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Procession of the Aamu

A group of West Asiatic foreigners, possibly Canaanites, labelled as Aamu (ꜥꜣmw), including the leading man with a Nubian ibex labelled as Abisha the Hyksos (𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos"). Tomb of 12th-dynasty official Khnumhotep II, who served under Senusret III, at Beni Hasan c. 1900 BCE.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Aamu
in hieroglyphs

Aamu (Ancient Egyptian: 𓂝𓄿𓅓𓅱, romanized: ꜥꜣmw) was an name used to designate West Asians in ancient Egypt.^[1] It is often translated as "Western Asiatic", but it might refer specifically to Canaanites or Amorites.^[1]^[2]

Contemporary Egyptian sources from the time of the wars against the Hyksos also refer to the latter as ꜥꜣmw. Although they have left no inscriptions in their own language, some of their personal names have turned up in Egyptian records, which are a syntactical and lexical match for West Semitic dialects.^[5] An ancient Egyptian painting in the tomb of 12th Dynasty official Khnumhotep II, at Beni Hasan (c. 1900 BCE), shows a group of West Asiatic foreigners, possibly Canaanites, labelled as Aamu (ꜥꜣmw), including the leading man with a Nubian ibex labelled "Abisha the Hyksos" (𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos").^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The Aamu from this relief are further labeled as being from the area of Shu, which may be identified, with some uncertainty, with the area of Moab in southern Palestine around the Jordan River, or generally the southern Levant, just east of the Jordan and the Red Sea.^[6]

Word "Aamu" (from right to left) in two Egyptian scripts, in the
A more recent description of the word (left to right, 1898)
Aamu people ('𓂝𓄿𓅓𓅱' characters spread alongside each individual) in the Book of Gates (rendering)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mieroop, Marc Van De (2010). A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4051-6070-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bard, Kathryn A. (2015). An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-118-89611-2.
^ ^a ^b Curry, Andrew (2018). "The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org.
^ ^a ^b Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 1 (3). S2CID 199601200.
^ Redford, Donald B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-691-03606-3.
^ Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 1 (3): 25. S2CID 199601200.
^ Ancient Sculpture and works of Art part II, Sotheby's, 2019 "It is possible that this object formed part of the handle of an implement; " This piece was later in headlines for controversy. https://archive.today/20231226213938/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/03/archaeologist-urges-sothebys-cancel-auction-illicit-artefacts/

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[MVDM131-1] Mieroop, Marc Van De (2010). A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4051-6070-4.

[KB188-2] Bard, Kathryn A. (2015). An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-118-89611-2.

[archaeology.org-3] Curry, Andrew (2018). "The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org.

[pdfs.semanticscholar.org-4] Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 1 (3). S2CID 199601200.

[5] Redford, Donald B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-691-03606-3.

[6] Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 1 (3): 25. S2CID 199601200.

[7] Ancient Sculpture and works of Art part II, Sotheby's, 2019 "It is possible that this object formed part of the handle of an implement; " This piece was later in headlines for controversy. https://archive.today/20231226213938/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/03/archaeologist-urges-sothebys-cancel-auction-illicit-artefacts/

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 '''Aamu''' ({{lang-egy|𓂝𓄿𓅓𓅱|[[:wikt:ꜥꜣm|ꜥꜣm]]w}}) was an name used to designate [[West Asia]]ns in ancient Egypt.<ref name="MVDM131"/> It is often translated as "Western Asiatic", but it might refer specifically to [[Canaan]]ites or [[Amorites]].<ref name="MVDM131"/><ref name="KB188"/>
-Contemporary Egyptian sources from the time of the wars against the [[Hyksos]] also refer to the latter as {{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}. Although they have left no inscriptions in their own language, some of their personal names have turned up in Egyptian records, which are a syntactical and lexical match for [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]] dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Redford |first=Donald B. |title=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-691-03606-3 |edition=1st |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> An ancient Egyptian painting in the tomb of [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|12th Dynasty]] official [[Khnumhotep II]], at [[Beni Hasan]] ({{circa|1900 BCE}}), shows a group of West Asiatic foreigners, possibly [[Canaan]]ites, labelled as ''Aamu'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [[Nubian ibex]] labelled "Abisha the [[Hyksos]]" ({{lang|egy|𓋾𓈎𓈉}} [[:wikt:ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw|ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw]], ''Heqa-kasut'' for "Hyksos").<ref name="MVDM131" /><ref name="KB188" /><ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |website=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref><ref name="pdfs.semanticscholar.org">{{cite journal |last1=Kamrin |first1=Janice |title=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=2009 |volume= 1 |issue=3 |s2cid=199601200 }}</ref> The ''Aamu'' from this relief are further labeled as being from the area of ''Shu'', which may be identified, with some uncertainty, with the area of [[Moab]] in southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]/[[Land of Israel|Land of Israel]] around the [[Jordan River]], or generally the southern [[Levant]], just east of the Jordan and the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamrin |first1=Janice |title=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=2009 |volume= 1 |issue=3 |page=25|s2cid=199601200 }}</ref>
+Contemporary Egyptian sources from the time of the wars against the [[Hyksos]] also refer to the latter as {{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}. Although they have left no inscriptions in their own language, some of their personal names have turned up in Egyptian records, which are a syntactical and lexical match for [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]] dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Redford |first=Donald B. |title=Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-691-03606-3 |edition=1st |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> An ancient Egyptian painting in the tomb of [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|12th Dynasty]] official [[Khnumhotep II]], at [[Beni Hasan]] ({{circa|1900 BCE}}), shows a group of West Asiatic foreigners, possibly [[Canaan]]ites, labelled as ''Aamu'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [[Nubian ibex]] labelled "Abisha the [[Hyksos]]" ({{lang|egy|𓋾𓈎𓈉}} [[:wikt:ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw|ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw]], ''Heqa-kasut'' for "Hyksos").<ref name="MVDM131" /><ref name="KB188" /><ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |website=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref><ref name="pdfs.semanticscholar.org">{{cite journal |last1=Kamrin |first1=Janice |title=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=2009 |volume= 1 |issue=3 |s2cid=199601200 }}</ref> The ''Aamu'' from this relief are further labeled as being from the area of ''Shu'', which may be identified, with some uncertainty, with the area of [[Moab]] in southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] around the [[Jordan River]], or generally the southern [[Levant]], just east of the Jordan and the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamrin |first1=Janice |title=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=2009 |volume= 1 |issue=3 |page=25|s2cid=199601200 }}</ref>
 [[File:Sotheby's Auction Art Hyksos Egyptian art.jpg|thumb|An Egyptian glazed steatite profile head of an Asiatic 1540-1190 BCE<ref>{{citation |title=Ancient Sculpture and works of Art part II |date=2019 |url=https://archive.today/20230508091937/https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2022/ancient-sculpture-and-works-of-art-part-ii/an-egyptian-glazed-steatite-profile-head-of-an |publisher=[[Sotheby's]]}} "It is possible that this object formed part of the handle of an implement; " This piece was later in headlines for controversy. https://archive.today/20231226213938/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/03/archaeologist-urges-sothebys-cancel-auction-illicit-artefacts/  </ref>]]