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'''Frederick Joseph "Fred" Noonan''' (April 4, 1893 – missing July 2, 1937, declared dead June 20, 1938)<ref>''Oakland Tribune'', June 23, 1938.</ref> was an American flight [[navigator]], sea captain and [[aviation]] pioneer who first charted many commercial airline routes across the Pacific Ocean during the 1930s. He was last seen in [[Lae]], [[New Guinea]] on July 2, 1937, and disappeared with [[Amelia Earhart]] somewhere over the |
'''Frederick Joseph "Fred" Noonan''' (April 4, 1893 – missing July 2, 1937, declared dead June 20, 1938)<ref>''Oakland Tribune'', June 23, 1938.</ref> was an American flight [[navigator]], sea captain and [[aviation]] pioneer who first charted many commercial airline routes across the Pacific Ocean during the 1930s. He was last seen in [[Lae]], [[New Guinea]], on July 2, 1937, and disappeared with [[Amelia Earhart]] somewhere over the Central [[Pacific Ocean]] during their attempted round-the-world flight. |
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==Early life and maritime career== |
==Early life and maritime career== |
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Noonan was born in [[Cook County, Illinois |
Noonan was born in [[Cook County, Illinois]] (the [[Chicago]] area). His parents were Joseph T. Noonan (born in Lincolnville, Maine, in 1861) and Catherine Egan (born in London, England). Noonan's father died when he was four, and three years later a [[census]] report lists him as living alone in a Chicago boarding house, although relatives or family friends were likely looking after him. In his own words, Noonan "left school in summer of 1905 and went to [[Seattle, Washington]],"<ref name="Fred Noonan, Sea Captain">[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Research/Bulletins/09_Noonan/09_Noonan.html "Fred Noonan, Sea Captain."] ''Earhart Project Research Bulletin #9, 9/4/98''. Retrieved: October 16, 2009.</ref> where he found work as a seaman. |
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At the age of 17, Noonan shipped out of Seattle as an ordinary seaman on a British sailing bark, the ''Crompton''. Between 1910 and 1915, Noonan worked on over a dozen ships, rising to the ratings of [[quartermaster]] and [[bosun's mate]]. He continued working on [[merchant]] ships throughout |
At the age of 17, Noonan shipped out of Seattle as an ordinary seaman on a British sailing bark, the ''Crompton''. Between 1910 and 1915, Noonan worked on over a dozen ships, rising to the ratings of [[quartermaster]] and [[bosun's mate]]. He continued working on [[merchant]] ships throughout [[World War I]]. Serving as an officer on ammunition ships, his harrowing wartime service included being on three vessels that were sunk from under him by [[U-boat]]s. <ref name ="Taylor"> Taylor, Blaine. "Were They Spies for Roosevelt?" ''Air Classics, Volume 24, Number 2, February 1988'', p. 26. </ref> After the war, Noonan continued in the Merchant Marine and achieved a measure of prominence as a ship's officer. Throughout the 1920s, his maritime career was characterized by steadily increasing ratings and "good" (typically the highest) work performance reviews. Noonan married Josephine Sullivan in 1927 at [[Jackson, Mississippi]]. After a [[honeymoon]] in [[Cuba]], they settled in [[New Orleans]]. |
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==Navigator for Pan Am== |
==Navigator for Pan Am== |
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Following a distinguished 22-year career at sea which included sailing around Cape Horn seven times (three times under sail)<ref name ="Taylor"/>, Noonan contemplated a new career direction. After learning to fly in the late 1920s<ref name ="Taylor"/> he received a "limited [[Commercial Pilot License|commercial pilot's license]]" in 1930, on which he listed his occupation as "aviator." |
Following a distinguished 22-year career at sea which included sailing around Cape Horn seven times (three times under sail)<ref name ="Taylor"/>, Noonan contemplated a new career direction. After learning to fly in the late 1920s<ref name ="Taylor"/> he received a "limited [[Commercial Pilot License|commercial pilot's license]]" in 1930, on which he listed his occupation as "aviator." In following year as a Merchant Mariner, he was awarded "license #121190, Class Master, any ocean,"<ref name="Fred Noonan, Sea Captain"/> the qualifications of a merchant ship's captain.<ref>Lovell 1989, p. 245.</ref> During the early 1930s, he worked for [[Pan American World Airways]] as a navigation instructor in [[Miami]] and an airport manager in [[Port-au-Prince|Port-Au-Prince, Haiti]], eventually assuming the duties of inspector for all of the company's airports. |
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In March 1935, Noonan was the [[air navigation|navigator]] on the first Pan Am [[Sikorsky S-42]] clipper at [[San Francisco Bay]]. In April he navigated the historic round-trip [[China Clipper]] flight between [[San Francisco]] and [[Honolulu]] piloted by [[Ed Musick]] (who was featured on the cover of Time magazine that year). Noonan was subsequently responsible for mapping Pan Am's clipper routes across the [[Pacific Ocean |
In March 1935, Noonan was the [[air navigation|navigator]] on the first Pan Am [[Sikorsky S-42]] clipper at [[San Francisco Bay]]. In April he navigated the historic round-trip [[China Clipper]] flight between [[San Francisco]] and [[Honolulu]] piloted by [[Ed Musick]] (who was featured on the cover of Time magazine that year). Noonan was subsequently responsible for mapping Pan Am's clipper routes across the [[Pacific Ocean]], participating in many flights to [[Midway Atoll|Midway Island]], [[Wake Island]], [[Guam]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Hong Kong]]. In addition to more modern navigational tools, Noonan as a licensed sea captain was known for carrying a ship's sextant on these flights. |
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1937 was a year of transition for Fred Noonan, whose reputation as an expert navigator, along with his role in the development of commercial airline navigation, had already earned him a place in aviation history. The tall, very thin, dark auburn-[[hair]]ed and [[blue]]-[[eye]]d 43-year-old navigator was living in [[ |
1937 was a year of transition for Fred Noonan, whose reputation as an expert navigator, along with his role in the development of commercial airline navigation, had already earned him a place in aviation history. The tall, very thin, dark auburn-[[hair]]ed and [[blue]]-[[eye]]d 43-year-old navigator was living in [[Los Angeles]]. He resigned from Pan Am because he felt he had risen through the ranks as far as he could as a navigator, and he had an interest in starting a navigation school. In March, he divorced his wife, Josie, in [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Mexico]]. Two weeks later, he married Mary Bea Martinelli (born Passadori) of [[Oakland, California]]. Noonan was rumored to be a heavy drinker of alcoholic beverages. That was fairly common during this era and there is no contemporary evidence Noonan was an alcoholic, although decades later, a few writers and others made some hearsay claims that he was.<ref>[http://www.tighar.org/forum/FAQs/noonan.htm Was Fred Noonan an Alcoholic?"] ''Tighar.org''. Retrieved: June 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Taped interview between John Leslie and Victor Wright, 1972, PAA archives, Richter Library, Miami, consulted April 2006: 35 years later, in a 1972 interview with Pan American executive John Leslie, Victor Wright (a crewmember who flew with Noonan on Clipper flights) said "he drank himself out of a job... It got to Noonan by way of drink. We had no one to do the navigating except Noonan. Harry Canaday then took over and navigated on the way back."</ref> |
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==Earhart world flight== |
==Earhart world flight== |
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[[Image:Frednoonan earhart2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Earhart and Noonan by the [[Lockheed L-10 Electra]] during their World Flight, 1937.]] |
[[Image:Frednoonan earhart2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Earhart and Noonan by the [[Lockheed L-10 Electra]] during their World Flight, 1937.]] |
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[[Amelia Earhart]] met Noonan through mutual connections in the Los Angeles aviation community and chose him to serve as her navigator on her World Flight in the [[Lockheed L-10 Electra|Lockheed Electra 10E]] she had purchased with funds donated by [[Purdue University]] |
[[Amelia Earhart]] met Noonan through mutual connections in the Los Angeles aviation community and chose him to serve as her navigator on her World Flight in the [[Lockheed L-10 Electra|Lockheed Electra 10E]] that she had purchased with funds donated by [[Purdue University]]. She planned toa circumnavigate the globe at equatorial latitudes. Although this airpalne was of an advanced type for its time, and was dubbed a "flying laboratory" for the press, little real science was planned. The world was already criss-crossed with commercial airline routes (many of which Noonan himself had first navigated and mapped), and the flight is now regarded by some as an adventurous publicity stunt. Noonan was probably attracted to this project because Earhart's mass market fame would almost certainly generate a lot of publicity, and this in turn could reasonably be expected to attract attention to him and the navigation school that he hoped to establish when they returned. |
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The first attempt began with a record-breaking flight from [[Burbank, California]] to Honolulu. However, |
The first attempt began with a record-breaking flight from [[Burbank, California]], to Honolulu. However, while the Electra was taking off to begin its second leg to [[Howland Island]], its wing clipped the ground. Earhart cut an engine off to maintain balance, the aircraft [[Ground loop (aviation)|ground looped]], and its landing gear collapsed. Although there were no injuries, the Lockheed Electra had to be shipped by sea back to Los Angeles for expensive repairs. Over one month later, they tried starting again, this time leaving [[California]] in the opposite (eastward) direction. |
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Earhart characterized the pace of their 40-day, eastward trip from Burbank to [[New Guinea]] as "leisurely |
Earhart characterized the pace of their 40-day, eastward trip from Burbank to [[New Guinea]] as "leisurely". They took off from [[Lae]] on July 2, 1937, and headed for [[Howland Island]], a tiny sliver of land in the Pacific Ocean, barely 2,000 meters long, with one runway on it, and a temporary refuelling station. Their plan for the 18-hour-long flight was to reach the vicinity of Howland using Noonan's celestial navigation abikities, and then find Howland by using radio signals transmitted by the [[U.S. Coast Guard]] cutter [[USCGC Itasca (1929)|USCGC ''Itasca'']]. |
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Through a combined sequence of misunderstandings or mishaps (that are still controversial), over scattered clouds, the final approach to Howland Island never took place, although Earhart stated by radio that they believed they were in the immediate vicinity of Howland. Two-way radio contact was never established, and the aviators and their Airplane disappeared over the Central [[Pacific Ocean]]. Despite an unprecedented, extensive search by the [[U.S. Navy]] - including the use of search planes from an [[aircraft carrier]] - and the [[U.S. Coast Guard]], no traces of them or their Electra were ever found <ref> Goldstein and Dillon 1997, pp. 245–254. Note: The USS ''Lexington'', a large aircraft carrier, and the USS ''Colorado'', a battleship, the ''Itasca'', and even two Japanese ships searched for seven days, covering {{convert|150000|sqmi|km2|-4}} of ocean and the few islets. The official search for them by a variety of vessels lasted until July 18, 1937, a total of 16 days. </ref> |
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| ⚫ | Later research showed that Howland's position was misplaced on their chart by approximately five nautical miles. There is also motion picture evidence that a belly antenna on |
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| ⚫ | Later research showed that Howland's position was misplaced on their chart by approximately five nautical miles. There is also some motion picture evidence that a belly antenna on their Electra might have snapped on takeoff (the purpose of this antenna has not been identified, and radio communications seemed normal as they climbed away from Lae).<ref>''[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Bulletins/20_LostAntenna/20_LostAntenna.html "The Lost Antenna."] ''Earhart Project Research Bulletin #20'', TIGHAR, December 9, 1999. Retrieved: October 16, 2009.</ref><ref>Hurysz, James. [http://www.dataquality.com/999bkrv1.htm "Stunt Flying."] ''book review by James Hurysz of ''Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved'' by Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, September 1999. Retrieved: October 16, 2009.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
{{See also|Amelia_Earhart#Disappearance_theories}}<!-- There is some contentious debate about the disappearance of Earhart and Noonan. Please refer to the talk page before editing this section. --> |
{{See also|Amelia_Earhart#Disappearance_theories}}<!-- There is some contentious debate about the disappearance of Earhart and Noonan. Please refer to the talk page before editing this section. --> |
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It is possible, even likely, that having run out of fuel, Earhart ditched the Electra in the ocean where she perished with her navigator. However, in her last message received at Howland, Earhart reported that they were flying a standard line of position (or sun line), a routine procedure for an experienced navigator like Noonan. This line passed within sight of Gardner Island (now [[Nikumaroro]]) in the [[Phoenix Islands|Phoenix Group]] to the southeast and there is a range of documented, archaeological and anecdotal evidence supporting an hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner, which at |
It is possible, even likely, that having run out of fuel, Earhart ditched the Electra in the ocean where she perished with her navigator. However, in her last message received at Howland Island, Earhart reported that they were flying a standard line of position (or sun line), a routine procedure for an experienced navigator like Noonan. This line passed within sight of Gardner Island (now called [[Nikumaroro]]) in the [[Phoenix Islands|Phoenix Island Group]] to the southeast, and there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting an hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, which at that time was uninhabited, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. In 1940, [[Gerald Gallagher]], a British colonial officer and a licensed pilot, radioed his superiors to tell them that he believed he had found Earhart's skeleton, along with a sextant box, under a tree on the island's southeast corner. In a 1998 report to the American Anthroplogical Association, researchers, including a [[forensic anthropologist]] and an [[archaeologist]], concluded, "What we can be certain of is that bones were found on the island in 1939–40, associated with what were observed to be women’s shoes and a navigator’s sextant box, and that the morphology of the recovered bones, insofar as we can tell by applying contemporary forensic methods to measurements taken at the time, appears consistent with a female of Earhart’s height and ethnic origin. "<ref>''[http://www.tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/AEhypothesis.html The TIGHAR Hypothesis], November 2001</ref><ref>Burns, Karen R, Ph.D. et al. [http://www.tighar.org/TTracks/14_2/14-2Bones.html "Amelia Earhart’s Bones and Shoes?"] ''tighar.org'', 1998 Annual Convention of the American Anthropological Association, Philadelphia, December 5, 1998. Retrieved: June 28, 2008.</ref> |
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However, there are several long-time experts on the aviation radio transmitters of that time who have concluded from the historical records that Earhart was forced to ditch her Lockheed Electra in the ocean northwest of Howland Island. Thus, the controversary over the final resting places of Earhart and Noonan continues. |
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==Popular culture== |
==Popular culture== |
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Although Fred Noonan has left a much smaller |
Although Fred Noonan has left a much smaller splash in popular culture than Amelia Earhart's, his legacy is remembered now and then. Noonan is often mentioned in W.P. Kinsella's novels. Noonan was portrayed by the actor [[David Graf]] in the "[[The 37s]]", an episode of the ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' television series. Both a baseball stadium and an aircraft rental agency are named after Fred Noonan. In addition, [[Christopher Eccleston]] has portrayed Noonan in the recent biographical movie ''[[Amelia (film)|Amelia]]'' ({{fy|2009}}). |
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Noonan is also mentioned in the song "Amelia" on [[Bell X1 (band)|Bell X1]]'s 2009 album [[Blue Lights on the Runway]], which contemplates the last moments and |
Fred Noonan is also mentioned in the song "Amelia" on [[Bell X1 (band)|Bell X1]]'s 2009 album [[Blue Lights on the Runway]], which contemplates the last moments and the fates of Amelia Earhart and Noonan. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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|NAME= Noonan, Fred |
|NAME= Noonan, Fred |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Flight [[navigator]], sea captain and [[aviation]] pioneer |
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Flight [[navigator]], sea captain, and [[aviation]] pioneer |
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|DATE OF BIRTH=[[4 April]] 1893 |
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[4 April]] 1893 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Cook County, Illinois]] |
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Cook County, Illinois]] |
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Revision as of 03:40, 4 November 2009
Fred Noonan | |
|---|---|
| File:Fred Noonan.jpg | |
| Born | 4 April 1893 |
| Died | unknown, missing 2 July 1937 en route to Howland Island, declared dead 20 June 1938 |
| Occupation | Navigator |
| Spouse | Josephine Sullivan (divorced) Mary Bea Noonan |
| Children | none |
| Parent | Joseph T. Noonan Catherine Egan |
Frederick Joseph "Fred" Noonan (April 4, 1893 – missing July 2, 1937, declared dead June 20, 1938)[1] was an American flight navigator, sea captain and aviation pioneer who first charted many commercial airline routes across the Pacific Ocean during the 1930s. He was last seen in Lae, New Guinea, on July 2, 1937, and disappeared with Amelia Earhart somewhere over the Central Pacific Ocean during their attempted round-the-world flight.
Early life and maritime career
Noonan was born in Cook County, Illinois (the Chicago area). His parents were Joseph T. Noonan (born in Lincolnville, Maine, in 1861) and Catherine Egan (born in London, England). Noonan's father died when he was four, and three years later a census report lists him as living alone in a Chicago boarding house, although relatives or family friends were likely looking after him. In his own words, Noonan "left school in summer of 1905 and went to Seattle, Washington,"[2] where he found work as a seaman.
At the age of 17, Noonan shipped out of Seattle as an ordinary seaman on a British sailing bark, the Crompton. Between 1910 and 1915, Noonan worked on over a dozen ships, rising to the ratings of quartermaster and bosun's mate. He continued working on merchant ships throughout World War I. Serving as an officer on ammunition ships, his harrowing wartime service included being on three vessels that were sunk from under him by U-boats. [3] After the war, Noonan continued in the Merchant Marine and achieved a measure of prominence as a ship's officer. Throughout the 1920s, his maritime career was characterized by steadily increasing ratings and "good" (typically the highest) work performance reviews. Noonan married Josephine Sullivan in 1927 at Jackson, Mississippi. After a honeymoon in Cuba, they settled in New Orleans.
Navigator for Pan Am
Following a distinguished 22-year career at sea which included sailing around Cape Horn seven times (three times under sail)[3], Noonan contemplated a new career direction. After learning to fly in the late 1920s[3] he received a "limited commercial pilot's license" in 1930, on which he listed his occupation as "aviator." In following year as a Merchant Mariner, he was awarded "license #121190, Class Master, any ocean,"[2] the qualifications of a merchant ship's captain.[4] During the early 1930s, he worked for Pan American World Airways as a navigation instructor in Miami and an airport manager in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti, eventually assuming the duties of inspector for all of the company's airports.
In March 1935, Noonan was the navigator on the first Pan Am Sikorsky S-42 clipper at San Francisco Bay. In April he navigated the historic round-trip China Clipper flight between San Francisco and Honolulu piloted by Ed Musick (who was featured on the cover of Time magazine that year). Noonan was subsequently responsible for mapping Pan Am's clipper routes across the Pacific Ocean, participating in many flights to Midway Island, Wake Island, Guam, the Philippines, and Hong Kong. In addition to more modern navigational tools, Noonan as a licensed sea captain was known for carrying a ship's sextant on these flights.
1937 was a year of transition for Fred Noonan, whose reputation as an expert navigator, along with his role in the development of commercial airline navigation, had already earned him a place in aviation history. The tall, very thin, dark auburn-haired and blue-eyed 43-year-old navigator was living in Los Angeles. He resigned from Pan Am because he felt he had risen through the ranks as far as he could as a navigator, and he had an interest in starting a navigation school. In March, he divorced his wife, Josie, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Two weeks later, he married Mary Bea Martinelli (born Passadori) of Oakland, California. Noonan was rumored to be a heavy drinker of alcoholic beverages. That was fairly common during this era and there is no contemporary evidence Noonan was an alcoholic, although decades later, a few writers and others made some hearsay claims that he was.[5][6]
Earhart world flight
Amelia Earhart met Noonan through mutual connections in the Los Angeles aviation community and chose him to serve as her navigator on her World Flight in the Lockheed Electra 10E that she had purchased with funds donated by Purdue University. She planned toa circumnavigate the globe at equatorial latitudes. Although this airpalne was of an advanced type for its time, and was dubbed a "flying laboratory" for the press, little real science was planned. The world was already criss-crossed with commercial airline routes (many of which Noonan himself had first navigated and mapped), and the flight is now regarded by some as an adventurous publicity stunt. Noonan was probably attracted to this project because Earhart's mass market fame would almost certainly generate a lot of publicity, and this in turn could reasonably be expected to attract attention to him and the navigation school that he hoped to establish when they returned.
The first attempt began with a record-breaking flight from Burbank, California, to Honolulu. However, while the Electra was taking off to begin its second leg to Howland Island, its wing clipped the ground. Earhart cut an engine off to maintain balance, the aircraft ground looped, and its landing gear collapsed. Although there were no injuries, the Lockheed Electra had to be shipped by sea back to Los Angeles for expensive repairs. Over one month later, they tried starting again, this time leaving California in the opposite (eastward) direction.
Earhart characterized the pace of their 40-day, eastward trip from Burbank to New Guinea as "leisurely". They took off from Lae on July 2, 1937, and headed for Howland Island, a tiny sliver of land in the Pacific Ocean, barely 2,000 meters long, with one runway on it, and a temporary refuelling station. Their plan for the 18-hour-long flight was to reach the vicinity of Howland using Noonan's celestial navigation abikities, and then find Howland by using radio signals transmitted by the U.S. Coast Guard cutter USCGC Itasca.
Through a combined sequence of misunderstandings or mishaps (that are still controversial), over scattered clouds, the final approach to Howland Island never took place, although Earhart stated by radio that they believed they were in the immediate vicinity of Howland. Two-way radio contact was never established, and the aviators and their Airplane disappeared over the Central Pacific Ocean. Despite an unprecedented, extensive search by the U.S. Navy - including the use of search planes from an aircraft carrier - and the U.S. Coast Guard, no traces of them or their Electra were ever found [7]
Later research showed that Howland's position was misplaced on their chart by approximately five nautical miles. There is also some motion picture evidence that a belly antenna on their Electra might have snapped on takeoff (the purpose of this antenna has not been identified, and radio communications seemed normal as they climbed away from Lae).[8][9]
Their Disappearance
It is possible, even likely, that having run out of fuel, Earhart ditched the Electra in the ocean where she perished with her navigator. However, in her last message received at Howland Island, Earhart reported that they were flying a standard line of position (or sun line), a routine procedure for an experienced navigator like Noonan. This line passed within sight of Gardner Island (now called Nikumaroro) in the Phoenix Island Group to the southeast, and there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting an hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, which at that time was uninhabited, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. In 1940, Gerald Gallagher, a British colonial officer and a licensed pilot, radioed his superiors to tell them that he believed he had found Earhart's skeleton, along with a sextant box, under a tree on the island's southeast corner. In a 1998 report to the American Anthroplogical Association, researchers, including a forensic anthropologist and an archaeologist, concluded, "What we can be certain of is that bones were found on the island in 1939–40, associated with what were observed to be women’s shoes and a navigator’s sextant box, and that the morphology of the recovered bones, insofar as we can tell by applying contemporary forensic methods to measurements taken at the time, appears consistent with a female of Earhart’s height and ethnic origin. "[10][11]
However, there are several long-time experts on the aviation radio transmitters of that time who have concluded from the historical records that Earhart was forced to ditch her Lockheed Electra in the ocean northwest of Howland Island. Thus, the controversary over the final resting places of Earhart and Noonan continues.
Popular culture
Although Fred Noonan has left a much smaller splash in popular culture than Amelia Earhart's, his legacy is remembered now and then. Noonan is often mentioned in W.P. Kinsella's novels. Noonan was portrayed by the actor David Graf in the "The 37s", an episode of the Star Trek: Voyager television series. Both a baseball stadium and an aircraft rental agency are named after Fred Noonan. In addition, Christopher Eccleston has portrayed Noonan in the recent biographical movie Amelia (Template:Fy).
Fred Noonan is also mentioned in the song "Amelia" on Bell X1's 2009 album Blue Lights on the Runway, which contemplates the last moments and the fates of Amelia Earhart and Noonan.
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ Oakland Tribune, June 23, 1938.
- ^ a b "Fred Noonan, Sea Captain." Earhart Project Research Bulletin #9, 9/4/98. Retrieved: October 16, 2009.
- ^ a b c Taylor, Blaine. "Were They Spies for Roosevelt?" Air Classics, Volume 24, Number 2, February 1988, p. 26.
- ^ Lovell 1989, p. 245.
- ^ Was Fred Noonan an Alcoholic?" Tighar.org. Retrieved: June 27, 2008.
- ^ Taped interview between John Leslie and Victor Wright, 1972, PAA archives, Richter Library, Miami, consulted April 2006: 35 years later, in a 1972 interview with Pan American executive John Leslie, Victor Wright (a crewmember who flew with Noonan on Clipper flights) said "he drank himself out of a job... It got to Noonan by way of drink. We had no one to do the navigating except Noonan. Harry Canaday then took over and navigated on the way back."
- ^ Goldstein and Dillon 1997, pp. 245–254. Note: The USS Lexington, a large aircraft carrier, and the USS Colorado, a battleship, the Itasca, and even two Japanese ships searched for seven days, covering 150,000 square miles (390,000 km2) of ocean and the few islets. The official search for them by a variety of vessels lasted until July 18, 1937, a total of 16 days.
- ^ "The Lost Antenna." Earhart Project Research Bulletin #20, TIGHAR, December 9, 1999. Retrieved: October 16, 2009.
- ^ Hurysz, James. "Stunt Flying." book review by James Hurysz of Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved by Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, September 1999. Retrieved: October 16, 2009.
- ^ The TIGHAR Hypothesis, November 2001
- ^ Burns, Karen R, Ph.D. et al. "Amelia Earhart’s Bones and Shoes?" tighar.org, 1998 Annual Convention of the American Anthropological Association, Philadelphia, December 5, 1998. Retrieved: June 28, 2008.
- Bibliography
- Goldstein, Donald M. and Katherine V. Dillon. Amelia: The Centennial Biography of an Aviation Pioneer. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1997. ISBN 1-57488-134-5.
- Lovell, Mary S. The Sound of Wings. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. ISBN 0-312-03431-8.
- Rich, Doris L. Amelia Earhart: A Biography. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. ISBN 1-56098-725-1.