Cham script: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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The Austronesian languages and scripts are descendants of the Brahmi languages and scripts that originated in India. These migrations to the Vietnam and Cambodia regions were coupled with the migration of Indian religions as well. Hence, the ruins of stone temples of Indian gods of the Chamic civilizations dispersed throughout Southeast Asia contain both Sanskrit and Chamic writing stone inscriptions. The zenith of the Chamic civilization was from the sixth to the seventh century BCE |
The Austronesian languages and scripts are descendants of the Brahmi languages and scripts that originated in India. These migrations to the Vietnam and Cambodia regions were coupled with the migration of Indian religions as well. Hence, the ruins of stone temples of Indian gods of the Chamic civilizations dispersed throughout Southeast Asia contain both Sanskrit and Chamic writing stone inscriptions.<ref name="book2"></ref> According to Chinese sources, the kingdom of Champa was founded in 192 AD.<ref name="book1"></ref> The zenith of the Chamic civilization was from the sixth to the seventh century BCE<ref name="book2">Thurgood, Graham. ''From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.</ref> |
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The earliest inscriptions belonging to this country were found in the Mi-son temple complex. Dated around 400 AD, the oldest is written in faulty Sanskrit. After this, inscriptions alternate between Sanskrit and the Cham language of the times. <ref name="book3">Claude, Jacques. “The Use of Sanskrit in the Khmer and Cham Inscriptions.” In Sanskrit |
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| ⚫ | The Cham script is one of the first scripts to develop from the latter southern [[Brahmi alphabet]] called [[Vatteluttu]] of [[South India]], beginning |
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Outside India (Vol. 7, pp. 5-12). Leiden: Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference. 1991.</ref> |
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Why use Sanskrit at all and who could read it? Kings studied classical Indian texts such as the dharmasastra and other scholarly inscriptions make reference to other classical Sanskrit literature. Using Sanskrit was probably a convenient way of expressing oneself religiously and a means to communicate smoothly with Indian gods. Eventually, while these two languages influenced one another, Cham culture became very assimilated to Indian deity worship, unlike the neighboring Khmer culture, and as a result could eventually adequately express themselves religiously in Cham. There was no more need for the incorporation of Sanskrit words describing the Hindu rites and books. The more recent inscriptions and manuscripts do not incorporate Sanskrit. Interestingly, most preserved manuscripts focus on religious rituals, epic battles and poems, and myths. <ref name="book3"></ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Cham now live in two isolated groups: Western Cham in Cambodia, and Eastern Cham in Vietnam. Each uses a distinct variety of the script, although the former are mostly [[Muslim]] (Trankell & Ovesen 2004) and now prefer to use the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The latter are mostly [[Hindu]], and still use their own script. During French colonial times, both groups had to use the [[Latin alphabet]]. |
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| ⚫ | The Cham script is one of the first scripts to develop from the latter southern [[Brahmi alphabet]] called [[Vatteluttu]] of [[South India]], beginning around 200 AD. It is written horizontally, and left to right, as in English. The current languages demonstrate Southeast Asian features of monosyllabicity, tonality, and glottalized consonants. Curiously, the languages reached the Southeast Asia mainland as disyllabic and nontonal. Clearly, the abugida format of the Brahmi Indian writing system needed to be slightly altered to meet these changes. <ref name="book2"></ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Cham now live in two isolated groups: Western Cham in Cambodia, and Eastern Cham (Phan Rang Cham) in Vietnam. For the first millennium AD, the Chamic languages were a dialect chain along the Vietnam coast. The breakup of this chain into distinct languages occured once the Vietnamese pushed south, causing most Cham to move back into the highlands while some like Phan Rang Cham became a part of the lowland society ruled by the Vietnamese. The division of Cham into Western and Phan Rang Cham immediately followed the Vietnamese overthrow of the capital.<ref name="book2"></ref> Each uses a distinct variety of the script, although the former are mostly [[Muslim]] (Trankell & Ovesen 2004) and now prefer to use the [[Arabic alphabet]]. The latter are mostly [[Hindu]], and still use their own script. During French colonial times, both groups had to use the [[Latin alphabet]]. |
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== Usage == |
== Usage == |
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Revision as of 06:13, 4 December 2008
| Cham | |
|---|---|
| Script type | |
Time period | 3rd century–present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Cham |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Cham (358), Cham |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Cham |
| U+AA00–U+AA5F | |
The Cham script is an abugida used to write Cham, an Austronesian language spoken by the Cham people in Vietnam and Cambodia. Cham has about 230,000 speakers. The dynamic development of the script is intertwined with the development of the Chamic culture and language as well as the influence of outside languages and scripts during the script's migration from India.
History
The Austronesian languages and scripts are descendants of the Brahmi languages and scripts that originated in India. These migrations to the Vietnam and Cambodia regions were coupled with the migration of Indian religions as well. Hence, the ruins of stone temples of Indian gods of the Chamic civilizations dispersed throughout Southeast Asia contain both Sanskrit and Chamic writing stone inscriptions.[1] According to Chinese sources, the kingdom of Champa was founded in 192 AD.[2] The zenith of the Chamic civilization was from the sixth to the seventh century BCE[1]
The earliest inscriptions belonging to this country were found in the Mi-son temple complex. Dated around 400 AD, the oldest is written in faulty Sanskrit. After this, inscriptions alternate between Sanskrit and the Cham language of the times. [3]
Why use Sanskrit at all and who could read it? Kings studied classical Indian texts such as the dharmasastra and other scholarly inscriptions make reference to other classical Sanskrit literature. Using Sanskrit was probably a convenient way of expressing oneself religiously and a means to communicate smoothly with Indian gods. Eventually, while these two languages influenced one another, Cham culture became very assimilated to Indian deity worship, unlike the neighboring Khmer culture, and as a result could eventually adequately express themselves religiously in Cham. There was no more need for the incorporation of Sanskrit words describing the Hindu rites and books. The more recent inscriptions and manuscripts do not incorporate Sanskrit. Interestingly, most preserved manuscripts focus on religious rituals, epic battles and poems, and myths. [3]
The Cham script is one of the first scripts to develop from the latter southern Brahmi alphabet called Vatteluttu of South India, beginning around 200 AD. It is written horizontally, and left to right, as in English. The current languages demonstrate Southeast Asian features of monosyllabicity, tonality, and glottalized consonants. Curiously, the languages reached the Southeast Asia mainland as disyllabic and nontonal. Clearly, the abugida format of the Brahmi Indian writing system needed to be slightly altered to meet these changes. [1]
The Cham now live in two isolated groups: Western Cham in Cambodia, and Eastern Cham (Phan Rang Cham) in Vietnam. For the first millennium AD, the Chamic languages were a dialect chain along the Vietnam coast. The breakup of this chain into distinct languages occured once the Vietnamese pushed south, causing most Cham to move back into the highlands while some like Phan Rang Cham became a part of the lowland society ruled by the Vietnamese. The division of Cham into Western and Phan Rang Cham immediately followed the Vietnamese overthrow of the capital.[1] Each uses a distinct variety of the script, although the former are mostly Muslim (Trankell & Ovesen 2004) and now prefer to use the Arabic alphabet. The latter are mostly Hindu, and still use their own script. During French colonial times, both groups had to use the Latin alphabet.
Usage
The script is highly valued in Cham culture, but this does not mean that many people are learning it. There have been efforts to simplify the spelling and to promote learning the script, but these have met with limited success (Blood 1980a,b, 2008, Brunelle 2008). Traditionally, boys learned the script around the age of twelve when they were old and strong enough to tend to the water buffalo. However, women and girls did not typically learn the script. [2]
Structure
An abugida is a writing system that is the intermediate evolutionarily between syllabaries and alphabets. Abugidas, unlike syllabaries, use alphabet-like individual consonants whose structures are supplemented by an obligatory vowel diacritic, a tick mark or a dash tacked onto the consonant. This way, instead of needing to know 80-100 syllables, the writer merely needs to exchange the vowel diacritic on one consonant to change the syllable. Unlike alphabets, vowels do not bear the same size and hence, the same weight.
This is a table of the Eastern Cham Writing System.
Each consonant letter (for example, [b] or [t] or [p]) includes an inherent [a] sound where no diacritic is needed to represent the vowel. Nasal consonants (for example, [m] or [n] or [ng]), as an exception to this rule, have an inherent [ɨ] vowel sound. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, this vowel is called a "barred-i." A distinct diacritic called a kai is added below a nasal consonant to give it the [a] vowel. [2]The figure above shows each consonant with its inherent vowel. It's interesting to notice how the nasals (for example, the fifth and thirteenth characters in the second line of consonants) have the barred-i vowel expressed as [ue]. Many cultures, instead of using universal IPA format, have their own specific conventions of using the Roman alphabet to translate the pronunciation of their writings.
The orientation of these diacritics can be observed in the figure above. The circle represents the consonant symbol on which the diacritic is placed.
Furthermore, abugida words can come in clusters of these symbols of the consonant with the vowel diacritic. Throughout the word are /CV/ syllables and the word can end with a /CV/ syllable or a /CVC/ syllable and there are some symbols used as final consonants in the Cham script. Other symbols merely extend a longer tail on the right side. [2]
Cham in Unicode
The Unicode range for Cham is U+AA00 .. U+AA5F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.
| Cham[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+AA0x | ꨀ | ꨁ | ꨂ | ꨃ | ꨄ | ꨅ | ꨆ | ꨇ | ꨈ | ꨉ | ꨊ | ꨋ | ꨌ | ꨍ | ꨎ | ꨏ |
| U+AA1x | ꨐ | ꨑ | ꨒ | ꨓ | ꨔ | ꨕ | ꨖ | ꨗ | ꨘ | ꨙ | ꨚ | ꨛ | ꨜ | ꨝ | ꨞ | ꨟ |
| U+AA2x | ꨠ | ꨡ | ꨢ | ꨣ | ꨤ | ꨥ | ꨦ | ꨧ | ꨨ | ꨩ | ꨪ | ꨫ | ꨬ | ꨭ | ꨮ | ꨯ |
| U+AA3x | ꨰ | ꨱ | ꨲ | ꨳ | ꨴ | ꨵ | ꨶ | |||||||||
| U+AA4x | ꩀ | ꩁ | ꩂ | ꩃ | ꩄ | ꩅ | ꩆ | ꩇ | ꩈ | ꩉ | ꩊ | ꩋ | ꩌ | ꩍ | ||
| U+AA5x | ꩐ | ꩑ | ꩒ | ꩓ | ꩔ | ꩕ | ꩖ | ꩗ | ꩘ | ꩙ | ꩜ | ꩝ | ꩞ | ꩟ | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Published sources
- Blood, Doris (1980a). Cham literacy: the struggle between old and new (a case study). Notes on Literacy 12, 6-9.
- Blood, Doris (1980b). The script as a cohesive factor in Cham society. In Notes from Indochina, Marilyn Gregersen and Dorothy Thomas (eds.), 35-44. Dallas: International Museum of Cultures.
- Blood, Doris E. 2008. The ascendancy of the Cham script: how a literacy workshop became the catalyst. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192:45-56.
- Brunell, Marc. 2008. Diglossia, Bilingualism, and the Revitalization of Written Eastern Cham. Language Documentation and Conservation 2.1: 28-46. (Web based journal)
- Moussay, Gerard (1971). Dictionnaire Cam-Vietnamien-Français. Phan Rang: Centre Culturel Cam.
- Trankell, Ing-Britt and Jan Ovesen (2004). Muslim minorities in Cambodia. NIASnytt 4, 22-24. (Also on Web)
References
- ^ a b c d Thurgood, Graham. From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
- ^ a b c d Blood, Doris E. "The Script as a Cohesive Factor in Cham Society". In Notes from Indochina on ethnic minority cultures. Ed. Marilyn Gregerson. 1980 p35-44.
- ^ a b Claude, Jacques. “The Use of Sanskrit in the Khmer and Cham Inscriptions.” In Sanskrit Outside India (Vol. 7, pp. 5-12). Leiden: Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference. 1991.
External links
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