Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.

Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.
File:2nd Circuit seal.jpg
Court	United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Decided	Feb. 19, 1998
Citation	137 F.3d 109
Case history
Prior action	Appeal from Dec. 20, 1996 S.D.N.Y. (J. Preska)
Subsequent action	137 F.3d 580
Court membership
Judges sitting	Newman, Calabresi, Cudahy
Case opinions
A parody of Annie Leibovitz' photograph was deemed to be fair use.

Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. is an influential 1998 Second Circuit fair use case.

Case background

Annie Leibovitz is a professional portrait photographer who had published a photograph of celebrity Demi Moore while seven months pregnant. The photograph, published on the front cover of Vanity Fair in August, 1991, had achieved significant fame and notoriety on publication, and Paramount Pictures chose to parody it in 1993 as part of a promotional campaign for its new film "Naked Gun: The Final Insult" (Naked Gun 33 1/3). Paramount's commissioned photograph featured Leslie Nielsen's face superimposed over the body of a pregnant woman, shot and digitally manipulated in such a way as to closely resemble Leibovitz' photograph of Demi Moore. Paramount ran the ad nationally, and Leibovitz elected to sue for copyright infringement.

Proceedings and analysis

Photographs at issue

Original Leibovitz photograph Original Leibovitz photograph

Paramount Pictures promotional parody

Annie Leibovitz' original photograph of Demi Moore is on the left. On the right, Leslie Nielsen's head is superimposed over the body of a model hired by Paramount Pictures. The Court took particular note that, while the composition and posing of the models is the same, other elements are different. For instance, the lighting between the two photos is different: in the Paramount photo the lighting is more garish, including greater contrasts and brighter colors while in the Leibovitz photo the lighting is warmer and more subdued. In the Paramount photo the ring on the model's right-hand is, again, garish, and much larger than the ring Demi Moore is wearing on her right hand. These artistic choices on the part of Paramount's designers heighten the parodic effect. The expressions on the models' faces are also significant: Moore's face has a serious expression, hearkening back to the classical "venus pudica" pose, while Nielsen's face bears a smirk, disrupting serious appreciation. Of course, the ultimate contrast is that of a healthy pregnant woman, compared with an older man's face superimposed onto a woman's body.

At trial, the Southern District of New York found the use to be fair.

On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed.

Examining the four fair use factors, the court found that although Paramount's photographer drew heavily from Leibovitz' composition, in light of Paramount's parodic purpose and absence of market harm the use of the photographic was a fair use. While Leibovitz had argued that she was entitled to licensing revenue from the photograph, the court found that parodies were likely to generate little or no licensing revenue.

Further reading

• full text from FindLaw
• Miatta Tenneh Dabo, "Recent Development: Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.: Fair Use Doctrine: When Is Copyright Infringement a Parody?", Univ. of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal v.7, p.155 (Spring 1999).
• Matthew A. Eisenstein, "An Economic Analysis of the Fair Use Defense in Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corporation", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, v.148, no. 3 (Jan. 2000), pp. 889-930.
• Jonathan M. Fox, "The Fair Use Commercial Parody Defense and How to Improve It," Idea v.46 p. 619 (2006).
• Jeremy Kudon, "Note: Form Over Function: Expanding the Transformative Use Test for Fair Use," Boston University Law Review v.80, p. 579 (April 2000).
• Michael Lynch, "A Theory of Pure Buffoonery: Fair Use and Humor," Dayton Law Review v. 24, p.1 (Fall 1998).