Plasmodium knowlesi: Difference between revisions
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Reports of human ''P. knowlesi'' infections are confined to Southeast Asia,<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chin W, Contacos PG, Coatney RG, Kimbal HR. | journal=Science | year=1965 | title=A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkeys | volume=149 | pages=865 | id=PMID 14332847 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=1971 | volume=65 | issue=6 | pages=839–40 | title=A presumptive case of naturally occurring ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria in man in Malaysia | author=Yap FL, Cadigan FC, Coatney GR. | id=PMID 5003320 }}</ref> particularly Malaysia,<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite journal | journal=Lancet | year=2004 | volume=363 | pages=1017–24 | title=A large focus of naturally acquired ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' infections in human beings | author=Singh B, Lee KS, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SSG, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4 }}</ref> but there are also reports on the Thai-Burmese border.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year=2004 | volume=10 | issue=12 | pages=2211–3 | title=Naturally acquired ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria in human, Thailand | author=Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H. | id=PMID 15663864 }}</ref> A fifth of the cases of malaria diagnosed in [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysian Borneo]] are due to ''P. knowlesi''.<ref name="Singh2004"/> |
Reports of human ''P. knowlesi'' infections are confined to Southeast Asia,<ref>{{cite journal | author=Chin W, Contacos PG, Coatney RG, Kimbal HR. | journal=Science | year=1965 | title=A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkeys | volume=149 | pages=865 | id=PMID 14332847 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=1971 | volume=65 | issue=6 | pages=839–40 | title=A presumptive case of naturally occurring ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria in man in Malaysia | author=Yap FL, Cadigan FC, Coatney GR. | id=PMID 5003320 }}</ref> particularly Malaysia,<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite journal | journal=Lancet | year=2004 | volume=363 | pages=1017–24 | title=A large focus of naturally acquired ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' infections in human beings | author=Singh B, Lee KS, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SSG, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4 }}</ref> but there are also reports on the Thai-Burmese border.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year=2004 | volume=10 | issue=12 | pages=2211–3 | title=Naturally acquired ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' malaria in human, Thailand | author=Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H. | id=PMID 15663864 }}</ref> A fifth of the cases of malaria diagnosed in [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysian Borneo]] are due to ''P. knowlesi''.<ref name="Singh2004"/> |
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''P. knowlesi'' infection is normally considered an infection of long-tailed (''Macaca fascicularis'') and pig-tailed ('' |
''P. knowlesi'' infection is normally considered an infection of long-tailed (''[[Macaca fascicularis]]'') and pig-tailed (''[[Macaca nemestrina]]'') macaques, but humans who work at the forest fringe or enter the rainforest to work are at risk of being infected with ''P. knowlesi''. The mosquito ''[[Anopheles latens]]'' is attracted to both macaques and humans and has been shown to be the main vector transmitting ''P. knowlesi'' to humans in the Kapit Division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo''<ref name="Vythilingam2006">{{cite journal | author=Vythilingam I, Tan CH, Asmad M, Chan ST, Lee KS, Singh B. | title=Natural transmission of ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' to humans by ''Anopheles latens'' in Sarawak, Malaysia | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=2006 | volume=100 | pages=1087–88 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.006 }}</ref>. ''Within the monkey population in Peninsular Malaysia,'' ''[[Anopheles hackeri|''A. hackeri'']]'', ''is believed to be the main vector of'' ''''P. knowlesi'''' : ''although'' ''''A. hackeri'''' ''is capable of transmitting malaria to humans'',<ref>{{cite journal | author=Wharton RH, Eyles DE. | title=''Anopheles hackeri,'' a vector of '''''Plasmodium knowlesi''''' in Malaya | year=1961 | journal=Lancet | journal=Science | volume=134 | pages=279–80 }}</ref> ''it is not normally attracted to humans and therefore cannot be an important vector for transmission.''<ref>{{cite journal | author=Reid JA, Weitz B. | year=1961 | title=Anopheline mosquitoes as vectors of animal malaria in Malaya | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | volume=55 | pages=180–6 }}</ref> |
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==Diagnosis== |
==Diagnosis== |
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Revision as of 17:36, 31 December 2007
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| Species: | P. knowlesi
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| Plasmodium knowlesi | |
Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia. It causes malaria in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), but it may also infect humans, either naturally or artificially.
Epidemiology
Reports of human P. knowlesi infections are confined to Southeast Asia,[1][2] particularly Malaysia,[3] but there are also reports on the Thai-Burmese border.[4] A fifth of the cases of malaria diagnosed in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo are due to P. knowlesi.[3]
P. knowlesi infection is normally considered an infection of long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed (Macaca nemestrina) macaques, but humans who work at the forest fringe or enter the rainforest to work are at risk of being infected with P. knowlesi. The mosquito Anopheles latens is attracted to both macaques and humans and has been shown to be the main vector transmitting P. knowlesi to humans in the Kapit Division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo[5]. Within the monkey population in Peninsular Malaysia, A. hackeri, is believed to be the main vector of 'P. knowlesi' : although 'A. hackeri' is capable of transmitting malaria to humans,[6] it is not normally attracted to humans and therefore cannot be an important vector for transmission.[7]
Diagnosis
P. knowlesi infections is diagnosed by examining thick and thin blood films in the same way as other malarias. The appearance of P. knowlesi is similar to that of P. malariae and is unlikely to be correctly diagnosed except by using molecular detection assays [3]in a malaria reference laboratory. There are no ill effects of misdiagnosing P. knowlesi as P. malariae, because the treatment is the same.
Treatment
P. knowlesi infection responds well to treatment with chloroquine and primaquine.[3]
Plasmodium knowlesi genome data
References
- ^ Chin W, Contacos PG, Coatney RG, Kimbal HR. (1965). "A naturally acquired quotidian-type malaria in man transferable to monkeys". Science. 149: 865. PMID 14332847.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yap FL, Cadigan FC, Coatney GR. (1971). "A presumptive case of naturally occurring Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in man in Malaysia". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 65 (6): 839–40. PMID 5003320.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Singh B, Lee KS, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SSG, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ (2004). "A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings". Lancet. 363: 1017–24. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "Singh2004" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H. (2004). "Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (12): 2211–3. PMID 15663864.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vythilingam I, Tan CH, Asmad M, Chan ST, Lee KS, Singh B. (2006). "Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak, Malaysia". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 100: 1087–88. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.006.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wharton RH, Eyles DE. (1961). "Anopheles hackeri, a vector of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaya". Science. 134: 279–80.
- ^ Reid JA, Weitz B. (1961). "Anopheline mosquitoes as vectors of animal malaria in Malaya". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 55: 180–6.
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