Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)

Nineteen Eighty-Four
Theatrical poster for 1984
Directed by	Michael Radford
Written by	Novel: George Orwell Screenplay: Michael Radford
Produced by	Simon Perry
Starring	John Hurt Richard Burton Suzanna Hamilton Cyril Cusack Gregor Fisher
Cinematography	Roger Deakins
Edited by	Tom Priestley
Music by	Dominic Muldowney Eurythmics
Distributed by	20th Century Fox/Virgin Films
Release date	October 10, 1984
Running time	113 mins.
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	$8,400,000 USD

Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes 1984) is a British film, released in 1984, based upon George Orwell's novel of the same name, following the life of Winston Smith in Oceania, a country run by a totalitarian government. The film was directed by Michael Radford and stars John Hurt, Richard Burton (in his last film role) and Suzanna Hamilton.

Plot summary

Winston Smith endures a squalid existence in the totalitarian superstate of Oceania under the constant surveillance of the Thought Police. The story takes place in London, the capital of the territory of Airstrip One (Britain).

Winston works in a cubicle at the Ministry of Truth, rewriting history in accordance with the agenda of the Party which rules Oceania under its supreme figurehead, Big Brother. A man haunted by painful memories and restless desires, Winston is a malcontent who keeps a secret diary of his private thoughts, thus committing thoughtcrime — the crime of independent thought contrary to the aims of the Party.

His life takes a fatal turn when he is accosted by a fellow Outer Party worker — a mysterious, bold-looking girl named Julia — and they begin an illicit affair. Their first meeting takes place in the remote countryside where they exchange subversive ideas and have a sexual encounter. Shortly after, Winston rents a room above a pawn shop where they continue their liaison. Julia, a sensual, free-spirited woman, procures contraband food and clothing for them, and for a brief few months they secretly meet and enjoy an idyllic life of relative freedom and contentment together.

It all comes to an end when they are discovered and arrested, and it is revealed that the elderly proprietor of the pawn shop, Charrington, was in fact a member of the Thought Police all along. Without warning, the Thought Police raid the flat and arrest the two of them.

Winston and Julia are then separated and taken away to be detained, questioned and rehabilitated. Winston is taken to the Ministry of Love, where he is systematically tortured and brainwashed by O'Brien, a high-ranking member of the Inner Party whom Winston had previously believed to be a fellow thoughtcriminal and agent of the resistance movement led by the (probably mythical) archenemy of the Party, Emmanuel Goldstein.

O'Brien gives Winston didactic instruction about the state's true purpose as well a kind of epistemological catechism involving the theory and praxis of doublethink — i.e., the holding of two contradictory thoughts at the same time. Doublethink entails the subtle, willful denial or suppression of all self-evident truths, memories, and/or physical proofs which run contrary to the absolute political (and personal) reality dictated by the Party. Through the agency of the Ministry of Truth and the Thought Police — which enforces, and operates in tandem with, the private orthodox application of doublethink — the Party may endorse, redact or eradicate all public and private knowledge of history as it sees fit.

For his final rehabilitation, Winston is brought to Room 101, where O'Brien tells him he will be subjected to the "worst thing in the world". When confronted with this unbearable horror (which turns out to be a cage filled with vicious, carnivorous rodents), Winston's psychological resistance finally and irretrievably breaks down, and he repudiates his allegiance to Julia. Now completely subjugated and purged of any rebellious thoughts, impulses, or personal attachments, Winston is restored to physical health and released.

Winston returns to the Chestnut Tree Café, where he had previously seen the rehabilitated thought criminals Jones, Aaronson and Rutherford (themselves once prominent but later disgraced members of the Inner Party) who have since been "vaporised" and rendered unpersons. While sitting at the chess table, Winston is approached by Julia, who has also been brainwashed and rehabilitated. They share a bottle of Victory Gin and unemotionally exchange a few words about how they have betrayed each other.

After Julia leaves, Winston watches a broadcast of himself on the telescreen, effusively confessing his "crimes" against the state and imploring forgiveness of the populace in the humbled and remorseful manner of a prodigal son come back to the fold.

Upon hearing a news report declaring the Oceanian army's utter rout of the enemy Eurasian forces in North Africa, Winston silently and tearfully professes his gratitude and love for Big Brother as he anticipates the date of his execution. Having been deprived of his freedom to think and feel for himself, and reduced to a mere shell of a man, Winston is soon to be deprived of his very physical existence as well; and he now welcomes his final subjugation to the absolute power and supremacy of the state.

Production

Sonia Brownell, Orwell's widow, owned the film rights to the famed novel. Shortly before her death in 1980, Brownell eventually agreed to allow the film to be produced only under the condition that no futuristic special effects be used.

The glowering, ever-watchful visage of Big Brother was provided by Bob Flag, a non-professional who was cast in the role after answering an open-casting call by the filmmakers in London.

For the role of O'Brien, Paul Scofield, Anthony Hopkins, and Sean Connery were all previously considered. Richard Burton joined the production six weeks into its shooting schedule.

Production on the film occurred in and around London from April to June 1984. Some scenes were shot on the actual days noted in Winston Smith's diary (for example: April 4, 1984) as well as at some of the actual locations and settings mentioned in Orwell’s novel.

Michael Radford and cinematographer Roger Deakins originally wanted to shoot the film in black and white, but the financial backers of the production, Virgin Films, opposed this idea. Instead Deakins used a film processing technique called bleach bypass to create the distinctive washed-out look of the film's colour visuals.

The film is dedicated to the memory of Richard Burton, as this was his last acting role and he died in Switzerland two months before the British premiere date.

Cast

• John Hurt as Winston Smith
• Richard Burton as O'Brien
• Suzanna Hamilton as Julia
• Cyril Cusack as Mr. Charrington
• Gregor Fisher as Parsons

Filming locations

As locations for a contemporary vision of totalitarian Britain, the practical use of famous historical sites around London like Alexandra Palace and the Battersea Power Station appears to have been intended in a somewhat satirical manner. The opening scenes of the film showing the Two Minutes' Hate were filmed in a grass-covered hangar at RAF Hullavington near Chippenham in Wiltshire (not at Alexandra Palace as listed on IMDB).

The famous disused Battersea Power Station in Wandsworth served as the façade for the Victory Mansions; and the Beckton Gas Works in the vast, decaying Docklands of Newham — an area that had withstood the Blitz during World War II and which has changed little since that time — was used as the setting for the proletarian zones. The pawnshop exterior, a pub scene and a scene with a prostitute were filmed in Cheshire Street, in London's East End, an area Orwell had visited and commented on in his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London. The canteen interiors were filmed in a disused Co-op grain mill at Silvertown.

In contrast, the idyllic, dreamlike "Golden Country", where Winston and Julia repair for their first tryst and which recurs in Winston's fantasies, was filmed in the southwest county of Wiltshire at a natural circle of hills called "The Roundway", near the town of Devizes. The scenes on the train were shot on the Kent and East Sussex Railway.

Controversy over the musical score

Virgin Films (formerly part of the Virgin Group), who financed the film, commissioned Eurythmics to produce the music for the soundtrack. Director Michael Radford objected to Virgin's insistence on using the more pop-oriented electronic Eurythmics music, as the traditional orchestral score originally intended for the film had been composed entirely by Dominic Muldowney a few months earlier.

File:Music of Oceania.jpg

Album cover for Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Music of Oceania by Dominic Muldowney (1999).

Against Radford's wishes, Virgin Films exercised their right of final cut and replaced Muldowney's musical cues with the new Eurythmics' contributions. One Eurythmics song, "Julia", was also heard in its entirety during the film's closing credits. However, Muldowney's main theme music (particularly the state anthem, "Oceania, 'tis for thee") was still prominently featured in the film. In November 1984, Virgin Records released the Eurythmics soundtrack album, featuring considerably altered versions of their music heard in the film, under the title 1984 (For the Love of Big Brother).

During his acceptance speech at the Evening Standard British Film Awards, Radford openly expressed his displeasure with Virgin's decision and claimed that the Eurythmics music had been "foisted" on his film. Radford had disowned Virgin's edit of the film featuring the mixed Eurythmics/Muldowney score, yet when Nineteen Eighty-Four made its theatrical debut on October 10 in London and on December 14 in New York [1] this was the version released in wide circulation. Michael Radford withdrew the film from consideration at the BAFTA awards in protest of Virgin's decision to change the musical score. Eurythmics responded with a statement of their own claiming no knowledge of prior agreements between Virgin and Radford/Muldowney.

In 1999, Dominic Muldowney's complete orchestral score (24 tracks in total) was released on a special limited edition CD album under the title Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Music of Oceania, to commemorate the film's fifteenth anniversary. The CD booklet featured previously unseen production photographs and artwork as well as liner notes by Radford.

On the subsequent MGM DVD release in North America in 2003, the film's colour is restored to a normal level of saturation and the Eurythmics contributions to the score were removed entirely and replaced with Muldowney's musical cues as Radford had originally intended — although both Eurythmics and Muldowney are still jointly credited in the opening and closing titles. As a result, this DVD release was quickly discontinued and currently remains out of print. This version had previously been shown by Channel 4 in the UK in the late-1980s. However, the MGM DVD release of the film in the UK in 2004 features the mixed Eurythmics/Muldowney soundtrack on the English- and French-language audio tracks as well as the original desaturated visuals.

Differences from novel

• The film features a salute, or gesture of devotion, which does not appear in the novel. It is done by holding one's arms up and making the wrists cross each other in the shape of a small V.
• In the book, the Ministry of Plenty is called miniplenty in the Newspeak; in the film its Newspeak name is miniprod, which suggests that its full name is "Ministry of Production". Also, Winston's working place, which is called the Records Department (recdep) of the Ministry of Truth in the novel, is referred to as minirec ("Ministry of Records") in the Newspeak language of the film.
• In the film, Inner and Outer Party members call each other "brother" or "sister" instead of "comrade" as in the novel.
• In the novel, both Winston and Julia visit O'Brien at his private residence in the Victory Mansions for information about joining the Brotherhood. In the film, only Winston meets with O'Brien. In the film, the purpose of their meeting remains ambiguous, and O'Brien does not explicitly reveal his affiliation with the Brotherhood as he does in the novel.
• The film also omits the real reasoning why "Aaronson, Rutherford, and Jones" were exposed as traitors and counterrevolutionaries.
• In the film, there is also no mention of Neo-Bolshevism or "Death-Worship". In the book, these are described as the respective (but functionally identical to each other) ideologies of the two rival totalitarian superstates, Eurasia and Eastasia.
• In this film version (and in the 1954 television play), Goldstein's illegal book, disguised as a Newspeak dictionary, is given to Winston by O'Brien during their meeting in O'Brien's apartment; in the novel, it is handed to him in a briefcase resembling his own amid the hubbub of Hate Week, after the alignments of the war had changed (or not changed, according to doublethink). The Newspeak dictionary was used by O'Brien, in the novel, as a pretext for giving Winston his address.
• In the novel, Smith realizes that he loves Big Brother while listening to a news broadcast in the Café. It is suggested that Winston will be killed now that he has come to love Big Brother. In the movie, there is no indication or even implication in the final scene that he will be killed .

Awards

The film won the Best British Film of the Year award at the Evening Standard British Film Awards.

See also

• Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949 English novel)
• Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954 BBC television adaptation)
• 1984 (1956 film version)
• 1984 (opera)
• 1984 (television commercial) for the Apple Macintosh

External links

• Nineteen Eighty-Four at IMDb
• Movie stills