Berdan rifle

Berdan II rifle
File:Russian Berdan Type II Model 1870.jpg
Type	Service rifle
Place of origin	United States Russian Empire
Service history
In service	1869-1891, and later as reserve issue
Used by	Russian Empire, Bulgaria, Finland (limited), Kingdom of Montenegro Korean Empire
Wars	Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
Production history
Designer	Hiram Berdan
Designed	1868 (Berdan I) 1870 (Berdan II)
No. built	3 million
Variants	Berdan I: infantry rifle Berdan II: infantry rifle, dragoon rifle, cossack rifle, cavalry carbine
Specifications
Mass	4.2 kg without bayonet 4.6 kg with bayonet
Length	1.3 m (infantry rifle)
Barrel length	.83 m (infantry rifle)
Cartridge	10.75 mm x 58 mm rimmed; 24 gram paper-patched round nose lead bullet, 5 gram blackpowder; cartridge also known as .42 Berdan or 4.2 Line Berdan
Action	Berdan I "trapdoor"; Berdan II "bolt"
Rate of fire	6-8 per minute
Effective firing range	400 arshins (284 m)
Feed system	no magazine, single shot only
Sights	rear sight in "arshins" 200-1200; front sight is inverted v; some infantry rifles have a long range "volley sight" on the right side of front barrel band, along with a second "V" on the right side of the rear sight slide

The Berdan rifle (Vintovka Berdana in Russian) is a Russian rifle created by famous Russian firearms expert and inventor Hiram Berdan in 1868. Standard issue in the Russian army from 1869-1891, the Berdan was replaced by the Mosin-Nagant rifle. Widely used in Russia as a hunting weapon, sporting variants, including shotguns, were produced until the mid-1930s.

Note that this article discusses the Russian Berdan I (M1868) and Berdan II (M1870) rifles of .42 caliber. The Russian models are distinct from the Spanish Berdan 15mm (.58+ cal) conversion rifles adopted by Spain as the M1857/67 Berdan (and related engineer, artillery & short rifles).

Berdan I

Two different versions of the later single-shot Berdan rifle were adopted as service weapons by Imperial Russia. The first version, manufactured by Colt in the USA, is known as the model of 1868, or Berdan I. It is a hammerless "trapdoor" breechblock design, and was manufactured in limited numbers (the contract stipulated 30,000) as a full length infantry rifle. Colt also manufactured a few half-stock Berdan I cavalry carbine prototypes, but these were never adopted for Russian service. Colt even produced a few target rifles based on the Berdan I.

Berdan II

The model of 1870, or Berdan II, is a single shot bolt action with a distinctive short, pear-shaped, bolt handle. The bolt handle serves as the only locking lug for the action, and when closed, points upwards at a 30 degree angle, rather than horizontally. The Berdan II was produced in four variants: an infantry rifle, the lighter and slightly shorter dragoon rifle, a cossack rifle with a button trigger and no trigger guard, and a cavalry carbine. Infantry and dragoon rifles were issued with quadrangular socket bayonets. Initial production of the Berdan II was at Birmingham Small Arms in England. The rifles were later manufactured in large numbers by Russian factories at Tula, Izhevsk, and Sestroretsk. Estimated total production of all models is over 3 million. The rifle was known for its accuracy, simplicity and reliability.

Cartridge

The 10.75x58r cartridge used in the Berdan was also invented by Hiram Berdan, with assistance of Russian Colonel Gorloff. It was the subject of many patents in both the USA and Great Britain. The bottleneck cartridge case used the Berdan primer, its first use in a small arms cartridge. Cartridges were issued in blue paper packets of six rounds each. In addition to the regular cartridge for rifles, a special cartridge was manufactured for use in the cavalry carbine. It consisted of the same cartridge case and bullet, but with a lighter powder charge of only 4.5 grams, and was issued in six round pink paper packets. At the time of its use, the 10.75x58r (4.2 line) cartridge was known for its power and accuracy.

Usage

Both the Berdan I and Berdan II were used by Guard units in the Russian Army during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Russian forces, although ultimately victorious, were badly mauled by the very long range fire from Turk Peabody-Martini rifles at battles like Pleven. After the war a long-range auxiliary sight was adopted and retrofitted to the Berdan II infantry rifle.

The Berdanka, as it was called, continued on in Russian service even after the adoption of the Mosin Nagant. During World War I, some Russian second line, training and service units were armed with the Berdan II. It is common to see Berdan rifles in photos of street fighting taken during the Russian Revolution of 1917.

The Berdan II was also adopted by Bulgaria, and saw very limited service in Finland as late as World War II. About 3000 Berdan rifles were issued to Finnish troops at the initial stages of Winter War because of great lack of infantry weapons. These rifles were replaced by more modern rifles as soon as it was possible.

The Kingdom of Serbia also received some 75000 rifles as military aid at the turn of the 20th century. It saw service in the Balkan Wars and WWI in the hands of Serbian soldiers of the 3rd class (men over 50 years old).

Korean Empire used this rifle since Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation incident-commonly called "Agwan Pacheon" in Korea. About 5,000-7,000 rifles used in Korean Empire Army as a main rifle, including Guard unit(Guard unit's rifles were replaced to Mauser Model 1871).

Later usage

No magazine-fed versions of the Berdan ever progressed beyond the prototype phase. Russian troops, however, did have various cartridge holders, such as the Krnka quick-loader, attached to their rifles to aid in reloading. By the late 1880s Russia began the process of replacing the Berdan with a magazine rifle, and this resulted in the adoption of the Mosin Nagant. In about 1900, a limited number of Berdan II infantry rifles, perhaps as many as 200,000, were converted to 7.62x54r (the Mosin Nagant caliber) for Russian service by arms makers in Belgium. These rifles have new barrels and sights, and new bolts with a front locking lug and longer bolt handle.

Sporting rifles and shotguns were re-manufactured in Russia from surplussed rifles after the Mosin Nagant was adopted into service. These firearms can be found as ornately engraved, well fit and finished custom sporting rifles, intended for the Russian ruling class, or can be just simple unadorned shotguns.

"Finally I thought of something: I offered to him to exchange his old gun for a new one. But he refused, saying that the berdanka was dear to him because of the memory of his father, that he was used to it and that it shoots very well. He reached over to the tree, took up his gun and began to stroke on the stock with his hand." --"Dersu Uzala", V. K. Arsen’ev.

Markings

Markings on the Berdan rifle usually consist of the Imperial Russian double-headed eagle cypher on the top receiver flat. The manufacturer's name in Cyrillic, date of manufacture, and rifle serial number, are on the top of the barrel. Some rifles also show a date of manufacture on the receiver. The serial number was also applied to the bolt. Additional proof marks and property markings are found on the receiver and barrel. There is a factory cartouche on the right side of the buttstock.

See also

• Berdan Sharps rifle

External links

• MilitaryRifles.com