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Changed the Christian demonology section to reflect what is in it's article. It was not sourced and most of it was about exorcism (which is like talking only about just herbicides in the botany page).
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'''Christian demonology''' is the study of [[demon]]s from a [[christianity|Christian]] point of view. It is primarily based on the [[Bible]] ([[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]]), the [[exegesis]] of these scriptures, the scriptures of early Christian [[philosopher]]s and [[hermit]]s, [[tradition]], and [[legend]]s incorporated from other beliefs.
'''Christian demonology''' is the study of [[demon]]s from a [[christianity|Christian]] point of view. It is primarily based on the [[Bible]] ([[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]]), the [[exegesis]] of these scriptures, the scriptures of early Christian [[philosopher]]s and [[hermit]]s, [[tradition]], and [[legend]]s incorporated from other beliefs.


A number of authors throughout Christian history have written about demons for a variety of purposes. Theologians like [[Thomas Aquinas]] wrote concerning the behaviors Christians should be aware of<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1114.htm Thomas Acquinas's Summa Theologica], Question 114, hosted on [[New Advent]]</ref>, while witchhunters like [[Heinrich Kramer]] and [[Jacob Sprenger]] wrote about how to find and what to do with [[Witch trials in Early Modern Europe|people they believed were involved with demons]]<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/index.htm Malleus Maleficarum], hosted on the Internet Sacred Text Archive</ref>. Some texts are written with [[grimoire|instructions on how to summon demons]] in the name of God and often were claimed to have been written by individuals respected within the Church, such as the [[Lesser Key of Solomon]]<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks17.htm Lesser Key of Solomon, The Conjuration To Call Forth Any of the Aforesaid Spirits], hosted on [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]</ref> or [[The Grimoire of Pope Honorius]]<ref> (although these the earliest manuscripts were from well after these individuals had died)<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm14.htm Arthur Edward Waite, Book of Ceremonial Magic, page 64] [http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm23.htm#page_106 and page 106]</ref>. These latter texts were usually more detailed, giving names, ranks, and descriptions of demons individually and categorically.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm14.htm Waite, page 64]</ref> Most Christians commonly reject these texts as either diabolical or fictitious.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm04.htm#page_xliii Waite, page xliii]</ref>
A number of authors throughout Christian history have written about demons for a variety of purposes. Theologians like [[Thomas Aquinas]] wrote concerning the behaviors Christians should be aware of<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1114.htm Thomas Acquinas's Summa Theologica], Question 114, hosted on [[New Advent]]</ref>, while witchhunters like [[Heinrich Kramer]] and [[Jacob Sprenger]] wrote about how to find and what to do with [[Witch trials in Early Modern Europe|people they believed were involved with demons]]<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/index.htm Malleus Maleficarum], hosted on the Internet Sacred Text Archive</ref>. Some texts are written with [[grimoire|instructions on how to summon demons]] in the name of God and often were claimed to have been written by individuals respected within the Church, such as the [[Lesser Key of Solomon]]<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks17.htm Lesser Key of Solomon, The Conjuration To Call Forth Any of the Aforesaid Spirits], hosted on [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]</ref> or [[The Grimoire of Pope Honorius]] (although these the earliest manuscripts were from well after these individuals had died)<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm14.htm Arthur Edward Waite, Book of Ceremonial Magic, page 64] [http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm23.htm#page_106 and page 106]</ref>. These latter texts were usually more detailed, giving names, ranks, and descriptions of demons individually and categorically.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm14.htm Waite, page 64]</ref> Most Christians commonly reject these texts as either diabolical or fictitious.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm04.htm#page_xliii Waite, page xliii]</ref>


In modern times, some demonological texts have been written by Christians, usually in a similar vein of Thomas Aquinas, explaining their effects in the world and how faith may lessen or eliminate damage by them.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SFmrx7s7OtIC&dq=Jessie+Penn-Lewis+war+on+the+saints&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=TCR4AVdC-L&sig=N8TVdhBcTt1ev3YCFR-DvOwm9NY&hl=en&ei=QbnsSvbRCMqztgeM9fA6&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=&f=false Jessie Penn-Lewis, War on the Saints on Google Books], introductory chapter</ref> A few Christian authors, such as [[Jack Chick]] and [[John Todd]] write with intentions similar to Kramer and Sprenger, proclaiming that demons and their human agents are active in the world.<ref name="broken">{{cite web|url=http://www.chick.com/catalog/comics/0102.asp |title=The Broken Cross - by Jack T. Chick |publisher=Chick.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> These claims are usually far from mainstream, and might include the beliefs such as the idea that [[Christian rock]] is a means through which demons influence people.
In modern times, some demonological texts have been written by Christians, usually in a similar vein of Thomas Aquinas, explaining their effects in the world and how faith may lessen or eliminate damage by them.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SFmrx7s7OtIC&dq=Jessie+Penn-Lewis+war+on+the+saints&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=TCR4AVdC-L&sig=N8TVdhBcTt1ev3YCFR-DvOwm9NY&hl=en&ei=QbnsSvbRCMqztgeM9fA6&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=&f=false Jessie Penn-Lewis, War on the Saints on Google Books], introductory chapter</ref> A few Christian authors, such as [[Jack Chick]] and [[John Todd]] write with intentions similar to Kramer and Sprenger, proclaiming that demons and their human agents are active in the world.<ref name="broken">{{cite web|url=http://www.chick.com/catalog/comics/0102.asp |title=The Broken Cross - by Jack T. Chick |publisher=Chick.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> These claims are usually far from mainstream, and might include the beliefs such as the idea that [[Christian rock]] is a means through which demons influence people.

Revision as of 02:02, 1 November 2009

Demonology (from Greek δαίμων, daimōn, "demon"; and -λογία, -logia) is the systematic study of demons or beliefs about demons.[1] Insofar as it involves exegesis, demonology is an orthodox branch of theology.[2] It is the branch of theology relating to superhuman beings who are not gods.[3] It deals both with benevolent beings that have no circle of worshippers or so limited a circle as to be below the rank of gods, and with malevolent beings of all kinds. The original sense of "demon," from the time of Homer onward, was a benevolent being;[4] but in English the name now holds connotations of malevolence.

Demons, when regarded as spirits, may belong to either of the classes of spirits recognized by primitive animism;[5] that is to say, they may be human, or non-human, separable souls, or discarnate spirits which have never inhabited a body. A sharp distinction is often drawn between these two classes, notably by the Melanesians, the West Africans, and others; the Arab djinn, for example, are not reducible to modified human souls; at the same time these classes are frequently conceived as producing identical results, e.g. diseases.[3][4] Demonology, though often referred to with negative connotation, was not always seen as evil or devilish as the term would have one believe.

Prevalence of demons

"Nightmare", 1880, by Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard

According to some societies, all the affairs of life are supposed to be under the control of spirits, each ruling a certain "element" or even object, and themselves in subjection to a greater spirit.[6] For example, the Inuit are said to believe in spirits of the sea, earth and sky, the winds, the clouds and everything in nature. Every cove of the seashore, every point, every island and prominent rock has its guardian spirit. All are potentially of the malignant type, to be propitiated by an appeal to knowledge of the supernatural.[7] In Korea, countless demons inhabit the natural world; they fill household objects and are present in all locations. By the thousands they accompany travelers, seeking them out from their places in the elements.[8]

In ancient Babylon, demonology had an influence on even the most mundane elements of life, from petty annoyances to the emotions of love and hatred. The numerous demonic spirits were given charge over various parts of the human body, one for the head, one for the neck, and so on. In present-day Egypt, the ubiquitous jinn are believed to be so densely distributed that acts such as pouring water unto the ground are accompanied by seeking the permission of a potentially dampened spirit.[8]

Greek philosophers such as Porphyry, who claimed influence from Platonism,[9] and the fathers of the Christian Church, held that the world was pervaded with spirits,[8] the latter of whom advanced the belief that demons received the worship directed at pagan gods.[10]

Character of the spiritual world

The ascription of malevolence to the world of spirits is by no means universal. In West Africa, the Mpongwe believe in local spirits, just as do the Inuit; but they are regarded as inoffensive in the main. Passers-by must make some trifling offering as they near the spirits' place of abode; but it is only occasionally that mischievous acts, such as the throwing down of a tree on a passer-by, are, in the view of the natives, perpetuated by the class of spirits known as Ombuiri.[11] So too, many of the spirits especially concerned with the operations of nature are conceived as neutral or even benevolent; the European peasant fears the corn-spirit only when he irritates him by trenching on his domain and taking his property by cutting the corn;[12] similarly, there is no reason why the more insignificant personages of the pantheon should be conceived as malevolent, and we find that the Petara of the Dyaks are far from indiscriminating and malignant, being viewed as invisible guardians of mankind.[13]

Types

See also: Classification of demons

Under the head of demons are classified only such spirits as are believed to enter into relations with the human race; the term therefore includes:

  1. angels in the Judeo-Christian tradition that fell from grace,[4]
  2. human souls regarded as genii or familiars,[14]
  3. such as receive a cult (e.g., ancestor worship),[4]
  4. ghosts or other malevolent revenants.[15]

Excluded are souls conceived as inhabiting another world. Yet just as gods are not necessarily spiritual, demons may also be regarded as corporeal; vampires for example are sometimes described as human heads with appended entrails, which issue from the tomb to attack the living during the night watches. The so-called Spectre Huntsman of the Malay Peninsula is said to be a man who scours the firmament with his dogs, vainly seeking for what he could not find on Earth -a buck mouse-deer pregnant with male offspring; but he seems to be a living man; there is no statement that he ever died, nor yet that he is a spirit. The incubi and Succubi of the Middle Ages are sometimes regarded as spiritual beings; but they were held to give proof of their bodily existence, such as offspring (though often deformed).[16] Belief in demons goes back many millennia. The Zoroastrian faith teaches that there are 3,333 Demons, some with specific dark responsibilities such as war, starvation, sickness, etc.

Jewish demonology

While historical Judaism never "officially" recognized a rigid set of doctrines about demons,[17] many scholars believe that its post-exilic concepts of eschatology, angelology, and demonology were influenced by Zoroastrianism.[18][19] Some, however, believe that these concepts were received as part of the Kabbalistic tradition[20] passed down from Adam, Noah, and the Hebrew patriarchs.[21] See Sefer Yetzirah.

The Talmud declares that there are 7,405,926 demons, divided in 72 companies.[22] Indeed, some commentators hold that Satan was a prosecutor for God in early Judaism, and a somewhat minor angel at that.[23] While most people believe that Lucifer and Satan are different names for the same being, not all scholars subscribe to this view.[24]

There is more than one instance where demons are said to have come to be, as seen by the sins of the Watchers and the Grigori, of Lilith leaving Adam, of demons such as vampires, impure spirits in Jewish folklore such as the dybbuk, and of wicked humans that have become demons as well.[25][26]

Christian demonology

Main article: Christian demonology

Christian demonology is the study of demons from a Christian point of view. It is primarily based on the Bible (Old Testament and New Testament), the exegesis of these scriptures, the scriptures of early Christian philosophers and hermits, tradition, and legends incorporated from other beliefs.

A number of authors throughout Christian history have written about demons for a variety of purposes. Theologians like Thomas Aquinas wrote concerning the behaviors Christians should be aware of[27], while witchhunters like Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger wrote about how to find and what to do with people they believed were involved with demons[28]. Some texts are written with instructions on how to summon demons in the name of God and often were claimed to have been written by individuals respected within the Church, such as the Lesser Key of Solomon[29] or The Grimoire of Pope Honorius (although these the earliest manuscripts were from well after these individuals had died)[30]. These latter texts were usually more detailed, giving names, ranks, and descriptions of demons individually and categorically.[31] Most Christians commonly reject these texts as either diabolical or fictitious.[32]

In modern times, some demonological texts have been written by Christians, usually in a similar vein of Thomas Aquinas, explaining their effects in the world and how faith may lessen or eliminate damage by them.[33] A few Christian authors, such as Jack Chick and John Todd write with intentions similar to Kramer and Sprenger, proclaiming that demons and their human agents are active in the world.[34] These claims are usually far from mainstream, and might include the beliefs such as the idea that Christian rock is a means through which demons influence people.

Not all Christians believe that demons exist in the literal sense. There is the view that the New Testament language of exorcism is an example of the language of the day being employed to describe the healings of what today would be classified as epilepsy, mental illness etc.[35]

Islamic demonology

In Islam, the devil Iblis (Satan and/or Lucifer in Christianity) was a Jinn.[36] (humans are created from Earth, Angels from light, and jinn from 'smokeless fire'). The jinn though, are not necessarily evil; they could be good doers or sinners just like humans. Since the jinn and humans are the only kinds of creation who have the will to choose, the followers of Iblis could be jinn or human. The angels, on the other hand, are sinless and only obey the will of God.[37] In the Qur'an, when God ordered those witnessing the creation of Adam to kneel before him (before Adam), Iblis refused to do so and was therefore damned for refusal to obey God's will.[38]

Demonology in Buddhism and Hinduism

Traditionally Buddhism affirms the existence of Hells[39] peopled by demons who torment sinners and tempt mortals to sin, or who seek to thwart their enlightenment, with a demon named Mara as chief tempter.[40] Most of these "demons" are considered to be representations of mental obstructions. [41] Hinduism contains traditions of combats between its gods and various adversaries, such as the combat of the lord of the Gods Indra and the major asura, Vritra.[42]

Occult demonology

Practitioners of ceremonial magic sometimes attempt to constrain and command demons to do their bidding, using methods such as the Goetia and The Book of Abramelin. The demons are often those mentioned in Christian demonology. These practitioners do not necessarily worship demons, but seek to deploy them to obtain their goals. Other followers of the occult do worship demons, and some refer to their religion as "demonolatry."[43] Demonolators consider methods such as the Goetia very disrespectful towards the demons, and possibly dangerous for the operator. They instead use forms of prayer, magic, and ritual which petition the demons, asking for their aid rather than commanding them.

Demonolators are not identical to practitioners of Theistic Satanism. They worship other demons (such as Belial and Leviathan) either alongside, or instead of Satan. Some demonolators say that their form of demonolatry is a tradition, often familial, that is not related to the modern religious and philosophical movements collectively referred to as Satanism.[44] Not all of the occultists who worship demons use the word "demonolator" to describe themselves, nor do all belong to the specific group mentioned above.

Zoroastrian demonology

In the Zoroastrian tradition, Ahura Mazda, as the force of good Spenta Mainyu, will eventually be victorious in a cosmic battle with an evil force known as Angra Mainyu or Ahriman.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Demonology" at Dictionary.com Unabridged, (v 1.1) Random House, Inc., retrieved January 29 2007.
  2. ^ Theology definition and kinds of Theology at biblia.com
  3. ^ a b "Demon" from Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, © 2006 World Almanac Education Group, retrieved from history.com
  4. ^ a b c d van der Toorn, Becking, van der Horst (1999), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in The Bible, Second Extensively Revised Edition, Entry: Demon, pp. 235-240, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8028-2491-9
  5. ^ Animism at The Catholic Encyclopedia
  6. ^ Ludwig, Theodore M., The Sacred Paths: Understanding the Religions of the World, Second Edition, pp. 48-51, © 1989 Prentice-Hall, Inc., ISBN 0-02-372175-8
  7. ^ Rink, Henry (1875), "Chapter IV: Religion" of Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, London, 1875, at sacred-texts.com
  8. ^ a b c Demonology at the Online Encyclopedia, Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 10 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
  9. ^ Cumont, Franz (1911), The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, Chapter VI: Persia, p. 267 at sacred-texts.com
  10. ^ Augustine, The City of God, Book 8, Chapter 24, at the Christian Classics Etherial Library
  11. ^ Hamill Nassau, Robert (Rev.) M.D., S.T.D., (1904), Fetichism in West Africa, Chapter V: Spiritual Beings in Africa - Their Classes and Functions, Charles Scribners Son
  12. ^ Frazer, Sir James George (1922), The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion, Chapter 46, "The Corn-Mother in Many Lands," at The University of Adelaide Library
  13. ^ Greem, Eda (c. 1909), Borneo: The Land of River and Palm at the Project Canterbury website
  14. ^ Demon, entry in the Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper, hosted at dictionary.com
  15. ^ Ghost, entry in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Copyright © 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company, hosted at dictionary.com
  16. ^ Masello, Robert, Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark, pp. 64-68, © 2004, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, ISBN 0-399-51889-4
  17. ^ Mack, Carol K., Mack, Dinah (1998), A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits, p. XXXIII, New York: Henry Holt and Co., ISBN 0-8050-6270-X
  18. ^ Zoroastrianism at net.bible.org
  19. ^ Jahanian, Daryoush, M.D., "The Zoroastrian-Biblical Connections," at meta-religion.com
  20. ^ Franck, Adolphe (1843), translated by Sossnitz, I. (1926), The Kabbalah, or, The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews, Part Two, Chapter IV, "Continuation of The Analysis of The Zohar: The Kabbalists' View of The World," p. 184 at sacred-texts.com
  21. ^ Mathers, S.L. McGregor (Translation from Latin - 1912), Kabbala Denudata: The Kabbala Unveiled, Introduction, at sacred-texts.com
  22. ^ [1]
  23. ^ "Satan: The OT View of Satan," at bibletexts.com
  24. ^ Davidson, Gustav (1967), A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels, p. 176, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-19757
  25. ^ Demonology at jewishencyclopedia.com
  26. ^ Josephus, Flavius, Wars of The Jews, Book VII, Chapter VI, Par. 3, at Early Jewish Writings
  27. ^ Thomas Acquinas's Summa Theologica, Question 114, hosted on New Advent
  28. ^ Malleus Maleficarum, hosted on the Internet Sacred Text Archive
  29. ^ Lesser Key of Solomon, The Conjuration To Call Forth Any of the Aforesaid Spirits, hosted on Internet Sacred Text Archive
  30. ^ Arthur Edward Waite, Book of Ceremonial Magic, page 64 and page 106
  31. ^ Waite, page 64
  32. ^ Waite, page xliii
  33. ^ Jessie Penn-Lewis, War on the Saints on Google Books, introductory chapter
  34. ^ "The Broken Cross - by Jack T. Chick". Chick.com. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  35. ^ The Devil, Satan And Demons
  36. ^ Qur'an 18:50 And when We said to the angels, Bow yourselves to Adam'; so they bowed themselves, save Iblis; he was one of the jinn, and committed ungodliness against his Lord's command
  37. ^ "Who is Satan?" at understanding-islam.com
  38. ^ The Qur'an (Yusuf Ali, tr.): Sūra 38: Sād: Section 5 (65-88) at sacred-texts.com
  39. ^ Boeree, Dr. C. George (2000), Chapter: "Buddhist Cosmology", An Introduction to Buddhism, Shippensburg University
  40. ^ "Demon" and "Mara" in the Glossary of Buddhist Terms at kadampa.org
  41. ^ Ibid.
  42. ^ Vritra at the Encyclopedia Mythica
  43. ^ OFS Demonolatry
  44. ^ OFS Demonolatry
  45. ^ "Who are the Zoroastrians," at tenets.zoroastrianism.com
  • Rémy, Nicholas (1974). Demonolatry. University Books.

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