Butler

For other uses see Butler (disambiguation)

The butler is a senior servant in a large household. Usually the butler is the most senior staff member, although in the great houses of the past, the household was sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room (including the wine cellar) and pantry, and sometimes the entire parlour floor, and a housekeeper who was in charge of the whole house and its appearance. Housekeepers are occasionally portrayed in literature as being the most senior staff member and as even making recommendations for the hiring of the butler.

In modern houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as Majordomo, Butler Administrator, Staff Manager, Estate Manager and Head of Household Staff are sometimes given.

The word "butler" derives from the Old French "bouteillier", (meaning "cup bearer"), from "buteille", ("bottle"). The role of the butler, for centuries, has been that of the chief steward of a household, the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages (which in ancient times represented a considerable portion of the household's assets.)

In Britain the butler was originally a middle ranking member of the staff of a grand household. In the 17th and 18th centuries the butler gradually became the usually senior male member of a household's staff (in the very grandest households there was sometimes a house steward senior to the butler into the 19th century).

The earliest literary mention of a butler is probably that of the man whose release from prison was predicted by Joseph in the biblical account of Joseph's interpretation of the dreams of the Pharaoh's servants.

Responsiblity and influence

Traditionally, the butler was hired by the master of the house but usually reported to the lady of the house. In the largest of households, the butler was head of a strict service hierarchy and held a position of power and respect. Such butlers engaged and directed all junior staff. Butlers were addressed by last name by their employers, their children and guests, but as "Mr. [Surname]" by fellow servants and retainers and tradespersons. These butlers did very little in the way of physical labour; they officiated in service rather than actually serving, for example, the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door was actually opened by a footman, who would receive that guest's coat and hat. The butler "helped" his employer into his coat, which had been handed to the butler by a footman.

The butler engaged the footmen and assigned their duties. Footmen reported directly to the butler; the first footman (or head footman) was deputy butler and filled in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. In a smaller household female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under his management. Further, in a smaller household the butler may have acted as valet for his employer as well.

In times past, butlers earned their position by working their way up the service ladder. Today, however, there are butler schools; the top graduates may earn USD 50,000 to start.

For many years butlers were always male and this remains the usual case. There are, however, female butlers and they are sometimes preferred; an example would be in some Islamic cultures where it is unacceptable to have males working intimately with females in these circumstances. The Ivor Spencer school cautions that females are not easily placed.

Butlers in fiction

The real-life butler is discreet and unobtrusive. The butler of fiction, by contrast, is larger-than-life and has become a plot device in literature and a traditional role in the performing arts. Butlers provide comic relief with often wry comments, clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes and are represented as at least as intelligent, or even more so, than their “betters”. They are often portrayed expressionless, serious and point their chin high. The names Jeeves, James and Jarvis are common.

"The butler" is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas, whether or not the character has been given a name. Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre where a catch phrase is "the butler did it!"

Famous fictional butlers

• Lynn Belvedere, from the novel Belvedere, the adapted feature film and its sequels, and the TV series Mr. Belvedere.
• Alfred Pennyworth, from Batman
• Benson, from the TV series Soap and Benson
• Cadbury, from Richie Rich
• Crichton, from J.M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton
• Desmond, from the Rip Kirby comics
• E. Blackadder Esquire from Blackadder the Third
• Godfrey, from My Man Godfrey
• Geoffrey, from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
• Angus Hudson, from Upstairs, Downstairs
• Duckworth, from the Ducktales (Battista in the Italian comics)
• Lurch, from The Addams Family
• Nelson, from the Tintin comics
• Niles, from The Nanny
• Stevens, from The Remains of the Day
• Edwin Jarvis, from Marvel Comics Avengers series

Famous fictional non-butlers

See valet for a list of characters who are often mistaken for butlers, but (strictly speaking) are valets, rather than butlers.

Notable non-fictional butlers

• Paul Burrell, butler to the late Diana, Princess of Wales
• Hugh Edgar, butler, The Edwardian Country House, 2002 British historical recreation TV series
• Paul Hogan, former Australian diplomat who portrays "the butler" in the US TV series Joe Millionaire
• Arthur Richard Inch, longtime real-life butler, Butler Technical Consultant for the film Gosford Park
• Ivor Spencer, Toastmaster and etiquette specialist, head of the Ivor Spencer International School for Butler Administrators/Personal Assistants and Estate Managers

See also

• Domestic worker
• maid