlow" /> the infamous nephew of Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg). |
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Hamëz Kastrioti had appropriated the vast estates of the Stresi and had birth claims over the estates of the Kastrioti's; Ballaban Badera saw the opportunity and organized the coronation of [[Hamza Kastrioti|Hamëz Kastrioti]] as King of Albania, under vassalage of the Ottomans. Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg) learned of the plans and gave the order that |
Hamëz Kastrioti had appropriated the vast estates of the Stresi and had birth claims over the estates of the Kastrioti's; Ballaban Badera saw the opportunity and organized the coronation of [[Hamza Kastrioti|Hamëz Kastrioti]] as King of Albania, under the vassalage of the Ottomans. Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg) learned of the plans and gave the order that this must be stopped at any cost and all of Albania must take up arms.<ref name="Ludlow" /> The [[Battle of Albulena]] ensued and [[Hamza Kastrioti|Hamëz Kastrioti]] was captured. |
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Ballban Badera later |
Ballban Badera later returned to Albania as a commanding general of the army under [[Mehmet II]] during the [[Second Siege of Krujë (1466)]], where he kept the city besieged for just under a year. In that battle, Ballaban Badera was killed by an [[arquebus]] shot to the neck by [[Gjergj Aleksi]], a defender of the city and a hunter in his civilian life. After Ballaban's death, the Ottoman Army stationed in Albania lost its unity and was soon defeated. |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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Revision as of 09:41, 23 April 2024
 |
Ballaban Badera | |
|---|---|
| Born | Badera, Mat, Albania |
| Died | Near Krujë, Ottoman Empire |
| Allegiance | Ottoman Empire |
| Service/ | Ottoman Army |
| Rank | Pasha |
| Commands held | Sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid |
| Battles/wars | |
Ballaban Badera (also known as Ballaban Pasha or Ballaban Badheri)[1] was an Ottoman military officer from Albania. A conscript of the Devshirme child soldier system, he became a Pasha. Ballaban Badera was said to be the first one who climbrf the walls of Constantinople during its siege.[2] He held the position of sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid in 1464 and 1465.[3][4]
Early life
Ballaban Badera was born in Badera, a village in the Mat area, Albania as a Catholic with the name Michael, the son of Mark and Helena. Conscripted through the Devshirme system, he rose to the rank of Pasha in the Ottoman Army under Sultan Mehmed II.[5]
Ballaban's father, Mark, had served in the army of the Wallachian Prince Mircea I,[2] fighting against the Ottoman Turks. Michael, the son of Mark and Helena, was kidnaped during the Ottoman Turkish raidsand renamed Ballaban.[2] His mother, Helena, was killed during the Turkish raids.[2] Mark, his father, and Constantine, his brother, escaped and survived the raids. Michael was raised as a Janissary[2] and named Ballaban Badera,[2] or Ballaban Pasha; he was a product of the Devshirme system, as all Janissaries were. Ballaban was one of the best generals of the Ottoman Army under Sultan Mehmed II. Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg), whom Ballaban Badera would encounter in battlefields frequently, was raised as a Janissary as well, under the same Devshirme[6] system as Ballaban.
Ballaban and Skanderbeg
Ballaban fought Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg in April 1465 near the city of Ohrid. The Albanians were victorious, but at a terrible cost: Ballaban Pasha showed his military prowess and thirteen highest ranking generals of Gjergj Kastrioti were captured; among them was Moisi Arianit Golemi of Dibra, Gjergj Kastrioti's, (Skanderbeg's), second in command. Moisi Arianit Golemi was the organizer of Skanderbeg's desertion from the Ottoman Court and subsequent return to Albania.[2] Moisi Golemi was also the main political organizer and a central figure of the Albanian Rebellion.[2] Moisi Arianit Golemi, two of Gjergj Kastrioti's nephews, and the other captured generals were sent to Constantinople, modern day Istanbul. Gjergj Kastrioti offered a great many captured Ottoman Pashas and Prisoners, and enormous amounts of treasure in exchange for Moisi Golemi and the other generals, but Mehmet II refused: Moisi Golemi and the other captured Albanian Generals were all an invaluable prize to the Ottomans.[2] Ballaban Badera had dealt a terrible blow to the Albanian resistance by capturing Moisi Golemi and the other high ranking generals of Gjergj Kastrioti, and the effect of that terrible blow was to be felt with time, after the death of Gjergj Kastrioti.
Ballaban and Moisi Arianit Golemi
As usual, Mehmet II made attempts to form alliances against Skanderbeg with the captured Albanian Generals, but such attempts failed. Moisi Arianit Golemi was not presented with such an offer: He had previously approached the Sultan, had betrayed Skanderbeg, and had led an Ottoman Army against Gjergj Kastrioti. In doing so, Moisi Golemi had hoped to save his people, and his country of Albania, from the utter devastation and the disastrous burden of the war against the Ottomans. Moisi Golemi calculated that it was better to accept Ottoman rule for a period in which the country could regain life and survive, so he decided to submit to the Ottomans and betray his Prince, Gjergj Kastrioti. Under Ottoman command, Moisi Golemi, who was a very astute strategist, a man of great wisdom and a visionary, saw, experienced, and perfectly understood the futility of his submission to the Ottomans for the benefit of his people and his country. He deserted the Ottomans and returned to Gjergj Kastrioti. Eventually, Gjergj Kastrioti pardoned Moisi Golemi. But there was no clemency expected from Mehmet II, who was an astute strategist himself and understood what Moisi Golemi strived for. Mehmet II would seek searing vengeance for Moisi Golemi's apostasy. The stage is set and Moisi Arianit Golemi suffered an ignominious death, and so did all the other twelve captured Albanian Generals: They were all skinned alive publicly in Istanbul.[2]
Ballaban's campaign (1465)
Ballaban's brother Constantine
Ballaban received further help from the Sultan and was sent leading Ottoman Armies against Skanderbeg once more, alongside an Albanian Pasha called Jakub Bej Arnauti, this time near Upper Dibra, in the Valley of Vaikal, but Ballaban, Jakub Bej Arnauti, and Ottoman Armies were again defeated. Jakub Bej Arnauti perished in that battle.
During all these historical endeavors, Constantine, the son of Mark and Helena, and the brother of the boy Michael who had become Ballaban Badera, was a soldier under the command of Gjergj Kastrioti fighting against the Ottoman Armies led by his brother.[2] Mark, the father of the kidnapped boy Michael, was also a soldier under Gjergj Kastrioti's command. Mark identified with Skanderbeg's cause and he became sworn brothers ("vllam", a widespread practice among Albanians at the time)[7] with Muzak Stresi, the Lord of Shkodër.[2] Mark would go ahead and foster Morsinia, the Albanian Heiress of Muzak's realm, daughter of Muzak Stresi and Mara Cernoviche who were murdered by Hamza Kastrioti,[2] the infamous nephew of Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg).
Hamëz Kastrioti had appropriated the vast estates of the Stresi and had birth claims over the estates of the Kastrioti's; Ballaban Badera saw the opportunity and organized the coronation of Hamëz Kastrioti as King of Albania, under the vassalage of the Ottomans. Gjergj Kastrioti (Skanderbeg) learned of the plans and gave the order that this must be stopped at any cost and all of Albania must take up arms.[2] The Battle of Albulena ensued and Hamëz Kastrioti was captured.
Ballban Badera later returned to Albania as a commanding general of the army under Mehmet II during the Second Siege of Krujë (1466), where he kept the city besieged for just under a year. In that battle, Ballaban Badera was killed by an arquebus shot to the neck by Gjergj Aleksi, a defender of the city and a hunter in his civilian life. After Ballaban's death, the Ottoman Army stationed in Albania lost its unity and was soon defeated.
Notes
- ^ Elsie, Robert (20 January 2015). Albanian Folktales and Legends: Selected and Translated from the Albanian. Createspace Independent Pub. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-5076-3130-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n James M. Ludlow: The Captain of the Janizaries
- ^ Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1954), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 4, Leiden: Brill, p. 140, ISBN 978-90-04-14448-4, OCLC 399624, retrieved 24 December 2011,
Tursun p.125, cf Critoboulos, 147; emphasize Iskender's "breaking of faith" as the reason for the Ottoman operations against him from 868/1464 onwards. By permitting Venetian troops to garrison Kruje, he created a real threat to the Ottoman forces in Albania. In 1464 and 1465 the neighbouring sanjak begis and especially the governor of Ohrid, Ballaban, launched the swift attacks.
- ^ İnalcık, Halil (1995), From empire to republic : essays on Ottoman and Turkish social history, Istanbul: Isis Press, p. 88, ISBN 978-975-428-080-7, OCLC 34985150, retrieved 4 January 2012,
Balaban Aga, qui a accordé des timar à ses propres soldats dans la Basse- Dibra et dans la Çermeniça, ainsi qu'à son neveu à Mati, doit être ce même Balaban Aga, sancakbeyi d'Ohrid, connu pour ses batailles sanglantes contre Skanderbeg.
- ^ Canco, D. (1999). Epiri: vështrim historik dhe etnografik. Mendimi shqiptar. Botimet Toena. p. 40.
- ^ "Islamic History Sourcebook: James M. Ludlow: The Tribute of Children, 1493". Fordham University. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- ^ M. Edith Durham: High Albania, James M. Ludlow:The Captain of the Janizaries
References
- Durham, M. Edith (1971) [1909]. High Albania. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 9780405027451.
- Ludlow, James M (1887). The Captain of the Janizaries: A Story of the Times of Scanderbeg and the Fall of Constantinople. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. OCLC 2409936.