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[[File:South America by William Hack.jpg|thumb|'''A 1684 chart''' by William Hack the most prolific of the Thames school]]

The '''Thames school of chartmakers''' was an informal trade [[guild]] which was active between 1590 and 1740, was critically involved in England's maritime affairs, but whose existence was not discovered by modern scholars until 1959. Working from waterfront premises in East London on the north bank of the River Thames, they made the [[nautical charts]] needed by seamen. They transmitted their skills by the apprenticeship system. Operating without government supervision, their charts were functional, avoided ornamentation − although they did have colourful [[Scale (map)|scales]] and intricate [[compass rose]]s — and were devoid of imperial symbolism; this was in sharp contrast to their Continental counterparts. They got their nautical information from any available source, including espionage and, on at least one occasion, piracy.

=="At the Signe of the Platt"==
[[File:The eastern suburbs of London in Elizabethan times.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|'''The eastern suburbs of early modern London''' where chartmakers plied their trade]]
[[File:Comberford, The Northern Navigation.jpg|thumb|left|'''Nicholas Comberford''', bound apprentice 1612 in the Thames school of chartmakers (Bodleian Libraries)]]

The existence of a Thames school was revealed by Spanish historian of science Ernesto García Camarero,{{sfn|Campbell|1973|p=81}}{{sfn|Smith|1978|p=52}} who examined a number of 17th-century English charts and noticed some common features. Those available to him bore the legend "at the Signe of the Platt" with addresses<ref>Contrary to {{harvnb|Smith|1978|p=53}}, García Camarero did not interpret the phrase as "as an indication of collaboration at a single adddress", explicitly stating otherwise.</ref> in or near the Port of London. They were [[portolan]] charts, with [[windrose network]]s. They were hand-drawn on [[vellum]], pasted to hinged rectangular boards. They did not employ [[Mercator's projection]] — conservative English seamen did not trust this innovation{{sfn|Tyacke|1987|p=1744}} — but they were corrected for [[magnetic declination]]. No attempt was made to show inland features such as rivers or mountains, nor political or human symbols.{{sfn|García Camarero|1959|pp=65-68}} They had (wrote García Camarero) a certain unfussy unity of style:-

{{quote|Their design closely follows the traditional Mediterranean form; but whereas an overdone [[Baroque]] has invaded the latter, the English school, with a notable purity, achieves a rejuvenation of the decadent portolan. The [[Wind rose|windrose]] and some [[compass rose|compass roses]] are conserved; coastlines are finely traced; islands and coasts are illuminated in soft colours; placenames are rendered in characteristic lettering; in small places (e.g. islands) they are replaced by numbers, with tables of equivalents placed in the margins or blank spaces.{{sfn|García Camarero|1959|p=67|ps=. (Wikipedia translation.)}} }}

Charts tell historians how contemporaries perceived reality. Though "beautiful to the modern eye", wrote Alaistair Maeer, early Thames school charts rarely included ornamentation, though they did have colourful scales and intricate compass roses. In sharp contrast to their Continental counterparts, they were little embellished. They did not depict missionarie, "heraldic markers, animals, trees, local inhabitants, and villages".{{sfn|Maeer|2020|p=73}}. For Maeer, the contrast was so striking as to demand an explanation. It was that Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch charts were produced by (or at the behest of) government bureaucracies<ref>Or in the Netherlands, government-sponsored corporations such as the Dutch East India Company).</ref> who were aiming at imperial aggrandisement, not yet a motivation for English mariners, who saw the world as an opportunity for mercantile gain.{{sfn|Maeer|2020|pp=67-89}}

The word ''platt'' (a variant of plot) meant a chart. "The signe of the platt" was a signboard that hung outside a chartmaker's shop.{{sfn|Smith|1978|p=53}} [[University of Kansas]] scholar Thomas R. Smith discovered a number of these men were members of the [[Drapers' Company]],<ref>The Drapers' Company, at first a powerful guild of wool and cloth merchants, came to accept members who were but slightly connected with cloth, and these included the chartmakers: {{harvnb|Smith|1978|p=56}}</ref> a guild of the [[City of London]], and from its records he{{sfn|Smith|1978|p=97}} and Tony Campbell{{sfn|Campbell|1973|p=100}} derived trees of master-and-apprentice relations spanning 125 years.

One particular chain of teaching was John Daniell → Nicholas Comberford → John Burston → John Thornton → Joel Gascoyne, all of whom were important enough to have left surviving charts, a rare thing for the period.{{sfn|Smith|1978|pp=52-55}}

<center>'''Some chartmakers of the Thames school'''</center>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:NE Atlantic, England to Strait of Gibraltar RMG K0964.jpg|'''1'''
File:John Thornton., Newfoundland etc.jpg|'''2'''
File:Atlantic 5 degrees south to 56 degrees north RMG K0957.jpg|'''3'''
File:James Lancaster,. Albemarle Sound.jpg|'''4'''
File:Fitzhugh, Boston Harbor.jpg|'''5'''
</gallery>

# '''John Burston''', NE Atlantic and England (National Maritime Museum). Bound apprentice to Nicholas Comberford, 1628.
# '''John Thornton''', ''A chart of the sea coast of New Foundland, New Scotland, New England, New York, New Jersey, with Virginia and Maryland'' (Norman P. Leventhal Map & Education Center). Apprenticed to Burston, 1656.
# '''Andrew Welch''', North Atlantic (National Maritime Museum). Apprenticed to Comberford, 1649. Notice the hingeline.
# '''James Lancaster''' , chart of Albemarle Sound, Carolina (John Carter Brown Library). Apprenticed to Burston, 1656.
# '''Augustine Fitzhugh''', a draft of Boston Harbor (Norman B. Leventhal Map and Education Center). Apprenticed to Thornton, 1675.

As England came into conflict with other European powers, imperial rivalries developed. This was reflected in the style of the later Thames school. "English charting began to exhibit dominion and empire, thereby mirroring Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch charts".{{sfn|Maeer|2020|pp=67-8}}

<center>'''Some charts of the later Thames school'''</center>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:The Duke's Plan (New Amsterdam).jpg|
File:Hack, The Port of Arica.jpg|
File:Guatemala by William Hack.jpg|
File:Surrat City by William Hack.jpg|
File:William Hack, Formosa.jpg|

</gallery>
# '''New York'''. ''A description of the Towne of Mannado [Manhattan] or New Amsterdam'' (1664). Known as the Duke's Plan, it was made for the Duke of York [James II] as it passed to English rule. The vertical feature will become Wall Street. By an unknown member of the Thames school. Notice the national symbolism. (British Library.)
#  '''The Port of Arica''', in present-day Chile, was the Spanish entrepot for the great mine that produced 60% of the world's silver: Potosí. It got attention from pirates, accordingly. Based on a Spanish ''derrotero'' captured by English pirate [[Bartholomew Sharp]], who escaped a criminal conviction in England by agreeing to cooperate with the government. Under conditions of uttermost secrecy{{sfn|Kelly|2004}} this chart was drawn by William Hack of the Thames school. (National Maritime Museum.)
# '''Guatemala'''. "The hill [[Pacaya|[the volcano Pacaya]]] burst & of it Came aboundance of sulphur which did great damage to the Citty of Guatimala". Based on the same captured Spanish chartbook. (National Maritime Museum.)
# '''Surat City in the Gujarat'''. Notice the flags of the English, Dutch and Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factories]]. (Library of Congress.)
# '''South China Sea'''. A finely detailed coastal chart with Formosa (Taiwan) and the Chinese port of Zhejiang. Once again Hack uses his trademark one-quarter compass rose. (Library of Congress.)

==Significance==
[[File:Last Voyage Of Henry Hudson.jpg|thumb|'''The search for the Northwest Passage''' stimulated the Thames school to create original charts (John Collier, "The Last Voyage of [[Henry Hudson]]")]]


The English were late to the art of oceanic navigation, the rudiments of which they learned from the Portuguese and (especially during the marriage of [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]] and [[Philip II of Spain]]) the Spanish {{sfn|Waters|1970|pp=1-19, esp. 14-15}} Their charts were lacking and they needed to catch up.{{sfn|Tyacke|1987 |pp=1722,1725, 1727, 1729, 1731}}

It has been said that {{quote|as late as 1568 probably only one English seaman was capable of navigating to the West Indies without the aid of Portuguese, French or Spanish pilots. Yet, by the time of the [[Spanish Armada|Armada]], a mere score of years later, Englishmen had gained a "reputation of being above all Western nations, expert and active in all naval operations".<ref>David W. Waters, ''The Art of Navigation in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times'', quoted in {{harvnb|Smith|1978|pp=49-50|ps=. The words in quotes are those of a Venetian ambassador to France.}}</ref>}} By 1640 the English had charted all the world's known seas and coasts and were self-sufficient.{{sfn|Tacke|1987|p=1731}}

It was the business of the chartmakers to make charts with useful information, and this was obtained from any available source including espionage.{{sfn|Tyacke|1987|pp=1723, 1726, 1730, 1731}} Unlike the [[Stationers Company|Stationers' Guild]] (who had a monopoly of printing and applied a common law of copyright),{{sfn|Laddie|Prescott|Vitoria|2018|pp=5-10, 369}} in the Drapers Company copying was commonplace.{{sfn|Tyacke|1987|pp=1730-1}}

There is some evidence that chartmaking was not a lucrative occupation.<ref>According to one casual visitor's anecdote, the chartmaker Nicholas Comberford lived in squalor and claimed it took him three weeks to make a chart for which he wanted 25 shillings: {{harvnb|Smith|1978|pp=91-2}} (worth about $420 US today).</ref> The best available charts were Dutch, so these were heavily copied.{{sfn|Verner|1978|p=127}}{{sfn|Roncière|1965|p=47}}{{sfn|Macey|1979|pp=530, 533}}{{sfn|Black|1978|pp=102-3}} However, few good Dutch charts of North America could be obtained, so the Thames chartmakers were obliged and stimulated to evolve original works: "The English made maps because they had to", wrote Jeanette D. Black.{{sfn|Black|1978|pp=103-4, 123}}

Likewise for voyages to find the Northwest or [[Northeast Passage]], or to Guiana or the Amazon basin.{{sfn|Tyacke|1987|p=1731}} In time, English chartmamers came to be dominant as the Dutch had been.{{sfn|Verner|1978|pp=156-7}}{{sfn|Maeer|2012|p=29}}

One assessment:-
{{quote|Ultimately, England’s commercial and imperial ventures could not have succeeded without an English charting tradition. The charts of the Thames School reflect the breadth of English overseas interests.{{sfn|Maeer|2012|p=34}} }}

==Some Thames school chartmers==

===John Thornton, Gascoyne's teacher===
[[File:John Thornton 1673.jpg|thumb|left|'''John Thornton chart''' showing [[Hudson Straight]] "commonly call'd the Norwest Passage" (JCB Library)]]

In binding his son apprentice to John Thornton, Thomas Gascoyne had selected an unusual master. Thornton, "the most competent and distinguished chart-maker in England"{{sfn|Ravenhill|Johnson|1995|p=1}} was also a surveyor and an [[engraver]]. So far as is known, it was in England a unique combination of skills.{{sfn|Ravenhill|1972b|p=60}}

Thornton worked in the [[Minories]] just outside the City limits. He was one of a small group of platt-makers who plied their trade in streets and alleys leading down to the waterfront on the north Bank of the Thames down-river from the Tower of London.{{sfn|Ravenhill|Johnson|1995|p=1}} He was [[hydrography|hydrographer]] to the [[East India Company]] and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]; Monique de la Roncière called him "the celebrated English hydrographer".{{sfn|Roncière|1965|pp=46, 47}}

Part of John Thornton's output was hand-drawn. Charts, in the hands of seamen, wore out in use{{sfn|Smith|1978|p=95}} or, becoming obsolete, were cannibalised for the sake of the vellum.{{sfn|Tyacke|1987|pp=1731-2}} Probably, most Thornton specimens exist today only because French privateers captured an [[East Indiaman]] with her complement of charts: they were preserved for posterity in the [[Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service|Service Hydrographique de la Marine]].{{sfn|Roncière|1965|p=47}}

Because Thornton was also an engraver, however, a good part of his surviving output was printed,{{sfn|Roncière|1965|p=46}} despite the Stationers' legal{{sfn|Gadd|2016|pp=15-16}} monopoly. Printing was done from engraved copper plates, an art he taught to Joel Gascoyne. It was was seldom undertaken unless relatively long print runs were anticipated, because engraved copper plates were expensive to make.{{sfn|Woodward|1978|p=164-6}} According to de la Roncière, Thornton made notable contributions, "above all ''The English Pilot The Third Book describing the sea coasts. . . in the Oriental Navigation'', a precious collection of thirty-five charts with sailing-directions..."{{sfn|Roncière|1965|p=46}}

==Joel Gascoyne, master chartmaker==
[[File:Gacoyne's chart shop, Wapping.jpg|thumb|'''Gascoyne's premises''' in Wapping, shown on his own map of Stepney 1703]]

In 1675 Gascoyne set up in business for himself at "Ye Signe of ye Platt neare Wapping Old Stayres three doares below ye Chapell", taking apprentices of his own and producing manuscript and engraved charts.{{sfn|Ravenhill|Johnson|1995|p=1}}

He acquired such fame that his counsel was twice sought by administrator of the Navy [[Samuel Pepys]] and his services were commissioned by the proprietors of the colony of Carolina.{{sfn|Ravenhill|1972b|61, 60}}

Some images in this article may be of charts surviving in poor condition, or not available except in monochrome or at low resolution. They have been included for their historical significance.
{{-}}
===The Mediterranean===
Amongst Gascoyne's early works were four engraved charts published in [[John Seller]]'s ''English Pilot'' (1677).{{sfn|Ravenhill|1972b|pp=60, 70 n.12}} (David Rumsey Map Collection.) For the significance of the array of intersecting lines see the article [[Windrose network]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Gascoyne, Straights of Gibraltar.jpg|'''1'''
File:Gascoyne, Chart of Corfu etc.jpg|'''2'''
File:Gascoyne, chart of Cephalonia.jpg|'''3'''
File:Gascoyne, chart of Morea.jpg|'''4'''
</gallery>

# "'''A chart of the Straits of Gibralter'''"
# "'''A chart of Corfu''', Pachsu and Antipachsu with the Channel & roads between the Island of Corfu & Graetian coast"
# "'''A chart of the south part of Cephalonia''', with the Islands of Zante, and the coast of Morea from C. Chiarese, to C. Sapienza"
# "'''A chart of the south coast of Morea''' from Venetica to C.S. Angelo with ye islands of Serigo, Serigoto and part of Candia"

===America===
In 1678 Gascoyne drew on vellum for Captain John Smith a coloured portolan chart{{sfn|Ravenhill|1972b|p=60}} pasted on four hinged oak boards; the western half survives at the [[National Maritime Museum]] Greenwich. Coming to the attention of the Lords Proprietors of the province of Carolina, he was commissioned to engrave a map of their province (1682) from the latest surveys;{{sfn|Ravenhill|1972b|p=60}} their intention was to attract immigrants to the new colony.{{sfn|Duff|1998|pp=58-59}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="300px">
File:Western Atlantic RMG K0998.jpg|'''1'''
File:Gascoyne, Country of Carolina.jpg|'''2'''
</gallery>

# '''Western Atlantic.''' "Made By Joel Gascoyne at ye Signe of the Platt at Waping old Stayres Ano Dom: 1678 For Capt. John Smith”, showing the Eastern Coast of North America from Newfoundland to Mexico, with Central America, the West Indies and the Northern Part of South America. (National Maritime Museum.) Notice the plattboard hinge-line.
# "'''A new map of the country of Carolina''' with its rivers, harbors, plantations and other accomodations don from the latest surveighs and best information by order of the Lords Proprietors". (John Carter Brown Library.) North is to the right. The inset shows [[Charleston Harbor]]. "No more careful or accurate printed map of the province of Carolina as a whole was to appear until well into the eighteenth century".{{sfn|Duff|1998|p=58|ps=, quoting Cumming, ''The Southeast in Early Maps''}}

===The East===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
File:Oriental Navigation Indian Ocean and Madagascar.jpg|'''1'''
File:Bodleian Libraries, The second part of the Oriental Navigation, by Joel Gascoyne, 1684- the Indian Ocean south of India, Siam and Sumatra.jpg|'''2'''
File:Thornton & Gascoyne, oriental oceans.jpg|'''3'''
</gallery>

# '''Indian Ocean off Mozambique and Madagascar''', from the second part of the Oriental Navigation (Bodleian Libraries)
# '''Indian Ocean south of India, Siam and Sumatra ''', from the second part of the Oriental Navigation (Bodleian Libraries)
# "'''A plat of the Indian sea from Cabo Bonea Esperanca to Iapan'''" (Gallica: Bibliothèque nationale de France: monochrome reproduction). "This rare and splendid undated chart" was made in collaboration with his old master John Thornton. {{sfn|Roncière|1965|p=46}}

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeanette D.|chapter=Mapping the English Colonies in North America: the Beginnings|title=The Compleat Plattmaker. Essays on Chart, Map and Globe Making in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|editor-last=Thrower|editor-first=Norman J.W.|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03522-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Tony|chapter=The Drapers' Company and Its School of Seventeenth Century Chart-Makers|title=My Head Is a Map: a Festschrift for R.V. Tooley|editor1-last=Wallis|editor1-first=Helen|editor2-last=Tyacke|editor2-first=Sarah|publisher=Francis Edwards and Carta Press|location=London|year=1973}}
*{{cite thesis|last=Duff|first=Meaghan N.|title=Designing Carolina: The construction of an early American social and geographical landscape, 1670-1719|year=1998|type=PhD|publisher=William and Mary University|doi=10.21220/s2-gv7s-tx49|url=https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623927/|access-date=25 September 2020}}
*{{cite document|last=Gadd|first=I.|year=2016|title=Draft chapter: The Stationers’ Company in England before 1710 (forthcoming in: 'Research handbook on the history of copyright law, Alexander, I. and Gómez-Arostegui, H. T. (eds.), Cheltenham: Elgar, pp. 81-95'|url=http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/6652/1/6652.pdf|access-date=9 October 2020}}
*{{cite journal|last=García Camarero|first=Ernesto|title=La Escuela cartográfica inglesa "At the Signe of the Platt"|journal=Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica|location=Madrid|year=1959|volume=XCV|issue=1-6|pages=65-68|language=Spanish|url=https://realsociedadgeografica.com/boletines/Tomo%20XCV%20-%201959.pdf|access-date=24 February 2020}}
*{{cite map|last=Gascoyne|first=Joel|title=A new map of the country of Carolina|year=1682|website=Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/99446166}}
*{{cite book|last1=Gascoyne|first1=Joel|last2=Ravenhill|first2=William|last3=Padel|first3=Oliver Jmes|chapter=A Map of the County of Cornwall|title=Devon and Cornwall Record Society|volume=34 N.S.|year=1991|isbn=0901853348}}
*{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=James William|chapter=Hack William (fl. 1670-1702)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press}}




*{{cite book|author1=Laddie|author2=Prescott|author3=Vitoria|title=The Modern Law of Copyright|volume=I|year=2018|edition=5|publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths|isbn=9781474306898}}
*{{cite journal|last=Macey|first=Samuel L.|title=Review: The Compleat Plattmaker: British Chart and Map Making, 1650-1750|journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies|year=1979|volume=12|issue= 4|pages=527-537|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|jstor=2738459}}
*{{cite journal|last=Maeer|first=Alaistair|title=The Baltic and the birth of a modern English maritime community: the Muscovy Company and nautical cartography, 1553-1665|journal=Revista Română de Studii Baltice și Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies|issn=2067- 1725|volume=4|issue=2|year=2012|location=Târgoviş􏰂te|pages=19-49|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Silviu_Marian_Miloiu/publication/338084631_The_Romanian_Journal_for_Baltic_and_Nordic_Studies_vol_4_issue_2_2012/links/5dfd54aea6fdcc283731a5ab/The-Romanian-Journal-for-Baltic-and-Nordic-Studies-vol-4-issue-2-2012.pdf#page=19|access-date=22 September 2020}}
*{{cite book|last=Maeer|first=Alaistair S.|chapter=The cartography of the sea. Mapping England's 'mastery of the oceans'|title=The Routledge Companion to Marine and Maritime Worlds 1400-1800|editor1-last=Jowitt|editor1-first=Claire|editor2-last=Lambert|editor2-first=Craig|editor3-last=Mentz|editor3-first=Steve|year=2020|publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=9781003048503|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=13jnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80&dq=%22interlocking+rhumb+lines%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1weSFnbbsAhWBtXEKHS67CAsQuwUwAnoECAYQBg#v=onepage&q=%22interlocking%20rhumb%20lines%22&f=false|access-date=15 October 2020}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ravenhill|first=William|title=Joel Gascoyne: A Cartographer with Style|year=1972a|journal=Geographical Magazine|volume=XLIV|issue=5|pages=335-41}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ravenhill|first=William|title=Joel Gascoyne, a Pioneer of Large-Scale County Mapping|journal=Imago Mundi|year=1972b|volume=26|pages=60-70|publisher=Imago Mundi, Ltd|jstor=1150645}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ravenhill|first=William|title=An Early Eighteenth-Century Cartographic Record of an Oxfordshire Manor|journal=Oxoniensia|publisher=Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society|year=1974|volume=39|pages=85-92|url=https://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1974/ravenhill.pdf|access-date=12 October 2020}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ravenhill|first=William|title=As to Its Position in Respect to the Heavens|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=28|year=1976|pages=79-93|publisher=Imago Mundi, Ltd|jstor=1150622}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ravenhill|first1=W.L.D.|last2=Johnson|first2=David J.|title=Joel Gascoyne's engraved maps of Stepney, 1702-04|year=1995|location=London|publisher=London Topographical Society, in association with Guildhall Library|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000044867095|access-date=20 September 2020}}`
*{{cite book|last1=Ravenhill|first1=W.L.D.|last2=Padel|first2=O.J.|title=A Map of the County of Cornwall Newly Surveyed by Joel Gascoyne: Reprinted in Facsimile|year=1991|publisher=Devon and Cornwall Record Society|isbn=0-901853-34-8}}
*{{cite journal|last=Roncière|first=Monique de la|title=Manuscript Charts by John Thornton, Hydrographer of the East India Company (1669- 1701)|journal=Imago Mundi|year=1965|volume=19|pages=46-50|jstor=1150328|doi=10.1080/03085696508592265}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Adam|title=An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations|year=1784|edition=3rd|volume=I|publisher=Strahan; Cadell|location=London|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435026882282&view=1up&seq=7&q1=apprentice|access-date=23 September 2020}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Thomas R.|chapter=Manuscripts and Printed Sea Charts in Seventeenth-Century London: The Case of the Thames School|title=The Compleat Plattmaker. Essays on Chart, Map and Globe Making in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|editor-last=Thrower|editor-first=Norman J.W.|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03522-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Tyacke|first=Sarah|chapter=Map Sellers and the London Map Trade c.1650-1710|title=My Head Is a Map: a Festschrift for R.V. Tooley|editor1-last=Wallis|editor1-first=Helen|editor2-last=Tyacke|editor2-first=Sarah|publisher=Francis Edwards and Carta Press|location=London|year=1973}}
*{{cite book|last=Tyacke|first=Sarah|chapter=58 • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500—1660|pages=1722-1753|title=The History of cartography|volume=3|editor1-last=Harley|editor1-first=J.B.|editor2-last=Woodward|editor2-first=David|year=1987|publisher=University of Chicago Press|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt2/HOC_VOLUME3_Part2_chapter58.pdf|access-date=5 October 2020}}
*{{cite book|last=Verner|first=Coolie|chapter=John Seller and the Chart Trade in Seventeenth-Century England|title=The Compleat Plattmaker. Essays on Chart, Map and Globe Making in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|editor-last=Thrower|editor-first=Norman J.W.|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03522-4}}
*{{cite journal|last=Waters|first=David|title=The Iberian Bases of the English Art of Navigation in the Sixteenth Century|journal=Revista da Universidade de Coimbra|volume=XXIV|pages=1-19 (separata)|year=1970|url=http://portalbarcosdobrasil.com.br/bitstream/handle/01/689/003164.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=8 October 2020}}
*{{cite book|last=Woodward|first=David A.|chapter=English Cartography: A Summary|title=The Compleat Plattmaker. Essays on Chart, Map and Globe Making in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|editor-last=Thrower|editor-first=Norman J.W.|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-03522-4}}


==External links==
*[https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3870.np000146/?r=-0.015,-0.002,0.5,0.393,0 ''A new map of the Country of Carolina'' hosted at the Library of Congress]
*[http://www.mernick.org.uk/elhs/maps/s1703.htm Gascoyne's ''An Actual Survey of of the Parish of St Dunstan Stepney alias Stebunheath'' (the reduced 1755 version) hosted at the East London History Society: 1. Central section]
*[http://www.mernick.org.uk/elhs/maps/bp1703.htm Ditto: 2. Bow, Bromley and Poplar]
*[http://www.mernick.org.uk/elhs/maps/bg1703.htm Ditto: 3. Bethnal Green]

Latest revision as of 18:27, 13 May 2024

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