Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)

Battle of Cape St. Vincent The moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman, painted 1780 shows the Santo Domingo exploding, with Rodney's flagship Sandwich in the foreground. Date January 16, 1780 Location Near Cabo de São Vicente, Portugal Result British victory Belligerents Great Britain Spain Commanders and leaders George Rodney Juan de Lángara Strength 18 ships of the line 9 ships of the line 2 frigates Casualties and losses 32 dead 102 wounded 1 ship destroyed 5 ships captured, 3,000 killed, wounded and captured

There were also three other naval battles of St Vincent, the most well known in 1797.

The naval Battle of Cape St Vincent, or Battle of Cape Santa Maria, took place off the coast of Portugal on 16 January 1780 and was a victory of a British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney over a Spanish squadron under Don Juan de Lángara. It is also known as the Moonlight Battle, because it was unusual for naval battles in the age of sail to take place at night.

Origins

Rodney's fleet, on its way to relieve Gibraltar which was under siege by the Spanish, caught de Langara's smaller squadron of nine ships of the line. De Langara's squadron had comprised eleven ships until San Genaro 74 and San Justo 74 were separated from it two days earlier owing to a raging gale, off Cape St Vincent in southwestern Portugal.

Battle

Rodney formed his fleet of 18 ships of the line into line of battle abreast and bore down on the Spanish ships. De Lángara initially ordered his ships to form line of battle ahead but, realizing that the British fleet outnumbered his own, ordered his ships to crowd on all sail to escape for their home port of Cádiz, 100 miles (160 km) to the south. At two o’clock, Rodney ordered a general chase, allowing his ships to chase at their best speed and engage as they came up to the Spanish ships. Thanks to their copper sheathed hulls (which reduced marine growths), the ships of the Royal Navy were faster and soon gained on the Spanish.

At around 4 p.m., after two hours of chasing, the British Defence, Bedford, Resolution and Edgar began the action. At 4:40 p.m., the Spanish Santo Domingo 70, blew up just as Bienfaisant came up to engage her; all hands were lost. Darkness fell soon afterwards. The chase continued through the dark and squally night until 2 a.m. the following morning, when all firing ceased after the headmost of the Spanish squadron surrendered. Four Spanish ships of the line and the two frigates escaped but six were taken including de Lángara's flagship Fénix, 80. By morning, Rodney's own fleet was in shoal water. The necessity of getting the ships off shore prevented Rodney from continuing the chase.

Aftermath

Two of the prizes—San Julián and San Eugenio—were lost because of the ignorance of the coast line of the British officers who commanded them since they had to ask the Spanish captains to help them sail the captured ships through a gale. The captain of San Julián, who had remained on board, refused to help unless the ship was again under his command, to which the British officers agreed. Both Spanish ships were retaken by their crews. The San Julián and the San Eugenio then sailed for Gibraltar. The British casualties in the Battle of St. Vincent were 32 killed and 102 wounded.

Ships involved

Britain Sandwich 90 Royal George 100 Prince George 90 Ajax 74 Alcide 74

Alfred 74 Bedford 74 Culloden 74 Cumberland 74

Defence 74 Edgar 74 Invincible 74 Marlborough 74 Monarch 74

Montagu 74 Resolution 74 Terrible 74 Bienfaisant 64

Spain Fénix 80 Diligente 70 Monarca 70 San Agustín 70

Santo Domingo 70 San Eugenio 70 San Lorenzo 70 San Julián 70 Princesa 70 2 frigates

Sources

• Sapherson, C. A. and Lenton, J. R. (1986) Navy Lists from the Age of Sail; Vol. 2: 1776-1783. Leeds: Raider Games
• Spinney, David (1969) Rodney. London: Allen & Unwin ISBN 0049200224