Voeren

Voeren
Municipality
The church in Sint-Pieters-Voeren
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Voeren
Country	Belgium
Community	Flemish Community
Region	Flemish Region
Province	Limburg
Arrondissement	Tongeren
Government
• Mayor	Huub Broers (Voerbelangen)
• Governing party/ies	Voerbelangen
Area
• Total	50.61 km2 (19.54 sq mi)
Population  (2018-01-01)
• Total	4,160
• Density	82/km2 (210/sq mi)
Postal codes	3790, 3791, 3792, 3793, 3798
NIS code	73109
Area codes	04
Website	www.voeren.be

Sint-Martens-Voeren

Voeren (Fourons in French) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. On January 1 2006, Voeren had a total population of 4,263. The total area is 50.63 km² which gives a population density of 84 inhabitants per km².

Villages

The municipality consists of the six villages: 's-Gravenvoeren, Sint-Pieters-Voeren, Sint-Martens-Voeren, Moelingen, Teuven and Remersdaal. 's-Gravenvoeren is the most important and most populated town of the municipality

History

Since the 11th century, the territory of the present municipality Voeren was for 2/3 part of the county of Dalhem, which was a possession of the Dukes of Brabant, and for 1/3 part of the Duchy of Limburg, which also belonged to Brabant after 1288. As such, it became part of the Burgundian Netherlands, then the Habsburg Netherlands, and after the Dutch Revolt, part of the Spanish, later Austrian controlled Southern Netherlands. After the French occupation (1794-1815) it became part of the province of Liège until 1963 when it was transferred to the province of Limburg, and thus became part of Flanders.

Linguistic and political problems

Most native people in Voeren speak Limburgish, a dialect of Dutch. Voeren is economically dependent on the provinces of Liège and, increasingly, Dutch Limburg and the majority of its inhabitants are Dutch speaking, a significant minority even being Dutch citizens.

Until the beginning of the 20th century people generally didn't bother which administration Voeren came under. People in daily life spoke the local dialect. The government institutions used French and church and school used German or Dutch.

But some influential inhabitants such as the local priest, Hendrik Veltmans, argued that Voeren was culturally Flemish and actively tried to bring Voeren into Flanders.

In 1932 due to the introduction of new linguistic laws, the linguistic alignment of Voeren was determined (as for all other towns alongside the language border in Belgium) on the basis of the results of the census of 1930. According to this census 81,2% of the population of the six villages that now make up Voeren spoke Dutch and 18,8% declared speaking French, administrative changes were made as a result. The results of the next census held in 1947, were only made public in 1954 and gave a totally different outcome with only 42,9% declaring to speak Dutch and 57,1% French. According to the 1932 legislation this would have meant that the linguistic status of the villages would have changed from Dutch speaking with a French minority into French speaking with a Dutch speaking minority. At that time however, due to the rising political controversy between the Dutch- and French-speaking communities in Belgium, a parliamentary committee (the so called centrum Harmel, named after Pierre Harmel) was established to fix, amongst others, the language border once and for all. This committee proposed, notwithstanding the 1947 results (highly disputed by the Flemish), that the six villages were Dutch speaking with special regulations for the French speaking minority to be decided after discussion with the town councils.

In 1962 the work of the committee resulted in a proposal of law by the Minister of the Interior Gilson, whereby Voeren would be officially Dutch speaking with language facilities for the French speaking community but keeping Voeren part of the French speaking province of Liège. After fierce debate in parliament this proposal was approved but only after it was decided that Voeren would become part of the Dutch speaking province of Limburg. This switch from Liège to Limburg was received badly by a large extent of the local population because of the region's dependence on Liège. Francophones in particular campaigned for the region to be returned to the province of Liège.

On January 1, 1977, the six small municipalities were merged to the present-day Voeren municipality. The Francophone and Flemish movements could organize themselves politically more effectively as there was now one instead of six municipal councils. This resulted in political and linguistic strife between the Francophone Retour à Liège (Return to Liège) party and the Flemish Voerbelangen (Voeren's Best Interests) party. The Retour à Liège faction won a majority in the new council. There were also action committees on both sides and gangs who daubed place-name signs and took part in violent demonstrations. The language struggle in Voeren became a national issue, and people from outside the region became involved.

The linguistic struggle came to a head when José Happart was put forward as mayor in 1983. For one thing, he was alleged to have supported the Francophone gangs in Voeren. However the main problem was the constitutional question of whether someone who couldn't speak Dutch/Flemish could become mayor of a Flemish municipality. Happart was dismissed as mayor for refusing to take a Dutch language test, but appealed against his dismissal, and the question dragged on for years, ultimately causing the Belgian government to fall on October 19 1987.

In 1988 concessions to the Francophone inhabitants were made. The powers of the provincial government of Limburg were curtailed and more autonomy was given to the municipality. The government of Wallonia was allowed to build facilities for Francophones in Voeren.

In the 1994 municipal elections the Dutch speaking party (Voerbelangen) won a seat more than in earlier elections but was still a minority in the council. In 1995 mayor Happart was forced to leave office. Several national courts of arbitration declared some of the 1988 concessions unconstitutional (e.g. the Walloon building rights).

Bilingual road sign. The Dutch name Voeren has been painted over leaving the French name Fourons only

EU nationals were given suffrage at the municipal level in 1999. This factor was decisive in the 2000 municipal elections because of the important number of Dutch citizens living in Voeren (about 20% of the total population): Voerbelangen won a majority of 53% of the votes and 8 out of 15 local council seats. However, the new majority faced budgetary difficulties, since a lot of debts had been made by the previous administration. Selling several municipal properties like forests and goods was necessary to make the council financially sound. Starting 2003–2004 the council is viable again and new projects are being started to fulfill the promises made during the elections. In the 2006 municipal elections Voerbelangen won again, gaining 61% of the votes and 9 out of 15 council seats. For the first time, Voerbelangen also won the majority of the seats in the council of the OCMW (Public Center for Social Welfare), the social affairs department of the municipality, for which EU nationals may not vote.

Though the violence of the 1970s and 1980s has subsided, some activists still daub graffiti on place-name signs.

Results of the linguistic census per village

NL = Dutch speaking FR = French speaking

	1930 NL	1930 FR	1930 NL	1930 FR	1947 NL	1947 FR	1947 NL	1947 FR
Moelingen	469	177	72,8%	27,2%	182	487	43,7%	56,3%
's Gravenvoeren	922	307	75,0%	25,0%	521	672	43,7%	56,3%
Sint-Martens-Voeren	805	88	90,1%	9,9%	480	348	58,0%	42,0%
Sint-Pieters-Voeren	249	38	86,8%	13,2%	163	164	49,8%	50,2%
Teuven	538	54	90,9%	9,1%	283	324	46,6%	53,4%
Remersdaal	316	102	75,6%	24,4%	92	294	23,8%	76,2%
Voeren-Total	3.299	766	81,2%	18,8%	1.721	2.289	42,9%	57,1%

Tourism

Voeren is an attractive rural area of Belgium, with small villages set in rolling hills, traditional farmhouses, orchards, fields, woods and nature reserves. Hotel, camping and backpackers' hostel accommodation is available in the area. There are also quite a lot of village festivals, since Francophone and Flemish groups organise separate events.

Francophone and Flemish groups seem to agree that tourism will help to solve the Voeren linguistic problem as it helps the local economy and lessens the economic dependency on both Liège and Limburg.

External links

• Official website - Dutch and French