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added the citation from the actual Thind vs. US court case. It says that the Caucasian mixed with the dark-skinned Dravidian not that they're all Caucasian
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==United States ==
==United States ==


In 1923, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decided in ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'' that people of India were not "free white men" entitled to citizenship, despite anthropological evidence in "''the extreme northwestern districts of India''"<ref name=Thind /> there is present the "''Caucasian or [[Aryan race]]''"<ref name=Thind /> with an "''intermixture of blood''"<ref name=Thind /> from the "''dark skinned [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]]''"<ref name=Thind /> according to [[George Sutherland]]. <ref name=Thind>United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit., No. 202. Argued January 11, 12, 1923.—Decided February 19, 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.</ref>
In the [[United States]], ''[[Caucasian-American|Caucasian]]'' has been mainly a distinction, based on [[skin color]], for a group commonly called ''[[White American]]s'', as defined by the government and [[Census Bureau]].<ref>Painter, p. {{page number}}</ref>

Between [[Immigration Act of 1917|1917]] and [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965]], immigration to the USA was restricted by "national origins quota".
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'' (1923) decided Indians were not Caucasian, because most common people did not consider them to be Caucasian.


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

Revision as of 20:05, 11 September 2008

For the peoples actually from the Caucasus, see Peoples of the Caucasus.
For other uses of the term "Caucasian", see Caucasian.
The 4th edition of Meyers Konversationslexikon (Leipzig, 1885-1890) shows the "Caucasian race" (in blue) as comprising "Aryans", "Semites" and "Hamites". "Aryans" are further sub-divided into "European Aryans" and "Indo-Aryans" (the latter corresponding to the group now designated Indo-Iranians). Adjacent to the "Caucasians" are the "Sudan-Negroes" to the south (shown in brown), the Dravidians in India (shown in green) and Asians to the east (shown in yellow, subsuming the peoples now grouped under Ural-Altaic (light yellow) and Sino-Tibetan (solid yellow)).

The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the "white" race of mankind, which he derived from the region of the Caucasus.[1] It was thus in use as denoting populations of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Central and South Asia", or more narrowly people of European origin.[2] The concept's existence is based on the now obsolete typological method of racial classification.[3][4]

Origins of the term

The term Caucasian originated as one of the racial categories recognized by 19th century craniology and is derived from the region of the Caucasus mountains[5].The concept of a "Caucasian race" or Varietas Caucasia was first proposed under those names by the German scientist and classical anthropologist, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840).[6] His studies based the classification of the Caucasian race primarily on skull features, which Blumenbach claimed were optimized by the Caucasian Peoples.[7] Blumenbach writes:

Caucasian variety - I have taken the name of this variety from Mount Caucasus, both because its neighborhood, and especially its southern slope, produces the most beautiful race of men, I mean the Georgian; and because all physiological reasons converge to this, that in that region, if anywhere, it seems we ought with the greatest probability to place the autochthones (birth place) of mankind.[8]

The Caucasus was historically an area of fascination for Europeans;[dubious – discuss] Prometheus and Jason and the Argonauts were myths featured in the Caucasus.[9] Greek mythology considered women from the Caucasus to have magical powers.[10] In Greek mythology, this area was thought of as a kind of hell since Zeus imprisoned many Titans who opposed him (e.g. Prometheus) there.

Physical anthropology

The famed exemplary Georgian skull Blumenbach discovered in 1795 to hypothesize origination of Europeans from the Caucasus.
File:Europaeid types.jpg
Meyers Blitz-Lexikon (Leipzig, 1932) divides “Europäid” types into: Nordic, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Alpine, East Baltic, Turks, Bedouins, Afghans.

Caucasoid race is a term used in physical anthropology to refer to people of a certain range of anthropometric measurements [11].

19th century classifications of the peoples of India considered the Dravidians of non-Caucasoid stock, as "Australoid" (Thomas Huxley 1865) or a separate "Dravida" race (Edgar Thurston) and assumed a gradient of miscegenation of high-caste Caucasoid "Aryans" and indigenous Dravidians. Carleton S. Coon in his 1939 The Races of Europe classifies the Dravidians as Caucasoid as well, due to their "Caucasiod skull structure" and other physical traits (e.g. noses, eyes, hair), in his 1969 The Living Races of Man stating that "India is the easternmost outpost of the Caucasian racial region".

With the turn away from racial theory in the late 20th century, the term Caucasian as a racial classification fell into disuse in Europe. Thus, in the United Kingdom, Caucasian is more likely than in the United States to describe people from the Caucasus, although it may still be used as a racial classification.[12]

Sarah A Tishkoff and Kenneth K Kidd state, "Despite disagreement among anthropologists, this classification remains in use by many researchers, as well as lay people."[13] According to Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, the concept of race has all but been completely rejected by modern mainstream anthropology.[14]

The United States National Library of Medicine used the term Caucasian as a race in the past, but has discontinued its usage in favor of the term "European".[15]

United States

In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that people of India were not "free white men" entitled to citizenship, despite anthropological evidence in "the extreme northwestern districts of India"[16] there is present the "Caucasian or Aryan race"[16] with an "intermixture of blood"[16] from the "dark skinned Dravidian"[16] according to George Sutherland. [16]

Notes

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary: a name given by Blumenbach (a1800) to the ‘white’ race of mankind, which he derived from the region of the Caucasus.
  2. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary defines Caucasoid as as noun or adjective meaning Of, pertaining to, or resembling the Caucasian race. It glosses Caucasian as "relating to a broad division of humankind covering peoples from Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, and South Asia" or "white-skinned; of European origin". [1]
  3. ^ O'Neil, Dennis. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007. Palomar College.[2]
  4. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective by George W. Gill.
  5. ^ University of Pennsylvania [3]
  6. ^ University of Pennsylvania [4]
  7. ^ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006. [5]
  8. ^ Blumenbach , De generis humani varietate nativa (3rd ed. 1795), trans. Bendyshe (1865). Quoted e.g. in Arthur Keith, Blumenbach's Centenary, Man, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1940).
  9. ^ Caucasus, Historical Notes [6]
  10. ^ Painter, p. [page needed]
  11. ^ Reinhard, K.J., & Hastings, D. (Annual 2003) Learning from the ancestors: the value of skeletal study.(study of ancestors of Omaha Tribe of Nebraska). In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, p177(1).
  12. ^ Katsiavriades, Kryss. Qureshi, Talaat. English Usage in the UK and USA. 1997. October 26, 2006. [7]; see also Pearsell, Judy and Trumble, Bill (Eds) Oxford English Reference Dictionary. 2002.
  13. ^ http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html
  14. ^ Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, "Perishing Paradigm: Race—1931-99," American Anthropologist 105, no. 1 (2003): 110-13
  15. ^ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd03/nd03_med_data_changes.html
  16. ^ a b c d e United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit., No. 202. Argued January 11, 12, 1923.—Decided February 19, 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.

References

  • Leroi, Armand Marie (2005-03-14). "A Family Tree in Every Gene". The New York Times. p. A23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Lewonin, R. C. (2005). "Confusions About Human Races". Race and Genomics, Social Sciences Research Council. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  • Painter, Nell Irvin (2003). "Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian" (PDF). Yale University. Retrieved 2006-10-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Risch, Neil (2002). "Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease". Genome Biology. 3 (7): comment2007.2001 - comment2007.2012. doi:doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Rosenberg, Noah A. (2002-12-20). "Genetic structure of human populations". Science. 298 (5602): 2381–2385. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Rosenberg, Noah A. "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure". PLoS Genet. 1 (6): e70. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Templeton, Alan R. (1998). "Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective". American Anthropologist. 100 (3): 632–650. Retrieved 2007-01-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Camberg, Kim (2005-12-13). "Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-03-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Literature

  • Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Varieties of Mankind (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
  • Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
  • L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, The History and Geography of Human Genes — a major reference of modern population genetics
  • L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples, and Languages
  • H. F. Augstein, "From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond," in Waltraud Emst and B. Harris, Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-1960 (London: Routledge, 1999): 58-79.
  • Bruce Baum, The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity (New York: New York University Press, 2006)
  • Paul Lawrence Guthrie, The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman (Paperback), ISBN 0-948390-49-2
  • The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, by John W. Cole (Author), Eric R. Wolf University of California Press; 1 edition (October 11, 1999) ISBN-10: 0520216814 ISBN-13: 978-0520216815

See also

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