Preventive war

Preventive war is a war launched in anticipation of a future loss of security or strategic advantage. The label is intended to distinguish it from preemptive war, or anticipatory self-defense. Preventive war is only claimed to prevent a hypothetical attack which might occur in the future; for example, a war launched to prevent an adversary acquiring more powerful weapons. In international law, preventive war has no recognized status as distinct from a war of aggression.

History

World War II (1939-1945)

Both Axis and Allies in the Second World War invaded neutral countries on grounds of prevention. In 1940, Germany occupied Denmark and Norway, arguing that Britain might have used them as launching points for an attack, or prevented supply of strategic materials to Germany. In 1941, the British and Soviets invaded Iran to secure a supply corridor into Russia. The Shah of Iran appealed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt for help, but was rebuffed on the grounds that "movements of conquest by Germany will continue and will extend beyond Europe to Asia, Africa, and even to the Americas, unless they are stopped by military force".

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was motivated by a need to remove U.S. naval power from the Pacific to allow the Empire of Japan to advance with reduced opposition into the rich Southern Resource Area (the Dutch East Indies, the Malay peninsula, the Philippines, etc). In 1940, American policies and tension toward Japanese military actions and Japanese expansionism in the Far East increased. For example, in May of 1940, the base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet that was stationed on the west coast of the United States was forwarded to an "advanced" position located at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The move was opposed by some Navy officials, including its commander who was in consequence relieved by President Roosevelt. Even so, the Far East Fleet was not significantly reinforced. Another ineffective plan to reinforce the Pacific was a rather late relocation of fighter planes to bases located on the Pacific islands (e.g., Wake Island, Guam, and the Philippines). For a long time, Japanese leaders, especially leaders of the Imperial Japanese Navy, had known that the large military strength and production capacity of the United States posed a long-term threat to Japan's imperialist desires, especially if hostilities broke out in the Pacific. War games on both sides had long reflected these expectations.

Arab-Israeli War (1967)

A dispute over territorial waters led Egypt to mobilize its military forces against Israel. Israel could not maintain a comparable level of mobilization due to its smaller population, and so decided to strike first. This has been described as a preemptive war, but in the absence of an imminently anticipated armed attack, more closely fits the definition of a preventive war..

Iraq War (2003-present)

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was justified in part as a preventive war, on the grounds that an Iraqi weapons buildup and/or possible alliances with international Islamic terrorist groups that share a common hatred of Western countries might, in the future, threaten international peace and security, and, specifically, Europe and the United States. In support of an attack on Iraq, U.S. President George W. Bush stated in an address to the United Nations on September 12, 2002, that the Iraqi "regime is a grave and gathering danger.". North Carolina Senator John Edwards said on February 24, 2002, "I think Iraq is the most serious and imminent threat to our country."

Criticism

Legal scholars generally agree that preventive war is not legally distinct from aggression, "the supreme crime" in international law. Commentators as diverse as Dwight Eisenhower and Noam Chomsky have argued that accepting one preventive war would open the floodgates to all preventive wars, reducing the world to "the law of the jungle". Meanwhile, Western neo-conservatives have controversially argued that preventive war is a useful and necessary tool in an age of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and that international law favors order and national sovereignty over more important factors such as preventing genocide or liberating oppressed peoples.

See also

• A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
• Bush Doctrine
• Command responsibility
• Caroline affair
• Dwight D. Eisenhower statements on 'preventative war' in WikiQuote
• Jus ad bellum
• Military science
• UN Charter
• War of aggression
• Legality of the Iraq War

External links

• Chomsky: Preventive War 'the Supreme Crime'
• The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense (ASIL Task Force Paper)
• The Caroline Case : Anticipatory Self-Defence in Contemporary International Law (Miskolc Journal of International Law v.1 (2004) No. 2 pp. 104-120)
• The American Strategy of Preemptive War and International Law