Västmanland Runic Inscription 22: Difference between revisions
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The runic text states that the stone was raised by a brother in memory of a man named Rúnfastr, who died on a voyage. From the word order, it is unclear if the voyage was for a man named Runi, or if Runa is a name starting a new sentence. At one time, it was suggested that Runa referred to an island in Estonia, but later scholars have dismissed this suggestion for lack of convincing evidence.<ref name="Zilmer">{{cite thesis |last=Zilmer |first=Kristel |url=http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=110134/zilmer.pdf |title="He Drowned in Holmr's Sea": Baltic Traffic in Early Nordic Sources |publisher=Tartu University Press |isbn=9949-11-090-4 |pages=171–2, 231 |year=2005|access-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131505/http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=110134/zilmer.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That Runa is a personal name is supported by similar examples found on inscriptions such as the now-lost U 790 in Mälby, U 957 in Vedyxa, Sö 383 in Linga, and possibly U 1003 in Frötuna.<ref name="Källström">{{Cite journal |last=Källström |first=Magnus |title=En Tidigare Okänd Österledsfarare från Rasbo: Till Tolkningen av Inskriften på Fröstunastenen U 1003 |journal=[[Fornvännen]] |volume=103 |pages=233–243 |publisher=[[Swedish National Heritage Board]] |year=2008 |url=http://fornvannen.se/pdf/2000talet/2008_233.pdf |issn=1404-9430 |access-date=21 November 2011}} p. 239.</ref> The runemaster used a punctuation mark to separate each word of the text, and used a [[bind rune]] or [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] to combine the [[Sowilō|s-rune]] and [[Isaz|i-rune]] in the word ''sinn''. Vs 22 is the only inscription in Västmanland in which a bind rune was used.<ref name="MacLeod">{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Mindy |title=Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |year=2002 |page=135 |isbn=91-506-1534-3}}</ref> |
The runic text states that the stone was raised by a brother in memory of a man named Rúnfastr, who died on a voyage. From the word order, it is unclear if the voyage was for a man named Runi, or if Runa is a name starting a new sentence. At one time, it was suggested that Runa referred to an island in Estonia, but later scholars have dismissed this suggestion for lack of convincing evidence.<ref name="Zilmer">{{cite thesis |last=Zilmer |first=Kristel |url=http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=110134/zilmer.pdf |title="He Drowned in Holmr's Sea": Baltic Traffic in Early Nordic Sources |publisher=Tartu University Press |isbn=9949-11-090-4 |pages=171–2, 231 |year=2005|access-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131505/http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=110134/zilmer.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That Runa is a personal name is supported by similar examples found on inscriptions such as the now-lost U 790 in Mälby, U 957 in Vedyxa, Sö 383 in Linga, and possibly U 1003 in Frötuna.<ref name="Källström">{{Cite journal |last=Källström |first=Magnus |title=En Tidigare Okänd Österledsfarare från Rasbo: Till Tolkningen av Inskriften på Fröstunastenen U 1003 |journal=[[Fornvännen]] |volume=103 |pages=233–243 |publisher=[[Swedish National Heritage Board]] |year=2008 |url=http://fornvannen.se/pdf/2000talet/2008_233.pdf |issn=1404-9430 |access-date=21 November 2011}} p. 239.</ref> The runemaster used a punctuation mark to separate each word of the text, and used a [[bind rune]] or [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] to combine the [[Sowilō|s-rune]] and [[Isaz|i-rune]] in the word ''sinn''. Vs 22 is the only inscription in Västmanland in which a bind rune was used.<ref name="MacLeod">{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Mindy |title=Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |year=2002 |page=135 |isbn=91-506-1534-3}}</ref> |
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The text indicates that Rúnfastr was among a band of ''drængia'' or "valiant men." A drengr in Denmark was a term mainly associated with members of a warrior group.<ref name="Jesch">{{Cite book |last=Jesch |first=Judith |title=Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2001 |
The text indicates that Rúnfastr was among a band of ''drængia'' or "valiant men." A drengr in Denmark was a term mainly associated with members of a warrior group.<ref name="Jesch">{{Cite book |last=Jesch |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Jesch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkNY2KrdvscC |title=Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-85115-826-6 |location=Woodbridge |pages=219, 229–31}}</ref> It has been suggested that drengr along with [[thegn]] was first used as a title associated with men from Denmark and Sweden in service to Danish kings,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sawyer |first=Birgit |author-link=Birgit Sawyer |title=The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-820643-7 |pages=103–107}}</ref> but, from its context in inscriptions, over time became more generalized and was used by groups such as merchants or the crew of a ship.<ref name="Jesch"/> In the limited context of the damaged text on Vs 22, the brother of Rúnfastr may also have been part of the band on the voyage as a brother-in-arms.<ref name="Jesch"/> Other inscriptions involving a drengr and sponsorship by a brother who may have been part of the band include DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 387 in Vester Marie, [[England runestones#Ög 104|Ög 104]] in Gillberga, [[Viking runestones#Ög 111|Ög 111]] in Landeryds, [[Ingvar runestones#Sö 320|Sö 320]] in Stäringe, and [[Varangian runestones#Vg 184|Vg 184]] in Smula. Vs 22 is also among a group of inscriptions making such a general statement of a non-local death, which include Sö 49 in Ene, [[Viking runestones#Sö 217|Sö 217]] in Berga, Sm 48 in Torp, U 258 in Fresta, the now-lost [[Viking runestones#U 349|U 349]] in Odenslunda, the now-lost [[Viking runestones#U 363|U 363]] in Gådersta, U 948 in Danmarks, Vs 27 in Grällsta, Nä 29 in Apelboda, [[Viking runestones#DR 330|DR 330]] in Gårdstånga, and DR 379 in Ny Larsker.<ref name="Zilmer"/> The text uses the term ''faru'', which is translated as "voyage," which was used to describe campaigns to the east in comparison to a Viking voyage, which was to the west.<ref name="Pritsak">{{cite book |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |title=The Origin of Rus' |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1981 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |page=387 |isbn=0-674-64465-4}}</ref> Other stones using a version of the term ''faru'' include [[Ingvar runestones#Sö 108|Sö 108]] in Gredby and Sö 360 in Bjuddby.<ref name="Pritsak"/> |
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==Inscription== |
==Inscription== |
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Latest revision as of 17:37, 11 June 2024
Västmanland Runic Inscription 22 or Vs 22 is the Rundata designation for a Viking Age memorial runestone that was originally located at Ulvsta, but has been moved to Svana, which is about seven kilometers north of Skultuna, Västmanland County, Sweden, and which was in the historic province of Västmanland.
Description
[edit]The inscription on Vs 22 consists of runic text in the younger futhark on a serpent that encloses a central cross, with the head of the serpent below the cross. The inscription, which is 0.95 meters in height and on a granite stone, is classified as probably being carved in runestone style Pr3, which is also known as Urnes style. The uncertainty in the classification is due to the damaged ends of the runic text bands, which are used in the runestone classification system developed by Anne-Sophie Gräslund in the 1990s.[1] In style Pr3, the ends of the runic bands have attached serpent heads depicted as seen in profile. Based on stylistic grounds, Vs 22 is attributed to a runemaster with the normalized name of Litle, who signed the inscriptions on inscription Vs 20 in Prästgården (Romfartuna synod), Vs 27 in Grällsta, and possibly the now-lost Vs 28 in Grällsta. Other inscriptions attributed to Litle based on stylistic analysis include Vs 17 in Råby and Vs 32 in Prästgården (Västerfärnebo synod). This stone was first noted during the runestone surveys in Sweden during the 1600s, and was moved to its current location at Svana near a stream by a man named von Friesen.
The runic text states that the stone was raised by a brother in memory of a man named Rúnfastr, who died on a voyage. From the word order, it is unclear if the voyage was for a man named Runi, or if Runa is a name starting a new sentence. At one time, it was suggested that Runa referred to an island in Estonia, but later scholars have dismissed this suggestion for lack of convincing evidence.[2] That Runa is a personal name is supported by similar examples found on inscriptions such as the now-lost U 790 in Mälby, U 957 in Vedyxa, Sö 383 in Linga, and possibly U 1003 in Frötuna.[3] The runemaster used a punctuation mark to separate each word of the text, and used a bind rune or ligature to combine the s-rune and i-rune in the word sinn. Vs 22 is the only inscription in Västmanland in which a bind rune was used.[4]
The text indicates that Rúnfastr was among a band of drængia or "valiant men." A drengr in Denmark was a term mainly associated with members of a warrior group.[5] It has been suggested that drengr along with thegn was first used as a title associated with men from Denmark and Sweden in service to Danish kings,[6] but, from its context in inscriptions, over time became more generalized and was used by groups such as merchants or the crew of a ship.[5] In the limited context of the damaged text on Vs 22, the brother of Rúnfastr may also have been part of the band on the voyage as a brother-in-arms.[5] Other inscriptions involving a drengr and sponsorship by a brother who may have been part of the band include DR 77 in Hjermind, DR 387 in Vester Marie, Ög 104 in Gillberga, Ög 111 in Landeryds, Sö 320 in Stäringe, and Vg 184 in Smula. Vs 22 is also among a group of inscriptions making such a general statement of a non-local death, which include Sö 49 in Ene, Sö 217 in Berga, Sm 48 in Torp, U 258 in Fresta, the now-lost U 349 in Odenslunda, the now-lost U 363 in Gådersta, U 948 in Danmarks, Vs 27 in Grällsta, Nä 29 in Apelboda, DR 330 in Gårdstånga, and DR 379 in Ny Larsker.[2] The text uses the term faru, which is translated as "voyage," which was used to describe campaigns to the east in comparison to a Viking voyage, which was to the west.[7] Other stones using a version of the term faru include Sö 108 in Gredby and Sö 360 in Bjuddby.[7]
Inscription
[edit]Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
[edit]- ... + ytʀ : runfast * bruþur + s=in : hn : toþr : i : faru + runo : ... (t)rka[8]
Transcription into Old Norse
[edit]- ... æftiʀ Runfast, broður sinn. Hann [varð] dauðr i faru Runa ... drængia.[8]
Translation in English
[edit]- ... in memory of Rúnfastr, his brother. He died on a voyage. Runa ... / He died on Runi's voyage ... of valiant men.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Gräslund, Anne-Sophie (2006), "Dating the Swedish Viking-Age Rune Stones on Stylistic Grounds", in K. Düwel (ed.), Runes and Their Secrets: Studies in Runology, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, pp. 117–140, ISBN 87-635-0428-6
- ^ a b Zilmer, Kristel (2005). "He Drowned in Holmr's Sea": Baltic Traffic in Early Nordic Sources (PDF) (Thesis). Tartu University Press. pp. 171–2, 231. ISBN 9949-11-090-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ^ Källström, Magnus (2008). "En Tidigare Okänd Österledsfarare från Rasbo: Till Tolkningen av Inskriften på Fröstunastenen U 1003" (PDF). Fornvännen. 103. Swedish National Heritage Board: 233–243. ISSN 1404-9430. Retrieved 21 November 2011. p. 239.
- ^ MacLeod, Mindy (2002). Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy. Uppsala Universitet. p. 135. ISBN 91-506-1534-3.
- ^ a b c Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 219, 229–31. ISBN 978-0-85115-826-6.
- ^ Sawyer, Birgit (2000). The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. pp. 103–107. ISBN 0-19-820643-7.
- ^ a b Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The Origin of Rus'. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 387. ISBN 0-674-64465-4.
- ^ a b c Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk - Rundata entry for Vs 22.