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{{Otherpersons}}
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{{Infobox Officeholder
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| name =Henry Clay
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| image =Henry Clay-headshot.jpg
mmghghgmhhg
| imagesize =250px
| smallimage =
| jr/sr = United States Senator
| state = [[Kentucky]]
| term_start =March 4, 1849
| term_end =June 29, 1852
| predecessor =[[Thomas Metcalfe (US politician)|Thomas Metcalfe]]
| successor =[[David Meriwether (senator)| David Meriwether]]
| jr/sr2 = United States Senator
| state2 = [[Kentucky]]
| term_start2 =November 10, 1831
| term_end2 =March 31, 1842
| predecessor2 =[[John Rowan (politician)|John Rowan]]
| successor2 =[[John J. Crittenden]]
| order3 =9th [[United States Secretary of State]]
| term_start3 =March 7, 1825
| term_end3 =March 3, 1829
| president3 =[[John Quincy Adams]]
| predecessor3 =[[John Quincy Adams]]
| successor3 =[[Martin Van Buren]]
| order4 =13th
| office4 =Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
| term_start4 =December 1, 1823
| term_end4 =March 4, 1825
| president4 =[[James Monroe]]
| predecessor4 =[[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph B. Varnum]]
| successor4 =[[Langdon Cheves]]
| order5 =Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Kentucky]]'s [[Kentucky's 3rd congressional district|3rd]] district
| term_start5 =March 4, 1823
| term_end5 =March 6, 1825
| predecessor5 =[[John T. Johnson]]
| successor5 =[[James Clark (Kentucky)|James Clark]]
| order6 =10th
| office6 =Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
| term_start6 =December 4, 1815
| term_end6 =October 28, 1820
| president6 =[[James Madison]]<br>[[James Monroe]]
| predecessor6 =[[Langdon Cheves]]
| successor6 =[[John W. Taylor (politician)| John W. Taylor]]
| order7 =Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Kentucky]]'s [[Kentucky's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district
| term_start7 =March 4, 1815
| term_end7 =March 3, 1821
| predecessor7 =[[Samuel McKee (1774)| Samuel McKee]]
| successor7 =[[Joseph H. Hawkins]]
| order8 =8th
| office8 =Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
| term_start8 =November 4, 1811
| term_end8 =January 19, 1814
| president8 =[[James Monroe]]
| predecessor8 =[[Philip Pendleton Barbour]]
| successor8 =[[John W. Taylor (politician) | John W. Taylor]]
| order9 =Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Kentucky]]'s [[Kentucky's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district
| term_start9 =March 4, 1813
| term_end9 =January 19, 1814
| predecessor9 =[[Joseph H. Hawkins]]
| successor9 =[[Samuel H. Woodson]]
| order10 =Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Kentucky]]'s [[Kentucky's 5th congressional district|5th]] district
| term_start10 =March 4, 1811
| term_end10 =March 3, 1813
| predecessor10 =[[William T. Barry]]
| successor10 =[[William P. Duval]]
| jr/sr11 =United States Senator
| state11 =[[Kentucky]]
| term_start11 =January 4, 1810
| term_end11 =March 4, 1811
| predecessor11 =[[Buckner Thruston]]
| successor11 =[[George M. Bibb]]
| jr/sr12 =United States Senator
| state12 =[[Kentucky]]
| term_start12 =November 19, 1806
| term_end12 =March 4, 1807
| predecessor12 =[[John Adair]]
| successor12 =[[John Pope (politician)|John Pope]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|April 12, 1777|April 12, 1777}}
| birth_place =[[Hanover County, Virginia]]
| death_date = {{death-date|June 29, 1852|June 29, 1852 }} (aged 75)
| death_place =[[Washington, D.C.]]
| nationality =
| party =[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]<br>[[National Republican Party|National Republican]]<br>[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =Lucretia Hart Clay
| relations =
| children =Henrietta Clay<br>Theodore Clay<br>Thomas Clay<br>Susan Clay<br>Anne Clay<br>Lucretia Clay<br>[[Henry Clay, Jr.]]<br>Eliza Clay<br>Laura Clay<br>[[James Brown Clay]]<br>[[John Morrison Clay]]
| residence =
| alma_mater =[[College of William and Mary]]
| occupation =
| profession =[[Law]]
| net worth =
| religion =[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
| signature =Henry Clay Signature-.svg
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Overton Farm.jpg|thumb|200px|Overton Farm, the childhood home of Lucretia Hart Clay.]]
[[Image:HenryClayLucretiaHartClay.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Henry Clay and his wife, Lucretia Hart Clay]]
[[Image:DeathofHClayJr.jpg|thumb|250px|Death of Lt Colonel Henry Clay Jr in 1847]]

'''Henry Clay, Sr.''' (April 12, 1777&nbsp;– June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century [[United States|American]] statesman and [[orator]] who represented [[Kentucky]] in both the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], where he served as [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]]. He also served as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] from 1825 to 1829.

He was a dominant figure in both the [[First Party System|first]] and [[Second Party System|Second Party Systems]]. As a leading [[war hawk]], he favored war with [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and played a significant role in leading the nation to [[War of 1812|war]] in 1812.<ref name="Eaton25">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 25}}</ref> He was a major supporter of the [[American System (economic plan)|American System]], fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank.<ref name="Biography.com on Henry Clay" /> Dubbed the "Great Compromiser," he brokered important compromises during the [[Nullification Crisis]] and on the [[American slavery|slavery issue]], especially in [[Missouri Compromise|1820]] and [[Compromise of 1850|1850]], during which he was part of the "[[Great Triumvirate]]" or "Immortal Trio," along with his colleagues [[Daniel Webster]] and [[John C. Calhoun]]. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names "Henry of the West" and "The Western Star."<ref>{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 22, 26}}</ref> In 1957, a Senate committee chaired by [[John F. Kennedy]] named Clay as one of the five greatest senators in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Famous_Five.htm|title=The "Famous Five"|accessdate=2007-01-29}}</ref> In his early involvement in [[Illinois]] politics and as a fellow Kentucky native, [[Abraham Lincoln]] was a great admirer of Clay.<ref name="Holzer">See for example the first Lincoln-Douglas debate, where Lincoln referred to "Mr. Clay&nbsp;— my beau ideal of a great man." [{{cite book |title=The Lincoln-Douglas Debates |last= Holzer ed. |first= Harold |authorlink= |year= 2004 |publisher= Fordham University Press |location= |pages= 76}}]</ref>

==Early life==
[[Image:Henry Clay birthplace.png|left|thumb|Birthplace of Henry Clay]]
===Childhood===
Henry Clay was born on April 12, 1777, at the Clay homestead in [[Hanover County, Virginia|Hanover County]], [[Virginia]] in a story-and-a-half [[frame house]], an above average home for a Virginia farmer of the time.<ref name="Eaton5">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 5}}</ref> He was the seventh of nine children of the Reverend John Clay and Elizabeth Hudson Clay.<ref>Van Deusen, 4</ref> His father, a [[Baptist]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] called "Sir John," died four years later (1781).<ref name="Eaton5"/> He left Henry and his brothers two slaves each and his wife eighteen slaves and {{convert|464|acre|km2}} of land.<ref name="Eaton6">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 6}}</ref>

She soon married Capt. Henry Watkins, who proved himself to be an affectionate stepfather to Clay. He moved the family to [[Richmond, Virginia]]<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Biography">[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/henry-clay/| Encyclopedia of World Biography on Henry Clay]</ref> where Elizabeth had seven children with Watkins to add to the nine she had with John Clay.<ref name="Eaton6"/>

===Education===
In Richmond, Clay was hired as a shop assistant.<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Biography" /> His stepfather later secured Clay employment in the office of the [[Court of Chancery]], where he displayed an adeptness for understanding the intricacies of law.<ref name="Eaton7">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 7}}</ref> There he became friends with [[George Wythe]],<ref name="Eaton7"/> who was hampered by a crippled hand and chose Clay to be his secretary because of his neat handwriting.<ref name="Eaton7"/> While Clay was employed as Wythe's [[amanuensis]], the chancellor took an active interest in Clay's future and arranged a position for him with the Virginia [[attorney general]], [[Robert Brooke]]. Clay received a formal legal education at the [[College of William and Mary]] in Virginia, studying under [[George Wythe]]. Under Brooke, Clay prepared for the bar, to which he was admitted in 1797.<ref name="Encyclopedia of World Biography" />

===Family===
On April 11, 1799, Clay married Lucretia Hart at the Hart home in [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. She was a sister to Captain [[Nathaniel G. T. Hart]], who died in the [[Massacre of the River Raisin]] in the [[War of 1812]].<ref name="Eaton12"/> Clay and his wife had eleven children (six daughters and five sons): Henrietta (1800-1801), Theodore (1802-1870), Thomas (1803-1871), Susan (1805-1825), Anne (1807-1835), Lucretia (1809-1823), [[Henry Clay, Jr.|Henry, Jr.]](1811-1847), Eliza (1813-1825), Laura (October 1815-1817), [[James Brown Clay|James Brown]] (1817-1864), and [[John Morrison Clay|John]] (1821-1887). Seven of Clay's children preceded him in death. By 1835 all six daughters had died of varying causes from [[whooping cough]] to [[yellow fever]] to complications of [[childbirth]], and Henry Clay Jr. was killed at the [[Battle of Buena Vista]] during the [[Mexican-American War]]. His wife Lucretia died in 1864 at the age of 83 and is interred with her husband in the vault of his monument at the Lexington Cemetery. Clay was a second cousin of [[abolitionism|emancipationist]] [[Cassius Marcellus Clay (1810–1903)|Cassius Marcellus Clay]] and the great-grandfather of [[suffragette]] [[Madeline McDowell Breckinridge]].<ref>http://www.womeninkentucky.com/site/reform/m_breckinridge.html</ref>

===Legal career===
[[Image:Henry Clay's law office.jpg|thumb|left|Current view of Henry Clay's law office from 1803-1810 in Lexington, KY]]
Seeking to establish a lucrative law practice, Clay relocated in November 1797 to [[Lexington, Kentucky]], near where his family then resided in [[Woodford County, Kentucky|Woodford County]]. He soon established a reputation for his legal skills and courtroom oratory.<ref>"Death of Henry Clay: Sketch of His Life and Public Career", ''New York Times''. June 30, 1852, p. 1</ref> Some of his clients paid him with horses and with land. Clay came to own town lots and the [[Kentucky Hotel]]. By 1812, Clay owned a lucrative {{convert|600|acre|adj=on}} plantation dubbed "Ashland."<ref name="Biography.com on Henry Clay">[http://www.biography.com/articles/Henry-Clay-9250385|Henry Clay Biography: The Great Compromiser]</ref> One of Clay's clients was his father-in-law, Colonel Thomas Hart, who was an early settler of Kentucky and a prominent businessman.<ref name="Eaton12">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 12}}</ref> Clay's most famous client, however, was [[Aaron Burr]] in 1806 when [[United States District Attorney]] [[Joseph Hamilton Daviess]] indicted him for planning an expedition into [[New Spain|Spanish Territory]] west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Clay and his partner, [[John Allen]], successfully defended Burr. Some years later [[Thomas Jefferson]] convinced Clay that Daviess had been right. Clay was so upset by this that many years later when he met Burr again, Clay refused to shake his hand.<ref name="Eaton15">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 15}}</ref>

==Early political career==
===State legislator===
In 1803 Clay was elected to serve as the representative of [[Fayette County, Kentucky|Fayette County]] in the [[Kentucky General Assembly]]. As a legislator, Clay advocated a liberal interpretation of the state's constitution and initially the gradual emancipation of slavery in Kentucky, although the political realities of the time forced him to abandon that position.<ref name="Biography.com on Henry Clay" /> Clay also advocated moving the state capitol from [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]] to [[Lexington, Kentucky| Lexington]]. He also worked diligently to defend the Kentucky Insurance Company, which he saved from an attempt in 1804 by Felix Grady to repeal its [[monopoly|monopolistic]] charter.<ref name="Eaton14">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 14}}</ref> However, Clay's most famous deed in the assembly was the part he played in the passage of the [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]], which expressed opposition to the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]] that were viewed as tyrannical.<ref name="Biography.com on Henry Clay" />

===First Senate appointment and Speaker of the State House===
Clay's influence in Kentucky state politics was great enough for him to be elected by the Kentucky legislature to fill the [[United States Senate|Senate seat]] vacated by [[John Adair]], who had to resign his seat for his alleged part in the [[Burr Conspiracy]]. He was elected in 1806 and served for one year. Interestingly, Clay was below the [[Article One of the United States Constitution|constitutionally appointed age of thirty]] when elected. When he returned in 1807 he was elected the [[Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives|Speaker]] of the [[Kentucky House of Representatives]].<ref name="Online Biography of Henry Clay">[http://www.onlinebiographies.info/cele/clay-h.htm|Henry Clay - Famous American Biographies]</ref>

===Duel with Humphrey Marshall===
On January 3, 1809, Clay introduced to the Kentucky General Assembly a resolution requiring members to wear homespun suits rather than British [[broadcloth]]. Only two members voted against the patriotic measure. One of them was [[Humphrey Marshall (Senator)|Humphrey Marshall]], an "aristocratic lawyer who possessed a sarcastic tongue," who had been hostile toward Clay in 1806 during the trial of [[Aaron Burr]]. Clay and Marshall nearly came to blows on the Assembly floor and Clay challenged Marshall to a [[duel]]. The duel took place on January 9 in [[Shippingport, Indiana]]. They each had three turns. Clay grazed Marshall once, just below the chest. Marshall hit Clay once in the thigh.<ref name="Eaton17">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 17}}</ref>

===Second Senate appointment===
In 1810, United States Senator [[Buckner Thruston]] resigned to serve as a judge on the [[United States Circuit Court]] and Clay was again appointed to fill his seat.

==Speaker of the House==
===Early years===
In the summer of 1811 Clay was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]]. He was chosen [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] on the first day of his first session, something never done before or since. During the fourteen years following his first election, he was re-elected five times to the House and to the speakership.<ref name="Eaton23">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 23}}</ref>

Before Clay's entrance into the House, the position of Speaker had been that of a rule enforcer and mediator. Clay turned the speakership into a position of power second only to the President of the United States. He immediately appointed members of the [[War Hawk]] faction (of which he was the "guiding spirit"<ref name="Eaton25" />) to all the important committees, effectively giving him control of the House, quite a maneuver for a 34-year-old House freshman. The War Hawks, mostly from the South and the West, resented British violation of U.S. maritime rights and treatment of U.S. sailors. They advocated for a declaration of war against the British.<ref name="Eaton24">{{cite book |title=Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics |last= Eaton |first= Clement |authorlink= |year= 1957 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |pages= 24}}</ref>

As the Congressional leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, Clay took charge of the agenda, especially as a "[[War Hawk]]," supporting the [[War of 1812]] with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British Empire]]. Later, as one of the peace commissioners, Clay helped negotiate the [[Treaty of Ghent]] and signed it on December 24, 1814.<ref name="Biography.com on Henry Clay" /> In 1815, while still in Europe, he helped negotiate a commerce treaty with Great Britain. Also during his early House service, he strongly opposed the creation of a [[First Bank of the United States|National Bank]], in part because of his personal ownership in several small banks in his hometown of Lexington. Later he changed his position and gave strong support for the [[Second Bank of the United States|Second National Bank]] when he was seeking the presidency.

Henry Clay helped establish the [[American Colonization Society]], a group that wanted to send freed African American slaves to Africa and that founded [[Monrovia]] in [[Liberia]] for that purpose. On the amalgamation of the black and white races, Clay said that "The God of Nature, by the differences of color and physical constitution, has decreed against it."<ref>Eaton (1957) p. 133.</ref> Clay presided at the founding meeting of the ACS on December 21, 1816, at the [[Davis Hotel]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Attendees also included [[Robert Finley]], [[James Monroe]], [[Bushrod Washington]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Francis Scott Key]], and [[Daniel Webster]].

===The "American System"===
{{main|American System (economic plan)}}
Henry Clay and [[John C. Calhoun]] helped to pass the [[Tariff of 1816]] as part of the national economic plan Clay called "The [[American System (economic plan)|American System]]," rooted in Alexander Hamilton's [[American School (economics)|American School]]. Described later by [[Friedrich List]], it was designed to allow the fledgling American manufacturing sector, largely centered on the eastern seaboard, to compete with British manufacturing through the creation of tariffs.

After the conclusion of the War of 1812, British factories were overwhelming American ports with inexpensive goods. To persuade voters in the western states to support the tariff, Clay advocated federal government support for internal improvements to infrastructure, principally roads and canals. These internal improvements would be financed by the tariff and by sale of the public lands, prices for which would be kept high to generate revenue. Finally, a national bank would stabilize the currency and serve as the nexus of a truly national financial system.

Clay's American System ran into strong opposition from President Jackson's administration. One of the most important points of contention between the two men was over the [[Maysville Road]]. Jackson vetoed a bill which would authorize federal funding for a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, because he felt that it did not constitute interstate commerce, as specified in the [[Commerce Clause]] of the [[United States Constitution]].

===Foreign policy===
In foreign policy, Clay was the leading American supporter of independence movements and revolutions in [[Latin America]] after 1817. Between 1821 and 1826, the U.S. recognized all the new countries, except [[Uruguay]] (whose independence was debated and recognized only later). When in 1826 the U.S. was invited to attend the Columbia Conference of new nations, opposition emerged, and the American delegation never arrived. Clay supported the [[Greece|Greek]] independence revolutionaries in 1824 who wished to separate from the [[Ottoman Empire]], an early move into European affairs.

===The Missouri Compromise and 1820s===
In 1820 a dispute erupted over the extension of slavery in Missouri Territory. Clay helped settle this dispute by gaining Congressional approval for a plan called the "[[Missouri Compromise]]." It brought in [[Maine]] as a free state and [[Missouri]] as a slave state (thus maintaining the balance in the Senate, which had included 11 free and 11 slave states), and it forbade slavery north of 36º 30' (the northern boundary of [[Arkansas]]) except in Missouri.

[[Image:Clay-standing.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Portrait of Henry Clay]]

===Election of 1824===
{{main|Election of 1824}}
By 1824, the unparalleled success of the [[National Republican Party]] had driven all other parties from the field. Thus, there were four major candidates seeking the office of president, one of whom was Clay. Because of the unusually large number of candidates, no candidate secured a majority and the tie between the two front runners, [[Andrew Jackson]] and [[John Quincy Adams]], was broken in the House of Representatives, where Clay used his political clout to secure the victory for Adams, whom he felt was both more sympathetic to Clay's political views and more likely to appoint Clay to a cabinet position. When Clay was appointed [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], his maneuver was called a "corrupt bargain" by many of Jackson's supporters and tarnished Clay's reputation.

==Senate career==
===The Nullification Crisis===
{{main|Nullification Crisis}}
After the passage of the [[Tariff of 1828]], dubbed the "tariff of abominations" which raised tariffs considerably in an attempt to protect fledgling factories built under previous tariff legislation, [[South Carolina]] declared its right to nullify federal tariff legislation and stopped assessing the tariff on imports. It threatened to [[secession#United States|secede]] from the Union if the Federal government tried to enforce the tariff laws. Furious, President Jackson threatened to lead an army to South Carolina and hang any man who refused to obey the law.

The crisis worsened until 1833 when Clay, again a U.S. Senator re-elected by [[Kentucky]] in 1831, helped to broker a deal in Congress to lower the tariff gradually. This measure helped to preserve the supremacy of the Federal government over the states, but the crisis was indicative of the developing conflict between the northern and southern United States over economics and slavery.

===Charlotte Dupuy's suit for freedom===
During Clay's congressional and Secretary of State terms, he lived on Lafayette Square in Washington, DC, originally called the [[President's Park]], in the house originally built for [[Stephen Decatur]]. When Clay relocated to Washington from Kentucky, he brought with him slaves Aaron and [[Charlotte Dupuy]] to work in his household, as well as their two children Charles and Mary Ann. Living there for nearly two decades, they enjoyed the relative freedoms of urban life as part of a community of blacks, both enslaved and free, in the city.

As Clay was preparing to leave Washington to return to Kentucky in 1829, Charlotte Dupuy had an attorney file a lawsuit in district court for her freedom. Her legal challenge to slavery preceded the more famous [[Dred Scott]] case by 17 years. Unlike the latter, it never reached the [[US Supreme Court]]. Dupuy accused Henry Clay of wrongful enslavement and demanded freedom for her and her children, based on a promise of freedom by her previous owner James Condon. Many details of the case are unknown, but there is evidence that the case received a fair amount of attention in the press. It lasted quite a while, and the court ordered that Charlotte Dupuy remain in DC until the case was settled. Clay returned to his plantation in Lexington with Aaron, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy.

The Court ruled against Dupuy, arguing that any agreement with Condon did not bear on her next owner. Because she refused to return voluntarily to Kentucky, Clay had his agent arrest her. Dupuy was imprisoned in [[Alexandria, Virginia]] before Clay arranged for her transport to [[New Orleans]], where he placed her with his daughter and son-in-law Martin Duralde. She worked there for another decade. Her daughter was sent to join her there.<ref name="Charlotte Dupuy">[http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/southern-region/decatur-house/charlotte-dupuy.html "Charlotte Dupuy"], '' 'The Half Had Not Been Told Me': African American History of Lafayette Square (1795-1965)'', accessed 21 Apr 2009</ref><ref name="Fendall Letter">[http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/southern-region/decatur-house/Clay-Fendall-Dupuy-letter.html "First Page of a Letter from Henry Clay to his agent in Washington, Philip Fendall, Regarding Charlotte Dupuy's Petition for Freedom, 10 Sept 1830"], Transcription and Digital Image at Decatur House on Lafayette Square, ''"The Half Had not Been Told Me": African Americans on Lafayette Square (1795-1965)'', accessed 21 Apr 2009</ref>

Dupuy's case has not been well known. The [[Decatur House]] Museum now has a permanent exhibit on urban slavery and Dupuy's legal challenge of her powerful master. Restored areas of the house museum include the kitchen, where Dupuy would most likely have worked.<ref name="Fendall Letter"/>

In 1840 Henry Clay finally gave Charlotte and her daughter Mary Ann Dupuy their freedom in New Orleans. He kept Charles Dupuy with him as a servant during his speaking engagements, frequently citing him as an example of how well he treated his slaves. Clay granted Charles Dupuy his freedom in 1844.<ref name="Charlotte Dupuy"/>

===Opposition to Jackson and creation of Whig Party===
After the election of [[Andrew Jackson]], Clay led the opposition to Jackson's policies. Those in Clay's camp included the [[National Republican Party|National Republicans]] who were beginning to refer to themselves as "Whigs" in honor of their ancestors during the Revolutionary War, who opposed the tyranny of [[King George III]] just as they opposed the "tyranny" of Jackson. Clay strongly opposed Jackson's failure to renew the charter of the [[Second Bank of the United States]], advocating the passage of a resolution to censure Jackson for his actions.<ref name="Infoplease - Henry Clay - Senator">[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0857386.html| Infoplease Encyclopedia: Henry Clay - Senator]</ref>

In [[United States presidential election, 1832|1832]] Clay was unanimously [[U.S. presidential election, 1832|nominated for the presidency]] by the [[National Republicans]]; Jackson, by the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]]. The main issue was the policy of continuing the Second Bank of the United States. Clay lost by a wide margin to the highly popular Jackson (55% to 37%).

In [[United States presidential election, 1840|1840]], Clay was a candidate for the Whig nomination, but he was defeated in the party convention by supporters of war hero [[William Henry Harrison]]. Harrison was chosen because his war record was attractive and he was seen as more electable than Clay. If the Whigs had been more aware of the political weakness of President [[Martin Van Buren]], they would have probably selected Clay.

[[Image:Clay44.JPG|thumb|right|1844 handbill]]

In [[United States presidential election, 1844|1844]], Clay was nominated by the Whigs against [[James K. Polk]], the Democratic candidate. Clay lost due in part to national sentiment for Polk's "[[54º40' or Fight]]" campaign, which was to settle the northern boundary of the United States with [[Canada]], then under the control of the British Empire. Clay opposed admitting [[Texas]] as a state because he believed it would reawaken the [[slavery]] issue and provoke [[Mexico]] to declare war. Polk took the opposite view, supported by most of the public, especially in the Southern United States. Nevertheless, the election was close; [[New York]]'s 36 electoral votes proved the difference, and went to Polk by a slim 5,000 vote margin. [[Liberty Party (United States)|Liberty Party]] candidate [[James G. Birney]] won a little over 15,000 votes in New York and may have taken votes from Clay. Eventually, Clay's warnings came true. The US annexation of Texas led to the [[Mexican-American War]] (1846-1848), while the North and South came to increased tensions during Polk's Presidency over the extension of slavery into [[Texas]] and beyond.

[[File:Henry Clay Senate3.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Clay takes the floor of the [[Old Senate Chamber]]; [[Millard Fillmore]] presides as [[John C. Calhoun|Calhoun]] and [[Daniel Webster|Webster]] look on. Digitally restored.]]

===The Compromise of 1850===
{{main|Compromise of 1850}}
After losing the Whig Party nomination to Zachary Taylor in 1848, Clay decided to retire to his Ashland estate in Kentucky. Retired for less than a year, he was in 1849 again elected to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky. During his term, the controversy over the expansion of slavery in new lands had reemerged with the addition of the lands ceded to the United States by [[Mexico]] in the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] at the conclusion of the [[Mexican-American War]]. [[David Wilmot]], a Northern congressman, had proposed preventing the extension of slavery into any of the new territory in a proposal referred to as the "[[Wilmot Proviso]]".<ref name="Infoplease - Compromise of 1850">[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0813116.html| Infoplease: Compromise of 1850</ref>

On January 29, 1850, Clay proposed a series of resolutions that he saw as amenable to both Northern and Southern viewpoints in what would widely be called the [[Compromise of 1850]]. Originally intended by Clay to be voted on separately, at the urging of southerners Clay agreed to the creation of a Committee of Thirteen to consider the measures. The committee was formed on April 17, and on May 8 Clay, the chairman of the committee, presented an Omnibus bill linking all of the resolutions to the Senate floor.<ref>Eaton (1957) pp. 188-192. Remini (1991) pp. 732-750</ref> These resolutions included:

*Admission of [[California]] as a free state, ending the balance of free and slave states in the senate.<ref name="Infoplease - Compromise of 1850" />
*Organization of the [[Utah Territory|Utah]] and [[New Mexico Territory|New Mexico]] territories without any slavery provisions, giving the right to allow or prohibit slavery to the territorial populations.<ref name="Infoplease - Compromise of 1850" />
*Prohibition of the slave trade, not the ownership of slaves, in the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="Infoplease - Compromise of 1850" />
*A more stringent [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850|Fugitive Slave Act]].<ref name="Infoplease - Compromise of 1850" />
*Establishment of boundaries for the state of [[Texas]] in exchange for federal payment of Texas's ten million dollar debt.<ref name="Infoplease - Compromise of 1850" />

The Omnibus bill, despite Clay's efforts, failed in a crucial vote on July 31 with the majority of his Whig Party opposed. He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to persevere and pass each individual part of the bill. Clay, however, was physically exhausted as the effects of the tuberculosis that would eventually kill him began to take its toll. Clay left the Senate to recuperate in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], while [[Stephen A. Douglas]] wrote the separate bills and guided them through the Senate.<ref>Eaton (1957) p. 192-193. Remini (1991) pp. 756-759</ref>

Clay was still given much of the credit for the Compromise's success. It quieted the controversy between Northerners and Southerners over the expansion of slavery and delayed secession and civil war for another decade. Senator [[Henry S. Foote]] of Mississippi, who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen, later said, "Had there been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860-'61 there would, I feel sure, have been no civil war."<ref>Remini (1991) pp. 761- 762</ref>

[[Image:Henry Clay.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Henry Clay]]

==Death and estate==
[[Image:Ashland HC.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Clay's estate, [[Ashland (Henry Clay home)|Ashland]], in [[Lexington, Kentucky]]]]
Clay continued to serve both the Union he loved and his home state of Kentucky until June 29, 1852, when he died in [[Washington, D.C.]], at the age of 75. Clay was the first person to [[Lying in state|lie in state]] in the [[United States Capitol]]. He was buried in [[Lexington Cemetery]], and the eulogy was provided by [[Theodore Frelinghuysen]], who ran as Clay's vice-presidential candidate in the election of 1844.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Henry Clay. Eulogy Delivered by Hon. [[Theodore Frelinghuysen]], at Newark, on the 13th of July. |url= |quote= |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=July 15, 1852 |accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref> Clay's headstone reads simply: "I know no North&nbsp;— no South&nbsp;— no East&nbsp;— no West." The [[1852 in literature|1852]] novel ''[[Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is]]'' by W.L.G. Smith is dedicated to Clay's memory.<ref>http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/proslav/prfiwlgsa1t.html</ref>

[[Ashland, the Henry Clay estate|Ashland]], named for the many ash trees on the property, was his plantation and mansion for many years. He owned as many as 60 slaves at once. It was there he introduced the [[Hereford (cattle)|Hereford]] livestock breed to the United States.

Rebuilt and remodeled by his heirs, Ashland is now a museum. The museum includes {{convert|17|acre}} of the original estate grounds and is located on Richmond Road ([[U.S. Route 25|US 25]]) in Lexington. It is open to the public (admission charged). For several years (1866-1878), the mansion was used as a residence for the regent of Kentucky University, forerunner of the [[University of Kentucky]] and present-day [[Transylvania University]].

Henry Clay is credited with introducing the [[mint julep]] drink to Washington, D.C., at the [[Willard Hotel]] during his residence as a senator in the city.<ref>[http://washington.intercontinental.com/washa/dining_03.html Round Robin Bar: Willard InterContinental Washington<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Monuments and memorials==
[[Image:Appleton's Clay Henry Memorial.jpg|thumb|Tomb in Lexington, KY]]
* Memorial column and statue at his tomb in [[Lexington, Kentucky]]
* Henry Clay monument in [[Pottsville, Pennsylvania|Pottsville]], [[Pennsylvania]] <ref>[http://www.schuylkillhistory.org/henryclay.html Historical Society of Schuylkill County :: The Henry Clay Monument in Pottsville<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Clay Streets in numerous cities, including [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Richmond, Virginia]], and [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]
* Ashland Ave. in [[Chicago]], Illinois, named after his estate
* [[Mount Clay]] in the [[Presidential Range]] of [[New Hampshire]] was named for Clay, since renamed [[Mount Reagan]] by the state legislature but not by the federal Board on Geographic Names
* Fifteen counties in the United States, in [[Clay County, Alabama|Alabama]], [[Clay County, Florida|Florida]], [[Clay County, Georgia|Georgia]], [[Clay County, Illinois|Illinois]], [[Clay County, Indiana|Indiana]], [[Clay County, Minnesota|Minnesota]], [[Clay County, Mississippi|Mississippi]], [[Clay County, Missouri|Missouri]], [[Clay County, Nebraska|Nebraska]], [[Clay County, North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[Clay County, South Dakota|South Dakota]], [[Clay County, Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[Clay County, Texas|Texas]], and [[Clay County, West Virginia|West Virginia]] ([[Clay County, Iowa]] is named for his son.)
* The town of [[Ashland, Virginia]] located in the county of Clay's birth, [[Ashland County, Ohio]] and [[Ashland County, Wisconsin]] were named for his estate, as were the cities of [[Ashland, Kentucky]], [[Ashland, Alabama]], and [[Ashland, Pennsylvania]].
* In [[New Orleans]]: Uptown, Henry Clay Avenue, and Downtown 20-foot-tall monument at the center of Lafayette Square
* [[Henry Clay High School]] in [[Lexington, Kentucky]],<ref>http://www.henryclay.fcps.net/index.htm</ref> Henry Clay Middle School in [[Los Angeles]], California, Henry Clay Elementary School in the [[Hegewisch]] neighborhood in [[Chicago]], and Henry Clay Elementary School in his birthplace, [[Hanover County, Virginia]].<!-- Probably numerous other grammar & secondary schools named after him. Do we really need to list them all? -->
*The "Instituto Educacional Henry Clay" in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]], a bilingual private school
* The Clay Dormitory at [[Transylvania University]] in [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]], [[Kentucky]]
* The [[Lafayette class submarine]] [[USS Henry Clay (SSBN-625)|USS ''Henry Clay'' (SSBN-625)]], the only ship of the [[United States Navy]] named in his honor, although the [[USS Ashland|USS ''Ashland'']] is named for his estate
*[[Clay, New York]], including the road Henry Clay Blvd.
*[[Henry Clay Village]], on the left bank of [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River)|Brandywine Creek]] just outside of the city limits of [[Wilmington, Delaware]], factory and mill worker's residences just downstream and across from the duPont powder mills and just upstream and across from the Joseph Bancroft textile mill. On its way back from Washington DC to Kentucky after his death in 1852, Clay's remains were laid in state briefly at the old Wilmington City Hall on Market Street.
*Clay is one of the many senators honored with a [[cenotaph]] in the [[Congressional Cemetery]].

==References in popular culture==
*[[Character actor]] [[Robert F. Simon]] portrayed Clay in the [[NBC]] series ''[[Profiles in Courage (TV series)|Profiles in Courage]]'' in the segment on [[Daniel Webster]].
* [[Henry Clay (cigar brand)|Henry Clay cigars]] were a popular pre-[[Cuban Revolution]] brand. The revamped brand still exists today in the American market and is distributed by [[Altadis]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Wikisource|Life of Henry Clay}}
*Baxter, Maurice G. ''Henry Clay and the American System'' (1995)
*Baxter, Maurice G. ''Henry Clay the Lawyer'' U. Press of Kentucky, 2000.
*Brown, Thomas. ''Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party'' (1985) ch 5
*Clay, Henry. ''The Papers of Henry Clay'', 1797-1852. Edited by James Hopkins, Mary Hargreaves, Robert Seager II, Melba Porter Hay et al. 11 vols. University Press of Kentucky, 1959-1992. [http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/reader.pl?call=31007&search= vol 1 online, 1797-1814]
*Clay, Henry. ''Works of Henry Clay'', 7 vols. (1897)
*Eaton, Clement. ''Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics'' (1957)
*Gammon, Samuel R. ''The Presidential Campaign of 1832'' (1922)
*Holt, Michael F. ''The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War'' (1999)
*Holzer, Harold ed. ''The Lincoln-Douglas Debates'' (2004) ISBN 0-8232-2342-6
*Knupfer, Peter B. "Compromise and Statesmanship: Henry Clay’s Union." in Knupfer, ''The Union As It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787-1861'' (1991), pp.&nbsp;119–57.
*Mayo, Bernard. ''Henry Clay, Spokesman of the West'' (1937)
*Peterson, Merrill D. ''The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun'' (1987)
*Poage, George Rawlings. ''Henry Clay and the Whig Party'' (1936)
*Remini, Robert. ''Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union'' (1991)
*[[Carl Schurz|Schurz, Carl]]. ''[[s:Life of Henry Clay|Life of Henry Clay]]'', 2 vol. (1899; from the American Statesmen series)
*{{Wikisource1911Enc Citation|Clay, Henry|author=Carl Schurz}}
*Strahan, Randall. ''Leading Representatives: The Agency of Leaders in the Politics of the U.S. House.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007
*Strahan, Randall; Moscardelli, Vincent G.; Haspel, Moshe; and Wike, Richard S. "The Clay Speakership Revisited" ''Polity'' 2000 32(4): 561-593. ISSN 0032-3497
*Van Deusen, Glyndon G. ''The Life of Henry Clay'' (1937)
*Watson, Harry L. ed. ''Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay: Democracy and Development in Antebellum America'' (1998)
*Zarefsky, David. "Henry Clay and the Election of 1844: the Limits of a Rhetoric of Compromise" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2003 6(1): 79-96. ISSN 1094-8392

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.henryclay.org/mansion.htm Clay's Ashland Home web site], (HenryClay.org)
*{{gutenberg author| id=Henry+Clay | name=Henry Clay}}
*{{CongBio|c000482|findagrave=203}}
*[http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/index.xq A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825] For Henry Clay's election results.
*[http://www.familytales.org/results.php?tla=hec Letters of Henry Clay]
*{{Cite Appleton's|Clay, Henry|author=Carl Schurz|notaref=x}}
*{{NSRW Cite|Clay, Henry}}
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{{s-ref|The [[United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican Party]] split in 1824, fielding four separate candidates: '''Henry Clay''', [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Andrew Jackson]], and [[William Harris Crawford]].}}

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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME = Clay, Henry
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
|DATE OF BIRTH = April 12, 1777
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Hanover County, Virginia]]
|DATE OF DEATH = June 29, 1852
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Washington, D.C.]]
}}
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[[Category:1852 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hanover County, Virginia]]
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[[Category:Kentucky Democratic-Republicans]]
[[Category:National Republicans]]
[[Category:Kentucky Whigs]]
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[[Category:College of William and Mary alumni]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of State]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Speakers of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Kentucky House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Whig Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1824]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1832]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1840]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1844]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1848]]
[[Category:American people of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:Great Triumvirate]]
[[Category:Kentucky lawyers]]
[[Category:Duellists]]
[[Category:Henry Clay family]]

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Revision as of 13:40, 24 March 2010

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