Coprophagia

A female Oriental Latrine Fly (Chrysomya megacephala) feeds on animal feces.

Coprophagia is the consumption of feces, from the Greek κόπρος copros ("feces") and φαγεῖν phagein ("to eat"). Many animal species practice coprophagia as a matter of course; other species do not normally consume feces but may do so under unusual conditions.

Coprophagia in animals

Two Common Blue butterflies feast on a small lump of feces lying on a rock.

A female Physiphora alceae feeding on feces in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semi-digested food (herbivores' digestive systems are especially inefficient). The most famous feces-eating insect is the dung-beetle and the most ubiquitous is the fly.

Pigs, like the above insects, will eat the feces of herbivores that leave a significant amount of semidigested matter. In certain cultures it was common for poor families to collect horse feces to feed their pigs. Pigs are also known to eat their own feces and even human feces as well. However, domesticated pigs should not be allowed to eat any sort of feces, as this contributes to the risk of parasite infection. Muslims cite this behavior as a prime reason why they do not eat pork.

Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex ruminant digestive system. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft fecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the feces of their mother to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found on the savanna and in the jungle. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from plants.

Gorillas eat their own feces and the feces of other gorillas.

Hamsters and chinchillas eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K, produced by bacteria in the gut. Apes have been observed eating horse feces for the salt content. Monkeys have been observed eating elephant feces. Coprophagia also has been observed in the naked mole rat.

Coprophagia in dogs

Coprophagia is a behavior often observed in dogs. Hofmeister, Cumming, and Dhein (2001) wrote that this behavior in dogs has not been well-researched, and they are currently preparing a study. In a preliminary paper, they write that there are various hypotheses for this behavior in canines, although none have been proven:

• To obtain attention from their caretakers.
• From anxiety, stress, or upon being punished for bad behaviors.
• They had been punished for having defecated in the past, and attempt to clean up out of fear of being punished again.
• Because dogs are, by nature, scavengers, and this is within the range of scavenger behavior.
• To prevent the scent from attracting predators.
• Because the texture and temperature of fresh feces approximates that of regurgitated food, which is how mothers in the wild provide solid food to their pups.
• Because of the protein content of the feces (particularly cat feces), or over-feeding, leading to large concentrations of undigested matter in the feces.
• Due to assorted health problems, including:
  • Pancreatitis
  • Intestinal infections
  • Food allergies, leading to mal-absorption
• Because they are hungry, such as when eating routines are changed, food is withheld, or nutrients are not properly absorbed.
• Carnivores may sometimes eat or roll in the feces of their prey to ingest and exude scents which mask their own.

Another hypothesis is that dogs want to investigate the diet of their opponents and get more acquainted with their smell.

Some veterinarians recommend adding meat tenderizer to dog food, as this makes the feces taste excessively bad to dogs. Several companies produce food additives that can also be added to the animal's food to make feces taste bad. Often, these food additives will contain Capsicum Oleoresin which gives off a repugnant odor making the fecal matter undesirable to the dog.

Coprophagia in humans

Sexual aspects

Coprophagia is extremely uncommon in humans. It is generally thought to be the result of the paraphilia known as coprophilia. Similar risk of classification can apply to related sexual behaviors, such as analingus or inserting an object into the mouth that recently has been in the anus (see ass to mouth). Coprophagia is also sometimes depicted in pornography, usually under the terms "scat", "Hot Karl", "shitplay",or even "kaviar". Although, it is known that in some rare forms of pica, humans have been known to ingest fecal matter.

Medical aspects

From the medical literature, coprophagia has been observed in a small number of patients with dementia and/or schizophrenia and depression.

Consuming other people's feces carries the risk of contracting diseases spread through fecal matter, such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, pneumonia, and influenza. Coprophagia also carries a risk of contracting intestinal parasites. Vaccinations are generally recommended for those who engage in this practice.

Lewin (2001) reports that "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis) was confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II."

Cultural aspects

• Punk musician and performance artist GG Allin often engaged in coprophagia during his performances.
• Divine was well known for his consumption of dog feces at the conclusion of Pink Flamingos.
• Adolescent prisoners of war are fed feces at a dinner banquet in one scene of the film Salò, another scene also has a man defecating and forcing a girl to eat his feces.
• Coprophagia came into recent spotlight after viral video 2 Girls 1 Cup spread on the internet in 2007.

References

• Lewin, Ralph A. (2001). ""More on Merde"". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 44 (4): 594–607. doi:10.1353/pbm.2001.0067. PMID 11600805
• Hofmeister, Erik, Melinda Cumming, and Cheryl Dhein (2001). "Owner Documentation of Coprophagia in the Canine". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Accessed November 17, 2005.
• Wise, T.N., and R.L. Goldberg (1995). ""Escalation of a fetish: coprophagia in a nonpsychotic adult of normal intelligence"". J. Sex Marital Ther. 21 (4): 272–5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) PMID 8789509

External links

• King County, Washington, Animal Control Section. "Eating His Own or Other Animal Feces."
• Why Does My Dog Eat Feces? - Theresa A. Fuess, Ph.D, College of Vet Medicine
• Coprophagia: Effective Treatment for Dogs Eating Feces
• Coprophagia in the Canine - Erik Hofmeister; Melinda Cumming, DVM PhD; Cheryl Dhein, DVM, MS, DACVIM; Douglas Island Veterinary Service; detailed preliminary results of study of behavior and prevention in dogs
• Rat care guide
• Break.com - Video of Coprophagia by a Gorilla
• Yesterday's Food Will Become Tomorrow's Food Dr David Ryde MB BS FRCP