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== Influences == |
== Influences == |
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I, the Supreme is influenced by 20th century writer Macedonio Fernandez, as well as other avant |
I, the Supreme is influenced by 20th century Argentinian writer Macedonio Fernandez, as well as other avant garde artists like Borges and Corazar. They are similar in use of metaphysical language and techniques used to reconstruct reality, as Dr. Francia does in his dictated creation of el Supremo, the ruler of all reality. Macedonio's writing utilized characters that did not fit the archetype of Western fiction, each existed on their own, only having meaning through their interaction with others in a collective, often never experiencing growth or development in order to construct atemporal spaces of mythmaking that challenge reality. Bastos borrows from these ideas yet uses the existing political and social history to challenge their factuality. He dismantles national Paraguayan mythology, so intimately intertwined with the life of Dr.Francia, elucidating the distinctions between mythic and mythological. The novel can only accomplish this task within the metaphysical space of mythmaking. Whereas Macedonio attacks the concept of the individual as subject while admitting the fact that to write makes oneself a subject, Bastos recognizes this paradox and exploits it, utilizing it in concerns of political and social nature.<ref>Garth, Todd "Politicizing Myth and Absence: From Macedonio Fernandez to Augusto Roa Bastos" in ''Structures of Power: Essays on Twentieth Century Spanish American-Fiction'' State University of New York Press. 1996</ref> |
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==Style== |
==Style== |
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Revision as of 07:18, 13 March 2008
| File:Ithesupreme2.jpg The cover of the Spanish edition of the novel, published by Cátedra. | |
| Author | Augusto Roa Bastos |
|---|---|
| Original title | 'Yo el supremo' |
| Translator | Helen Lane |
| Language | Spanish |
| Genre | Historical novel |
Publication date | 1974 |
| Publication place | Paraguay |
Published in English | 1986 |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| ISBN | 1-56478-247-6 |
I The Supreme (orig. Spanish Yo el supremo) is a historical novel written by exiled Paraguayan author Augusto Roa Bastos. This book was first published in Spanish in 1974, and in English (translation by Helen Lane) in 1986.
This novel is a fictionalized account of the 19th Century Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who was also known as "Dr. Francia." Its title derives from the fact that Francia referred to himself as "El Supremo" or "the Supreme." It is considered to be part of the genre of novelas de dictadores or 'Dictator Novels', and also as a part of the Latin American Boom, a movement of Latin American literature in the 1960's and 1970's., [1]
Synopsis
As critic John King notes, "it is impossible to summarize this extraordinary novel in a few lines. It incorporates the latest developments in linguistic theory and practice, talks of the arbitrariness and unreliability of language that purports to describe reality, rereads and comments upon the various histories and travellers' accounts of Paraguay, ranges across the breadth of Latin American history, implicitly condemning Stroessner and debating with Fidel Castro, and exploring once again the gap between writer and reader."[2]
The novel opens with a pasquinade or (supposedly) forged note found on Asunción's cathedral door.
Influences
I, the Supreme is influenced by 20th century Argentinian writer Macedonio Fernandez, as well as other avant garde artists like Borges and Corazar. They are similar in use of metaphysical language and techniques used to reconstruct reality, as Dr. Francia does in his dictated creation of el Supremo, the ruler of all reality. Macedonio's writing utilized characters that did not fit the archetype of Western fiction, each existed on their own, only having meaning through their interaction with others in a collective, often never experiencing growth or development in order to construct atemporal spaces of mythmaking that challenge reality. Bastos borrows from these ideas yet uses the existing political and social history to challenge their factuality. He dismantles national Paraguayan mythology, so intimately intertwined with the life of Dr.Francia, elucidating the distinctions between mythic and mythological. The novel can only accomplish this task within the metaphysical space of mythmaking. Whereas Macedonio attacks the concept of the individual as subject while admitting the fact that to write makes oneself a subject, Bastos recognizes this paradox and exploits it, utilizing it in concerns of political and social nature.[3]
Style
I, The Supreme is a dense, complicated novel that requires considerable reader involvement. Helene Weldt-Basson suggests that symbolism plays an important role in the novel, one that goes hand-in-hand with the complexity of the writing. She references Tzvetan Todorov's theory of symbolism in literature which suggests that "[there is an] inseparability of symbolism and interpretation. There are, for me, simply two aspects of a single phenomenon." This theory dovetails quite well with the multiple meanings associated with different objects in I, The Supreme. [4] Although the novel is a dialogue between The Supreme and his secretary, Patiño, there are in fact six different types of narration in the text: notebook entries, dialogues that have been transcribed, a logbook, the "voice" of El Supremo's father, two documents, and, of course, the intallments of the perpetual circular, which is ostensibly the main project Patiño and Dr. Francia are working on.[5] In addition to the six different types of narrative, there are also three possible authors: Roa Bastos, the author-compiler, and the "implied author". The latter refers to the "behavior, attitudes, and backgrounds... necessary for a proper understanding of the text.[6] The multitude of possibilities regarding the author and the shift between types of narratives, combined with an absence of quotation marks, contribute to this book being referred to as "undoubtedly, [the authors] most complicated work to date."[7]
Characters
Dr. Francia (El Supremo) is the character the book is named after. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia or "Dr. Francia" is undoubtedly the main focus of the book, although not in a bibliographic sense. Most of the book is dedicated to his dictates to his secretary, Patiño. El Supremo is a domineering man, frequently belittling his closest confidant. He is also an infirm man, as the book is set a short time before his death on September 20th, 1840. Bastos' portrayal of him walks the line between praise and condemnation. While other authors of the novelas de dictadores clearly present their dictators as villians, Bastos makes it unclear as to whether he is defending him or not.[8]
Patiño Policarpo is the Supreme's secretary and amanuensis. Much of the book consists of dialogue between the Supreme and his secretary, which Policarpo records at the same time as he write what is dictated to him. Hence, in Roberto González Echevarría's words, "Patiño is the quintessential writer"[9]
Reception
Gerald Martin observes that "the publication of I the Supreme in 1974 was an exceptional cultural phenomenon." He goes on to note that Roa Bastos's novel "was more immediately and unanimously acclaimed than any novel since One Hundred Years of Solitude, and critics seemed to suspect that its strictly historical importance might be even greater than that of García Márquez's fabulously successful creation."[10]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ "I, The Supreme: "A DESPOT, NOW AND FOREVER", New York Times Book Review by Carlos Fuentes, April 6, 1986". Accessed March 6, 2008.
- ^ John King, "Augusto Roa Bastos: An Introduction." Modern Latin American Fiction: A Survey. Ed. John King. London: Faber and Faber, 1987. 297
- ^ Garth, Todd "Politicizing Myth and Absence: From Macedonio Fernandez to Augusto Roa Bastos" in Structures of Power: Essays on Twentieth Century Spanish American-Fiction State University of New York Press. 1996
- ^ Helene Carol Weldt-Basson Augusto Roa Bastos's I the Supreme: A dialogical perspective' University of Missouri: Columbia 1993 p. 77
- ^ Augusto Roa Bastos' I The Supreme, Harley D. Oberhelman Hispania 1994 p.450
- ^ Helene Weldt-Basson p.219
- ^ Augusto Roa Bastos' I The Supreme, Harley D. Oberhelman Hispania 1994 p.450
- ^ Foster, David William. "Augusto Roa Bastos' "I the Supreme": A Dialogic Perspective",Hispanic Review. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1995
- ^ González Echevarría, p. 80.
- ^ Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century (London: Verso, 1989): 278
References
- Buffery, Helena (30 August 2005). "Roa Bastos and the Question of Cultural Translatability (or how does one get to Paraguay?)". Dissidences. Hispanic Journal of Theory and Criticism. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - González Echevarría, Roberto (1985). The Voice of the Masters: Writing and Authority in Modern Latin American Literature. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 029278709.
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